Deck 9: Social and Emotional Development During Earlychildhood Development

Question 1

The complex ideas people have about themselves are known as:

A) self-regulation.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) emotional intelligence.

Answer 1

self-concept.

Question 2

Preschool children's self-concept is constructed mainly of:

A) concrete characteristics.
B) personality traits.
C) relations to other people.
D) critical evaluations of abilities.

Answer 2

concrete characteristics.

Question 3

To create their core self-concept, children use information from:

A) their peers' assessment of them.
B) their parents' personal storytelling interactions.
C) the concept they have of important role models.
D) favorite television characters.

Answer 3

their parents' personal storytelling interactions.

Question 4

During storytelling episodes, Chinese mothers are more likely than American mothers to:

A) downplay children's misdeeds.
B) entertain their children.
C) teach children about their mistakes.
D) show emotional reactions.

Question 5

During storytelling episodes, working-class mothers are more likely than middle-class mothers to:

A) encourage children to express their own opinions.
B) teach children about their mistakes.
C) downplay children's misdeeds.
D) involve negative emotion.

Question 6

When young children assess their abilities, they tend:

A) to overestimate their skills.
B) to underestimate their skills.
C) to accurately assess their skills.
D) to depend on others' assessments.

Question 7

The overall sense of one's own value as a person is known as:

A) self-regulation.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) emotional intelligence.

Question 8

Higher self-esteem in young childhood is associated with:

A) high IQ.
B) high family income.
C) warm, positive parenting.
D) gender.

Question 9

When Ricky tried to serve himself a snack, he spilled some milk and raisins. His mother told him he was too little to help. The next time Ricky is faced with a difficult task, he is more likely to:

A) try harder to impress his mother.
B) fail.
C) give up without much persistence.
D) purposely make a mess.

Question 10

In play interactions, Japanese mothers are more likely than American mothers to:

A) talk about child's individual achievements.
B) show more positive emotions.
C) use pretend play.
D) talk about the child's relations to others.

Question 11

One way that increasing cognitive skills work in tandem with social and emotional development is:

A) children use cardinality to improve their prosocial development.
B) children use conservation to improve their self-esteem.
C) children use logical inference to understand gender roles.
D) children use language skills to improve emotional self-regulation.

Question 12

As children move through the preschool period, they show:

A) more emotional outbursts.
B) fewer emotional outbursts.
C) no change in emotional outbursts.
D) boys show more outbursts but girls show fewer outbursts.

Question 13

Which of the following are not associated with children who are able to regulate negative emotions?

A) persuading other children to cooperate
B) reported as more socially competent by teachers
C) higher rates of emotional outbursts
D) reported as better liked than other children

Question 14

Justine just turned 5 and suddenly reports feeling scared of monster when sleeping alone in her darkened bedroom. Which of the following statements is true about children's fears?

A) Children are actually worried about separation from parents and don't believe in monsters.
B) Speed of outgrowing fears in more associated with cognitive maturity than with parents' reactions.
C) Five-year-old children are not cognitively mature enough to cope with fear.
D) Most children don't show fearful emotions during preschool.

Question 15

Cultural standards for emotional reactions to events or people are known as:

A) emotional display rules.
B) gender roles.
C) emotional self-regulations.
D) personal judgments.

Question 16

A four-year-old who shouts out, "This house stinks!" while visiting a neighbor will probably receive a talk from her parents about:

A) personal judgments.
B) social-conventional judgments.
C) emotional display rules.
D) autonomous morality.

Question 17

Compared to American mothers, Japanese mothers are less tolerant of their children's:

A) gender transgressions.
B) fearful emotions.
C) security needs.
D) emotional displays.

Question 18

Most children can accurately label their own and others' genders by what age?

A) 1.5 years
B) 2.5 years
C) 3.5 years
D) 4.5 years

Question 19

Which theorist proposed the cognitive theory of gender development in which children's ideas about gender organize their gender-related behavior?

A) Piaget
B) Baumrind
C) Bem
D) Kohlberg

Question 20

Connor used to love making cookies with his grandmother. One day when he was 4, he announced, "I am a boy and boys do not cook." This is an example of:

A) gender permanence.
B) gender constancy.
C) self-socialization.
D) gender stereotypes.

Question 21

Meredith understands that because she is a girl now, she will grow up to become a woman. She has achieved:

A) gender permanence.
B) gender constancy.
C) self-socialization.
D) gender segregation

Question 22

Connie understands that even if she plays with trucks with her brother she will still be a girl. She has achieved:

A) gender permanence.
B) gender constancy.
C) self-socialization.
D) gender segregation.

Question 23

At what age do children begin to understand that superficial changes in appearance and behavior will not change their gender?

A) toddlerhood
B) preschool
C) school age
D) middle childhood

Question 24

Children have an extensive knowledge of stereotypes by:

A) 2 years old.
B) 5 years old.
C) 8 years old.
D) 10 years old.

Question 25

Children who understand gender permanence:

A) rely on gender stereotypes for behavior decisions.
B) no long use gender stereotypes for behavior decisions.
C) do not hold gender stereotypes.
D) feel like their gender could change over time.

Question 26

According to whose theory do children organize gender information in schemas?

A) Piaget
B) Bem
C) Kohlberg
D) Baumrind

Question 27

When children are exposed to information that seems to run counter to their gender schemas:

A) they change their schemas to include the new information.
B) they remember the information as being gender appropriate.
C) they reject people who behave in ways that don't fit their schemas.
D) they begin to search for more information to settle the inconsistency.

Question 28

Sarah and her mom walk past a firehouse. Her mom makes sure to point out the firefighters. Later, Sarah tells her dad that women cannot be firefighters. This is evidence that supports whose theory?

A) Piaget
B) Bem
C) Kohlberg
D) Baumrind

Question 29

If an attractive toy is labeled "for boys," preschool girls will:

A) play with it in a group of girls.
B) play with it in a mixed set group.
C) ignore it.
D) avoid it.

Question 30

What percentage of their free time do preschoolers spend in mixed-sex groups?

A) 3-5%
B) 10-15%
C) 20-25%
D) 50-60%

Question 31

In which of the following situations would sex segregation be most evident?

A) play at home with siblings
B) play with a small group of neighborhood children
C) play in learning centers in the classroom
D) extended play on the playground during recess

Question 32

In which theory of gender role development do children pay careful attention to the behavior of models?

A) Cognitive Development Theory
B) Schema Theory
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Sociocultural Theory

Question 33

In which situation do parents react most negatively to children's play?

A) fathers' observation of daughters' cross-sex-type play
B) fathers' observation of sons' cross-sex-type play
C) mothers' observation of sons' cross-sex-type play
D) mothers' observation of daughters cross-sex-type play

Question 34

Compared to their parents, preschool children's ideas about gender are likely to be:

A) more conservative.
B) less conservative.
C) similar.
D) more realistic.

Question 35

Security of attachment relationships is:

A) relatively stable during early childhood.
B) relatively instable during early childhood.
C) is not easily assessed during early childhood.
D) is less important during early childhood.

Question 36

In middle-class samples, what percentage of preschool children are classified as securely attached?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 66%
D) 80%

Question 37

Changes in attachment security during early childhood are most often a result of:

A) the birth of a sibling.
B) beginning daycare or preschool.
C) changes in caregiving quality.
D) growing relationships with people outside the immediate family.

Question 38

Compared to insecurely attached children, securely attached children are more likely to view peers as more:

A) hostile.
B) friendly.
C) smart.
D) emotional.

Question 39

Which researcher delineated three patterns or styles of parenting based on levels of parental control and parental warmth?

A) Ainsworth
B) Baumrind
C) Piaget
D) Kohlberg

Question 40

Denise is very involved in her children's lives. She talks with them a great deal and is always positive about their behaviors. To encourage independence in her children, she lets them make most decisions (such as bedtimes, how much TV to watch, what foods to buy). To protect their self-esteem, she rarely says no or speaks negatively to them. It is important for her to be a friend to her children. According to Baumrind, what type of parenting style does Denise display?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 41

Parents whose children are reported to be more immature than their peers probably have which style of parenting?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 42

A style of parenting that combines high standards and strict punishment with low levels of communication and warmth is known as:

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) permissive.
D) disengaged.

Question 43

A style of parenting in which parents set limits and provide guidance for children's behavior but also provide support and nurturance is known as:

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) permissive.
D) disengaged.

Question 44

A style of parenting in which parents set few limits and standards and provide little in the way of nurturance or support for their children is known as:

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) permissive.
D) disengaged.

Question 45

Stacey thinks it is important for children to learn to obey rules and be quiet. She expects her children to do what she says simply "because I said so." She has the same expectations for all her children regardless of their age. When she is not disciplining her children, she expects them to entertain themselves and spends little time in positive conversation. This is an example of which parenting style?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 46

Tommy acts unhappy and distrustful much of the time. He is often angry or hostile when faced with a difficult task. It is likely that his parents have which type of parenting style?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 47

Lisa asks her son to clean up his toys before dinner. When she checks on him a few minutes later, the toys have not been picked up. She said, "Come on, Jason. You need to pick up the toys, so no one steps on them and breaks them. Hurry your spaghetti is getting cold." After he picked up his toys, they had a long talk about his school day. This is an example of which style of parenting?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 48

Olivia's parents have an authoritative parenting style, what kind of behavior can we expect her to show?

A) frustration and hostility
B) unhappy and distrustful
C) popular and vibrant
D) difficulty relating to other children

Question 49

Laura expects her children to take care of themselves. She has very few limits or restrictions for them. She does not monitor their behavior. She spends very little time interacting with them and is not in touch with the events in their lives. This is an example of what style of parenting?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 50

Betty is having trouble at school. She is behind in social and cognitive skills. She has trouble forming positive relationships with friends and teachers. Betty's troubles stem from her parents' parenting style. Which style do they most likely use?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 51

Which of the following is not an influence on parents' parenting styles?

A) family stress
B) child temperament
C) culture
D) mother's working status

Question 52

One criticism of Baumrind's studies of parenting styles is that:

A) her samples were too small.
B) she did not have a diverse sample.
C) she emphasized children's behavior in the lab.
D) the children in her study were too young.

Question 53

Compared to white mothers, African American mothers are more likely to classified as which type of parent?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 54

Compared to white mothers, Chinese American mothers are more likely to be classified as which type of parent?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 55

Children from all cultures seem to benefit from which type of parenting style?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) disengaged

Question 56

For children who were described as difficult:

A) fathers are reported to be less involved in child care.
B) fathers' involvement was associated with more behavior problems.
C) fathers' involvement was associated with fewer behavior problems.
D) fathers are reported to more involved in child care.

Question 57

Fathers are most likely to encourage:

A) sex-stereotyped toys.
B) cross-sex-typed play.
C) social play.
D) imaginary play.

Question 58

The ability to understand ourselves and others and to use these forms of understanding to accomplish important aims is known as:

A) emotional regulation.
B) theory of mind.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) autonomous morality.

Question 59

Kelly can recognize and regulate emotions. She feels empathy and sympathy and can work cooperatively with others. She is showing high levels of:

A) emotional regulation.
B) theory of mind.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) autonomous morality.

Question 60

Emotion coaching has been associated with all of the following, except:

A) higher grades.
B) more emotional well-being.
C) better relationships with friends.
D) higher resting heart rate.

Question 61

Amy approaches her parents about a problem with friends at preschool. If her parents use emotion coaching are most likely to:

A) talk to the teacher in order to solve the problem.
B) try and distract her with more positive activities.
C) help her find an appropriate way to solve the problem.
D) call the other children's parents.

Question 62

Most preschool children spend their day:

A) at home with parents.
B) at home with a relative.
C) at home with a babysitter.
D) at a day care center.

Question 63

Most young infants participate in which type of nonparental care?

A) child care centers
B) home-based care
C) parental care only
D) accompany mother to work

Question 64

A form of play in which a child plays alone, apparently without awareness of others, is known as:

A) solitary play.
B) onlooker play.
C) parallel play.
D) associative play.

Question 65

A form of play in which one child watches the activities of another child or a group of children is known as:

A) solitary play.
B) onlooker play.
C) parallel play.
D) associative play.

Question 66

A form of play in which children play with similar objects or toys, often in proximity to one another, but without interacting in social ways is known as:

A) solitary play.
B) onlooker play.
C) parallel play.
D) associative play.

Question 67

A form of play in which a child shares and participates with others is known as:

A) solitary play.
B) onlooker play.
C) parallel play.
D) associative play.

Question 68

A form of play in which children play together in a social fashion is known as:

A) onlooker play.
B) parallel play.
C) associative play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 69

Which theorist studied children's pattern of social interaction during play?

A) John Gottman
B) Sandra Bem
C) Mildred Parten
D) Diane Baumrind

Question 70

In a classroom full of children, Caleb plays with a truck on the carpet and does not look at or interact with other children. This is an example of what type of play?

A) solitary play
B) onlooker play
C) parallel play
D) associative play

Question 71

As a group of children work together to build a tower, Jason stands on the periphery and watches the children's activities. This type of play is known as:

A) solitary play.
B) onlooker play.
C) parallel play.
D) associative play.

Question 72

According to recent research the pattern of children's play styles:

A) are developmental with younger children participating in solitary and onlooker play.
B) the context of the play environment predicts play types.
C) children with social delays do not move into associative and cooperative play.
D) boys are more likely to engage in solitary play.

Question 73

Research indicates that children's onlooker play:

A) indicate shyness and social anxiety.
B) is an immature stage of play.
C) is a strategy children use in order to join groups of children in play.
D) should be discouraged by parents and teachers.

Question 74

A complex form of play in which children act out roles and themes in a story of their creation is known as:

A) sociodramatic play.
B) onlooker play.
C) parallel play.
D) associative play.

Question 75

Compared to nonfriends, preschool friends have increased rates of all of the following except:

A) conflict.
B) cooperation.
C) rough-and-tumble play.
D) concrete play.

Question 76

At the birth of a new sibling, older children are less likely to:

A) receive less attention from mothers.
B) receive more warmth from mothers.
C) become clingy and whiney.
D) have sleep problems.

Question 77

Sibling relationship quality can be predicted by all, except:

A) parents' marital quality.
B) maternal warmth.
C) gender composition of siblings.
D) attachment security.

Question 78

Which is not a consequence of having no siblings to preschool children?

A) inhibited peer skills.
B) more conversation with parents.
C) more positive relations with parents.
D) more intense relations with parents.

Question 79

Kindergarten teachers point to several areas that are associated with children's more difficult transitions to school. Which of the following is not an area of concern?

A) working independently
B) working in groups
C) lack of academic skills
D) child health

Question 80

Sally's parents are very excited about her starting school. They often check in with her teacher and volunteer for class activities. How will this impact Sally's school experience?

A) She will miss her parents more when they are unable to participate.
B) She will not be able to create relationships with peers.
C) She will have trouble completing independent work.
D) She will have success in school and with peers.