Deck 12: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Compared to children in middle childhood, younger children's self-concepts are most likely to include:

A) psychological traits.
B) scholastic abilities.
C) physical appearance.
D) internal life aspects.

Answer 1

physical appearance.

Question 2

Children's description of themselves is known as:

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) ideal self.

Answer 2

self-concept.

Question 3

Jason reports that he is tall, friendly, a good reader, and has a dog and two sisters. This is his:

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) ideal self.

Answer 3

self-concept.

Question 4

As children move through middle childhood, their self-concept is more likely to include:

A) physical traits.
B) peer comparisons.
C) ability evaluations.
D) relations to others.

Question 5

Children are first able to realistically evaluate their abilities in:

A) early childhood.
B) middle childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) early childhood for girls and middle childhood for boys.

Question 6

As children move from early childhood to middle childhood, their self-esteem:

A) often rises.
B) often falls.
C) often remains stable.
D) is higher than at any other developmental point.

Question 7

Which of the following is not associated with children's higher self-esteems?

A) secure attachment to parents
B) good relations with peers
C) younger age
D) being a younger sibling

Question 8

Harter's item, "Some kids are pretty pleased with themselves, but other kids are often unhappy with themselves," assesses which dimension of self-concept?

A) social acceptance
B) behavioral conduct
C) scholastic competence
D) global self-esteem

Question 9

Maria says, "I am proud of being Latino." This is an example of her:

A) ethnic self-identification.
B) ethnic constancy.
C) ethnic role behaviors.
D) ethnic feelings and preferences.

Question 10

When a child understands that they will always have the ethnicity they have now, this is known as:

A) ethnic stability.
B) ethnic consistency.
C) ethnic constancy.
D) ethnic permanence.

Question 11

Compared to children in early childhood, children's ethnic self-identification in middle childhood now:

A) contains labels of ethnicity.
B) includes an explanation for the basis of their ethnicity.
C) includes an understanding that ethnicity is permanent.
D) includes preferences for objects associated with their ethnicity.

Question 12

Adults most commonly remember their first sexual attraction occurring when they were about:

A) 8.
B) 10.
C) 12.
D) 14.

Question 13

All of the following about children who questioned their own heterosexuality in middle childhood are true, except:

A) they report lower self-esteem.
B) they report lower self-perceived social competence.
C) they are less popular than their peers.
D) they worry about relationships with peers.

Question 14

Tommy believes that a person who accidentally breaks a plate should be punished the same as someone who intended to break the plate. He is displaying which of Piaget's stages of morality?

A) morality of constraint
B) autonomous morality
C) conventional morality
D) preconventional morality

Question 15

In the experiment where Canadian children were asked about the morality of flag-burning, children took into consideration:

A) the actor's intentions.
B) the context of the act.
C) the actor's intentions and the context of the act.
D) neither the actor's intentions or the context of the act.

Question 16

Children view hitting other children as a:

A) social issue.
B) moral issue.
C) conventional issue.
D) justice issue.

Question 17

In middle childhood, when faced with decisions about excluding other children, children will generally:

A) exclude children based on race.
B) exclude children based on gender.
C) exclude children based on race and/or gender.
D) not exclude children based on race or gender.

Question 18

Compared to Chinese children, American children's self-descriptions are likely to reflect:

A) more individuation.
B) less scholastic competence.
C) more athletic competence.
D) more associations with others.

Question 19

Lee describes himself in terms of his relationships to other people. This focus on interdependence may be a result of:

A) culture.
B) income.
C) age.
D) race.

Question 20

During middle childhood, cultural differences in self-descriptions are:

A) smaller than in early childhood.
B) larger than in early childhood.
C) are similar to early childhood.
D) the root of common stereotypes.

Question 21

Compared to Chinese children, American children's self-descriptions include:

A) fewer personal attributes.
B) more descriptions of behaviors.
C) more positive terms.
D) more collectivist ideas.

Question 22

Culture has been shown to be associated with all, except:

A) self-descriptions.
B) autobiographical memories.
C) self concept.
D) social exclusions.

Question 23

In middle childhood, children's overall demeanor is most closely associated with:

A) peer relationships.
B) scholastic achievements.
C) quality of relationships with parents.
D) temperament.

Question 24

The process of parent and child jointly planning and regulating the child's behavior is known as:

A) behavior modification.
B) involved parenting.
C) coregulation.
D) authoritarian parenting.

Question 25

Michael's mother talks with him about cleaning his room. They agree that he can finish watching a television program before working on his room this is an example of:

A) behavior modification.
B) involved parenting.
C) coregulation.
D) authoritarian parenting.

Question 26

As children move through middle childhood, effective parenting includes:

A) less involvement in child's emotional life.
B) stricter rules and expectations.
C) allowing children more responsibility for own behavior.
D) an emphasis on a friendship between children and parents.

Question 27

As children move through middle childhood, sibling relationships become:

A) more intense.
B) less intense.
C) more friendly.
D) more detached.

Question 28

When older siblings are well-behaved:

A) mothers have higher expectations for younger siblings.
B) mothers pay more attention to older siblings.
C) mothers feel more warmth for younger siblings.
D) mothers show improved psychological functioning.

Question 29

Children suffered no negative consequences from parents' preferential treatment of their sibling if:

A) the preferential treatment is toward a younger child.
B) the preferential treatment is toward an older child.
C) they see the treatment as fair and justified.
D) they have formed close and important relationships with peers.

Question 30

Children with no siblings:

A) are more independent than children with siblings.
B) are less able to share than children with siblings.
C) are similar to children with siblings.
D) have warmer relations with parents.

Question 31

What percentage of first marriages end in divorce within 15 years?

A) about 30%
B) about 40%
C) about 50%
D) about 60%

Question 32

Which characteristic is not associated with an increased rate of divorce?

A) being younger
B) being less affluent
C) being more educated
D) having been raised by divorced parents

Question 33

Research on parental disagreements on children's outcomes suggest that:

A) parents shouldn't have disagreements in front of children
B) children learn to resolve conflicts from watching their parents
C) any conflict is bad for children
D) when parents divorce children's exposure to conflict ends

Question 34

Marital disagreements which involve threats, hostility, and insults are associated with:

A) children's lower academic achievement.
B) children's decreased reports of love for parents.
C) children's declining health.
D) children's behavior problems.

Question 35

A mode of parenting that often occurs when parents are under stress that involves reduced monitoring and guidance is known as:

A) authoritarian parenting.
B) neglectful parenting.
C) minimal parenting.
D) permissive parenting.

Question 36

The negative impact of a divorce on children's development:

A) begins immediately following the divorce.
B) begins within the month after separation.
C) begins before the divorce.
D) begins after the parents' initial emotional upset has settled.

Question 37

After a divorce, what percentage of American children live with their mothers?

A) 75%
B) 85%
C) 95%
D) 98%

Question 38

The most important factor in determining children's responses to a divorce is:

A) age.
B) temperament.
C) gender.
D) parenting quality.

Question 39

Which child may have the most difficulty adjusting to parents' divorce?

A) a preschool child
B) a school age child
C) a child with an easy temperament
D) a girl

Question 40

When couples need to agree on child custody, support, and living arrangements, developmental psychologists suggest that parents turn to:

A) family courts.
B) divorce attorney.
C) divorce mediation.
D) marital counseling.

Question 41

Robert Emory is known for his work on:

A) children's moral development.
B) divorce mediation.
C) parenting styles.
D) children's self-concept.

Question 42

Compared to parents who use legal procedures to determine custody, parents who use divorce mediation are more likely to:

A) have joint custody.
B) have one parent to lose contact with the child.
C) fight less.
D) to feel unheard and unrepresentative.

Question 43

What percentage of babies born in the United States today are born to unmarried mothers?

A) about 15%
B) about 25%
C) about 35%
D) about 45%

Question 44

The fastest growing group of unmarried mothers is:

A) young African American women.
B) uneducated teenagers.
C) employed, educated woman in their 30s.
D) uneducated women in their 30s.

Question 45

Single mothers who were older had children whose outcomes:

A) were always similar to those of married mothers.
B) were always similar to those of younger single mothers.
C) were similar to those of married mothers unless under stress.
D) were similar to those of younger single mothers unless under stress.

Question 46

What percentage of American children live with adoptive parents?

A) about 2%
B) about 12%
C) about 17%
D) about 22%

Question 47

Which factor is not associated with adopted children's less positive development?

A) gender
B) age of adoption
C) degree of openness about children's adoption
D) adversity of preadoption experiences

Question 48

Compared to children who remain with poor biological parents, adopted children are:

A) typically better adjusted.
B) typically less adjusted.
C) similarly adjusted.
D) are less emotionally adjusted but more academically competent.

Question 49

What percentage of lesbian couples are raising at least one child together?

A) one-tenth
B) one-fourth
C) one-third
D) one-half

Question 50

Children with gay or lesbian parents show differences in development in which domain?

A) gender development
B) self-concept
C) peer-relations
D) no evidence of differences has emerged because of sexual orientation

Question 51

Compared to other grandparents, custodial grandparents are more likely to be:

A) healthy.
B) feel distressed.
C) live in poverty.
D) to receive public assistance.

Question 52

Across all family structures what seems to be an important factor for children's positive development?

A) sufficient household resources
B) having two parents available
C) fitting cultural norms
D) becoming acculturated

Question 53

What percentage of American parents report that they have spanked their child at least once by the time that the child was 4?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 54

Which of the following is not associated with corporal punishment?

A) children more depressed
B) children more aggressive
C) children more prosocial
D) children more obedient in the short term

Question 55

Corporal punishments may not be associated with negative outcomes if:

A) parents are consistent with their punishments.
B) punishment is not too harsh.
C) punishment is paired with explanation.
D) parents are calm during punishment.

Question 56

Which of the following is not an explanation of the association between corporal punishment and long-term negative outcomes for children who have been spanked?

A) They may hold more angry feelings.
B) They have learned to respond to anger with a physical aggression.
C) The quality of the parent-child relationship has been eroded.
D) They do not associate the punishment with their misbehavior.

Question 57

Which of the following is not true about spanking?

A) The American Academy of Pediatrics has come out against it.
B) The United Nations has come out against it.
C) Most American parents are against it.
D) Many countries have outlawed it.

Question 58

During recess and lunch, the girls in Kelly's group together, whereas the boys always play together. This is an example of:

A) gender constancy.
B) gender segregation.
C) gender preference.
D) gender estrangement.

Question 59

According the Two Cultures Theory, which is not a difference between boys' friendships and girls' friendships?

A) size
B) play style
C) level of intimacy
D) satisfaction with friendships

Question 60

Girls are more likely to play in dyads, which are:

A) quiet games.
B) secret sharing experiences.
C) groups of two.
D) imaginary play.

Question 61

Quantitative methods for assessing the qualities of different children's peer status within a defined group is known as:

A) sociometric methods.
B) popularity methods.
C) microanalytic technique.
D) cross-sequential design.

Question 62

Brian's peers give him many positive nominations and few negative nominations, he is considered:

A) sociometrically popular.
B) sociometrically controversial.
C) sociometrically average.
D) sociometrically neglected.

Question 63

Children tend to chose playmates who are:

A) more popular.
B) similar to themselves.
C) different from themselves.
D) more well-behaved.

Question 64

Many of Elizabeth's peers report her as most liked and many of peers report her to be least liked. Elizabeth can be considered:

A) sociometrically popular.
B) sociometrically controversial.
C) sociometrically average.
D) sociometrically neglected.

Question 65

Sociometrically controversial children seem to:

A) show unpredictable social behavior from day to day.
B) be liked by one gender but not by the other gender.
C) be nice to people they like and mean to people they don't like.
D) have impulse control problems.

Question 66

Many children in Andrew's class report that he is least liked and very few reported him to most liked. Andrew is considered:

A) sociometrically rejected.
B) sociometrically controversial.
C) sociometrically average.
D) sociometrically neglected.

Question 67

Bullies and their victims are most likely to be categorized as:

A) sociometrically rejected.
B) sociometrically controversial.
C) sociometrically average.
D) sociometrically neglected.

Question 68

Very few children in Polly's class rate her as most or least liked. She can be categorized as:

A) sociometrically popular.
B) sociometrically controversial.
C) sociometrically average.
D) sociometrically neglected.

Question 69

Which of the sociometrically categories are children least likely to remain in over time?

A) sociometrically popular
B) sociometrically controversial
C) sociometrically average
D) sociometrically neglected

Question 70

In Carter's class, some children report him as most liked and some children report him to be least liked. He can be classified as:

A) sociometrically popular.
B) sociometrically controversial.
C) sociometrically average.
D) sociometrically neglected.

Question 71

Children's sociometric status can change if:

A) teachers are present as children report friendships.
B) class sizes are smaller.
C) their peer group is similar to themselves.
D) parents encourage more peer involvement.

Question 72

Which factor is not associated with increased rates of victimization by bullies?

A) physical appearance
B) maltreatment at home
C) scholastic achievement
D) unusual characteristics

Question 73

Which child is at most serious risk for school and emotional problems?

A) a bully
B) a victim of a bully
C) a bully-victim
D) a neglected child

Question 74

Justin suffers from bullies in his school and also teases and taunts smaller children in his neighborhood. Justin can be classified as:

A) sociometrically rejected.
B) sociometrically controversial.
C) a bully-victim.
D) sociometrically neglected.

Question 75

One most important buffer against the negative effects of victimization is:

A) supportive teachers.
B) financial resources.
C) a best friend.
D) punishment for the bully.

Question 76

Compared to when children are playing with other peers, when playing with friends children:

A) play more quietly.
B) smile more.
C) laugh less.
D) use more imaginary play.

Question 77

Which of the following does not predict better friendship skills in children?

A) secure attachment with parents
B) help from sympathetic adults
C) parental relationships with adult friends
D) gender

Question 78

When children report primary friendships with children of the other sex, they also:

A) report more friendly episodes with groups of boys and girls.
B) are reported to be more popular by their classmates.
C) show competence in skills typically associated with boys and with girls.
D) are less positively adjusted.

Question 79

Bullying is less common in schools where:

A) families were living in poverty.
B) parents accepted more aggressive behaviors.
C) parent-child relationships were disrupted.
D) classes were larger.

Question 80

The W.I.T.S. school-based intervention to reduce bullying encourages children in a bullying situation to do all of the following except:

A) walk away.
B) ignore bullies.
C) talk it out.
D) stand up for yourself.