Deck 6: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

According to which theorist do children move through stages where they must resolve conflicts based on their social needs?

A) Freud
B) Erickson
C) Ainsworth
D) Harter

Answer 1

Erickson

Question 2

Which of the following is not considered one of the basic human emotion?

A) shame
B) happiness
C) disgust
D) fear

Answer 2

shame

Question 3

Babies' first laughter occurs at about what age?

A) at birth
B) at 3 weeks
C) at 3 months
D) at 6 months

Answer 3

at 3 months

Question 4

In one study of infants' emotions, infants learned that when they pulled a string they saw pleasing pictures. When pulling the string no longer resulted in pictures being displayed, infants:

A) displayed sadness.
B) displayed disinterest.
C) displayed confusion.
D) displayed anger.

Question 5

When mothers show a "still-face" and are unresponsive to their infants bids for attention, infants usually show:

A) disinterest.
B) sadness.
C) anger.
D) disgust.

Question 6

Sally is a new mother and has been diagnosed with postpartum depression. She finds it hard to interact positively with her infant. Her infant may likely show:

A) little self-regulation.
B) frequent sadness.
C) disorganized attachment.
D) more self-conscious emotions.

Question 7

Research on infants' responses to parents' still-faces has implications for understanding:

A) autism.
B) maternal depression.
C) attachment disorders.
D) children with difficult temperaments.

Question 8

Jamie's mother walks into the kitchen and finds Jamie coloring on the wall. He hangs his head and avoids eye contact with his mother. He must have accomplished:

A) secure attachment with his mother.
B) sense of behavioral consequences.
C) self-awareness.
D) longer attention span.

Question 9

The development of brain processes that are associated with recognition of emotional expressions seem to depend:

A) on social experiences in the family.
B) on having physical needs met.
C) only on brain maturation.
D) on genetic influences.

Question 10

Susan hears her teacher react negatively to other students who were coloring with new crayons. Later, when it is her turn to color, she chooses old crayons as her teacher watches. This is an example of:

A) emotional regulation.
B) easy temperament.
C) emotional eavesdropping.
D) self-conscious emotion.

Question 11

Jody is frightened during a movie, and she covers her eyes with her hands. This is an example of a strategy of:

A) emotional regulation.
B) easy temperament.
C) emotional eavesdropping.
D) self-conscious emotion.

Question 12

As infants grow older, they can tolerate increasingly intense stimulation and for longer periods of time. This is indicative of increasing:

A) emotional regulation.
B) easy temperament.
C) emotional eavesdropping.
D) self-conscious emotion.

Question 13

How can parents encourage children's growing emotional regulation?

A) by preventing temper tantrums
B) by remaining calm during temper tantrums
C) by avoiding conflicts
D) by minimizing emotional stimuli

Question 14

By the third year, ___________ show more temper tantrums per hour.

A) boys
B) girls
C) only children
D) youngest children in the family

Question 15

What cognitive skill is associated with growing emotional regulation?

A) object permanence
B) language acquisition
C) self-awareness
D) theory of mind

Question 16

Stable individual differences in attention, activity level, and strength of emotional reactions is known as:

A) emotional regulation.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) temperament.
D) attachment.

Question 17

Thomas and Chess are known best for their work on:

A) attachment.
B) temperament.
C) child maltreatment.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 18

Betty stops fussing during her diaper change if her mother turns the mobile over the changing table. This is an example of behaviors from which of Thomas and Chess's dimensions of temperament?

A) rythmicity
B) distractibility
C) approach versus withdrawal
D) attention span

Question 19

Which is not one of Thomas and Chess's groups of children based on temperamental dimensions?

A) easy temperament
B) difficult temperament
C) slow to warm up temperament
D) secure temperament

Question 20

Children in Thomas and Chess's study were most likely to be categorized as:

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) slow to warm up.
D) not fitting into any of the categories.

Question 21

Johnny is wary of his grandparents at the beginning of each of their visits. By the end of the visit, he is warm and interactive with his grandparents. Thomas and Chess would classify him as:

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) slow to warm up.
D) not fitting into any of the categories.

Question 22

A researcher who distinguishes between fearful distress and irritable distress in temperamental characteristics is:

A) Alexander Thomas.
B) Stella Chess.
C) Jerome Kagan.
D) Mary Rothbart.

Question 23

Which of the following is not an underlying component of temperament according to Rothbart?

A) emotion
B) attention
C) rythmicity
D) action

Question 24

A temperamental characteristic that involves negative reactivity to novel stimuli of all kinds.

A) behavioral inhibition
B) attention
C) rythmicity
D) action

Question 25

As a young infant, Max showed little reaction to novel stimuli. As a toddler, we would expect him to be:

A) shy.
B) outgoing.
C) quicker at learning new concepts.
D) slower at learning new concepts.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a typical way of measuring temperament?

A) parent report
B) behavioral observations
C) brain imaging
D) genetic testing

Question 27

Infants who showed a pattern of brain asymmetry in the right frontal lobe were:

A) inhibited at 4 months but not at 9 months.
B) inhibited at 4 months and inhibited at 9 months.
C) not inhibited at 4 months but inhibited at 9 months.
D) not inhibited at 4 months and not inhibited at 9 months.

Question 28

Twin studies of temperament indicate that:

A) there is no genetic influence on temperament.
B) there is a genetic influence on temperament.
C) siblings affect one another's' temperament.
D) fraternal twins share more temperamental characteristics than other siblings.

Question 29

Compared to infants of other ethnicities, 4-month-old Chinese infants are found to be:

A) more irritable.
B) less irritable.
C) more cognitively responsive.
D) less cognitively responsive.

Question 30

Evidence of ethnic differences in temperamental patterns of infants suggests a:

A) genetic influence on temperament.
B) environmental influence on temperament.
C) influence of both environment and genetics.
D) influence of neither environment nor genetics.

Question 31

Mothers of which culture are more likely to use verbal stimulation with their infants?

A) Asian
B) North American
C) Russian
D) African

Question 32

The best outcomes for difficult infants occur when parents:

A) use punishments to change children's negative behaviors.
B) accommodate the environment to fit the children's temperament.
C) ignore children's frequent distress.
D) positively react to children's negative behaviors.

Question 33

According to Sears, babies' feeling of love with mother is a(n):

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 34

Harry Harlow is most well known for his work on:

A) temperament.
B) attachment.
C) emotional regulation.
D) parenting styles.

Question 35

As opposed to Sears, Harlow suggested that infants' have a stronger need for:

A) feeding.
B) physical care.
C) verbal stimuli.
D) contact comfort.

Question 36

Harlow noticed that monkeys, like children,

A) become attached during feeding.
B) use comfortable objects during separations.
C) need independence.
D) only attach to females.

Question 37

A deep, enduring, and specific affective bond formed between infants and their parents or other important caregivers forms during:

A) the first weeks.
B) the first months.
C) the first year.
D) the infancy period.

Question 38

According to Bowlby, babies are born with what attachment behaviors?

A) separation protest
B) internal working model
C) innate signaling
D) secure base

Question 39

Two-week-old Lucy cries and her parents respond by picking her up or by feeding her. This is an example of:

A) internal working model.
B) separation protest.
C) secure base.
D) attachment behavior.

Question 40

In the preattachment phase, infants' behaviors serve to:

A) draw adults to care for them.
B) use adults as a secure base.
C) form emotional bonds with specific caregivers.
D) promote a goodness-of-fit.

Question 41

Will is 5 months old and enjoys playing face-to-face games with his mother more than with other adults. He is in which phase of attachment?

A) preattachment
B) attachment in the making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) formation of reciprocal relationships

Question 42

Anna is 14 months old and cries when her mother leaves the room. She is which stage of attachment?

A) preattachment
B) attachment in the making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) formation of reciprocal relationships

Question 43

In an effort to remain close to attachment figures, infants often show angry or anxious behaviors when their attachment figures leave. This is known as:

A) internal working model.
B) separation protest.
C) secure base.
D) attachment behavior.

Question 44

Madeline can tolerate daily separations from her parents while they work. She often talks about her parents with her teachers. She is in which phase of attachment?

A) preattachment
B) attachment in the making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) formation of reciprocal relationships

Question 45

Cognitive representations of attachment figures that specify the extent to which such figures can be counted on in various situations is known as:

A) internal working model.
B) separation protest.
C) secure base.
D) attachment behavior.

Question 46

Although almost all infants form attachment relationships in the first year, these relationships vary in:

A) quantity.
B) culture.
C) security.
D) temperament.

Question 47

Mary Ainsworth is best known for work on:

A) emotional regulation.
B) temperament.
C) attachment.
D) parenting styles.

Question 48

The most common type of attachment relationship is:

A) secure attachment.
B) avoidant attachment.
C) ambivalent attachment.
D) disorganized attachment.

Question 49

In the Strange Situation, Jonah explores the room and toys. He is upset by his mother's absence and greets her warmly when she returns. What type of attachment relationship do Jonah and his mother have?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 50

How many episodes are included in Ainsworth's strange situation?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 51

Joey does not interact with his mother much during the Strange Situation. He is not upset at separation and when she returns he does not make eye contact with her. Which type of relationship do Joey and his mother have?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 52

About how many North American babies show avoidant attachment relationships with their mothers?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 60%

Question 53

When children are unsure of whether the parent can be counted on for comfort and protection, this is indicative of what type of attachment relationship?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 54

During the Strange Situation, Michelle clings to her mother. She cries very loudly and is difficult to soothe when the mother returns. This is an example of which type of attachment relations?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 55

About how many North American infants show ambivalent attachment relationships with their mother?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 60%

Question 56

Kenny shows bizarre behaviors in the Strange Situation. He seems confused and freezes for several minutes. This is an example of which type of attachment relationship?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 57

A method of measuring attachment security that involves parents reporting their children's attachment behaviors is known as:

A) the Strange Situation
B) the Attachment in the Making Survey
C) the attachment q-sort
D) the Ainsworth Attachment Questionnaire

Question 58

Which of the following has not been shown to influence attachment stability?

A) parental depression
B) marital transitions
C) stressful life events
D) child gender

Question 59

Infants can become attached to secondary caregivers if these caregivers:

A) provide sensitive and responsive care.
B) spend significant time with the infant each day.
C) live with the infant.
D) is genetically related to the infant.

Question 60

Studies of sibling pairs attachment quality with mothers indicate:

A) attachment quality is influenced by genetics.
B) mothers are more likely to have secure attachments with first children.
C) mothers are more likely to have secure attachments with daughters.
D) attachment quality is influenced by experience.

Question 61

The most important predictor of secure attachment between infants and mothers is:

A) genetics.
B) infant temperament.
C) sensitive caregiving.
D) family income.

Question 62

Which situation is most likely to result in a lack of secure attachments for infants?

A) living in a poor family
B) spending time in day care
C) living with grandparents
D) living in institutional care

Question 63

What explains the difference in rates of secure attachment between African American and white families?

A) different cultural values
B) income differences
C) different rates of daycare usage
D) genetics

Question 64

Bowlby's research indicates that:

A) there are different patterns of attachment patterns in different cultures.
B) attachment patterns are universal.
C) sensitive caregiving is found more frequently in North America.
D) attachment relationships are more crucial in North American infants.

Question 65

In cultures in which infants spend most of their day in close contact with their mother, which type of attachment pattern is less common?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 66

In cultures in which infants are expected to be independent and spend less time with mother, which type of attachment pattern is less common?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 67

What is the difference in patterns of attachment security for infants growing up on a kibbutzim?

A) more infants will be securely attached
B) fewer infants will be securely attached
C) attachment relationships are less important
D) there are no differences in attachment patterns

Question 68

What explains the few differences in attachment patterns between cultures?

A) cultural beliefs
B) caregiving patterns
C) income differences
D) biological influences

Question 69

In low-income families, secure attachment with parents predicts:

A) more problems with school achievement.
B) ratings of competence in infancy.
C) ratings of competence throughout all of childhood.
D) higher stress for parents.

Question 70

According to Bowlby's view, the long-term benefits of an initial secure attachment:

A) will remain even if the caregivng environment changes.
B) will change as the caregiving environment changes.
C) depend on consistent sensitive caregiving.
D) are less impressive in low-income families.

Question 71

Bowlby asserts that what is the most important component of secure attachments?

A) secure base
B) internal working model
C) long-term sensitive caregiving
D) encouragement of independence

Question 72

As opposed to Bowlby, Thompson argues that the long-term benefits of secure attachments:

A) will remain even if the caregivng environment changes.
B) will change as the caregiving environment changes.
C) are a result of the internal working model.
D) are less impressive in low-income families.

Question 73

The birth of a new baby in a family:

A) can improve attachment security with toddlers.
B) can cause declines in attachment security with toddlers.
C) cannot affect attachment security.
D) can shift attachments from mother to day care provider.

Question 74

Dymphna van den Boom designed a study to improve maternal sensitivity in an attempt to improve the security of attachment relationships with infants. This research revealed that:

A) increasing the sensitivity with which parents interact with their infants is indeed possible).
B) although sensitivity improved, attachment security did not change.
C) when sensitivity improved, attachment also became more secure.
D) irritable babies do not respond to sensitive caregiving.

Question 75

Van de Boom and others' research indicate that:

A) maternal sensitivity causes secure attachment.
B) securely attached children increase mothers' sensitive care.
C) day care has a negative effect on security.
D) attachment status cannot be changes.

Question 76

The results of the NICHD Study of Early Childcare indicate that participation in child care:

A) is associated with lower levels of secure attachments with parents.
B) is associated with higher levels of secure attachments with parents.
C) does not impact levels of secure attachments with parents.
D) negatively impacted mothers' caregiving sensitivity.

Question 77

Mothers who were less sensitive caregivers were more likely to form insecure attachments with infants if:

A) their infant was in any type of child care.
B) their infant was in high quality child care.
C) their infant was in poor quality child care.
D) their infant was not in child care.

Question 78

Maternal responsiveness in interactions is not associated with which long-term impact for infants and toddlers?

A) compliance
B) self-control
C) attachment
D) reading readiness

Question 79

Sandy is 18 months old. When she plays with a doll she has it drink from her own cup. This self-related action in play may be evidence for her:

A) cognitive development.
B) temperament.
C) secure attachment.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 80

An increase in self-related actions in securely attached infants may reflect greater:

A) cognitive development.
B) self-understanding.
C) emotional regulation.
D) language development.