Deck 6: Changing Behaviour: Mechanisms and Approaches

Question 1

Fear arousing campaigns can be more effective if they:

A) Maximise the negative aspects of the health behaviour.
B) Show people how to reduce any health threat
C) Use vivid imagery to maximise the effect
D) Have experts explaining why a health threat exists

Answer 1

Show people how to reduce any health threat

Question 2

Petty and Cacioppo (1986) developed a model of communication and attitude change. What is it called?

A) The stages of change model
B) The health belief model
C) The elaboration likelihood model
D) Protection motivation theory

Answer 2

The elaboration likelihood model

Question 3

According to the Protection Motivation Theory, which of the following is not relevant to health-related change?

A) Threat appraisal
B) Self-efficacy
C) Attitude towards the health behaviour
D) All of the above

Answer 3

Attitude towards the health behaviour

Question 4

What are the three phases of Egan's (2013) problem solving approach?

A) Rolling with resistance, goal setting and problem exploration and clarification
B) Goal setting, facilitating action and problem exploration and clarification
C) Facilitating action, rolling with resistance and goal setting
D) Rolling with resistance, goal setting and facilitating action

Question 5

Beck's Socratic method is also known as

A) Empathic discussion
B) Guided learning
C) Guided discovery
D) Empathic interaction

Question 6

The NICE guidelines on behavioural change (NICE 2014) identified several ways of presenting information in order to increase the motivation of smokers to quit. Which of these is NOT a key messages to influence?

A) Self-efficacy
B) Subjective norms
C) Positive attitude
D) Financial costs

Question 7

What is the name of a key element of cognitive therapy devised by Beck (1976)?

A) Motivational interview
B) Social modelling
C) Problem solving
D) Socratic dialogue

Question 8

The key questions in the motivation interview are

A) What are some of the good things/not so good things about your present behaviour?
B) How would you set about changing?
C) What has stopped you making the changes you need to make?
D) Have you considered setting goals to change your behaviour slowly?

Question 9

The key goal of Egan's approach to counselling is to

A) Teach skills necessary to achieve behavioural change
B) Identify and change cognitive factors that prevent change
C) Mobilise the individual's own resources to identify problems and arrive at strategies of solution
D) Provide a warm empathic therapeutic environment

Question 10

The PRECEDE element of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model takes into account which psychosocial variables:

A) Process, impact, outcome
B) Predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors
C) Social, and environmental diagnosis
D) Educational, and ecological diagnosis

Question 11

Phase 2 of the PRECDE-PROCEED model is:

A) Prioritising and determining how to change any behaviours identified
B) Understanding of the health problems that affect the quality of life of a community and its members
C) Identification and assessment of health issue(s) specific to the community
D) Implementation of the planned intervention

Question 12

"If you use sun cream you will reduce your risk of developing skin cancer" is an example of:

A) A positively framed message
B) A negatively framed message
C) A reality-based message
D) An efficacy increasing message

Question 13

Which of the following is not an environmental influence that should be considered when encouraging health behaviour change, according to the health belief model?

A) Cues to action
B) Minimising cost and barriers
C) Social norms
D) Increasing the costs of engaging in health damaging behaviour

Question 14

Protection Motivation theory suggests that we are most likely to take preventive action if any media programme:

A) Arouses some degree of fear
B) Increases the sense of severity if no change is made
C) Emphasises the ability of the individual to prevent the feared outcome
D) All of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is a potential problem when an individual stops smoking?

A) The loss of a powerful means of altering mood
B) Withdrawal symptoms
C) The urge to smoke triggered by environmental cues
D) All of the above

Question 16

"If it is 8 am on Friday, I will ride my bike to work" is an example of an implementation intention. Which one?

A) Initial reluctance
B) Missing opportunities
C) Failing to get started
D) Stopping old habits

Question 17

Changing inappropriate beliefs by cognitive therapy is based on the key premise that

A) Such beliefs are untrue
B) The beliefs are holding back change
C) The beliefs are hypothetical and do not represent 'fact'
D) The beliefs are negative

Question 18

Which of the following does nicotine act on?

A) Serotonin
B) Adrenalin
C) Acetylcholine
D) Noradrenaline

Question 19

Which technique in cognitive therapy is designed to question the core of an individual's beliefs?

A) Homework tasks
B) Video intervention
C) Downward arrow
D) Relapse prevention

Question 20

Many problem-focused smoking cessation programmes teach clients

A) How to cope with cues to smoking
B) How to reduce the possibility of giving in to cravings should they occur
C) How to cope with any withdrawal symptoms
D) All of the above