Deck 14: The Future of Criminal Justice in the United States

Question 1

In which of the following ways do advances in electronic surveillance promise greater efficiency in crime control?

A) Presumably, potential offenders will refrain from crime if they know they are being watched and believe they face a greater risk of being caught.
B) Police, it is assumed, will more quickly learn of dangerous situations and, equipped with crucial information, will be able to respond in the safest way possible.
C) Electronic surveillance may increase perceptions of safety among law-abiding citizens, encouraging them to make greater use of public spaces where they can serve as informal guardians and potential witnesses.
D) All these answers are correct.

Answer 1

All these answers are correct.

Question 2

To the extent that the crime control model is followed in the use of electronic surveillance, whose vision of society, according to your textbook, may become a reality in the United States?

A) George Orwell
B) Victor Hugo
C) Charles Dickens
D) All these answers are correct.

Answer 2

George Orwell

Question 3

According to a 2007 ABC News-Washington Post poll, approximately what percentage of Americans favored increased use of surveillance cameras?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Answer 3

70%

Question 4

Which of the following cities has the most extensive network of surveillance cameras, known as the "Ring of Steel"?

A) New York
B) London
C) Paris
D) Moscow

Question 5

In the future, there may be no practical need for a separate juvenile justice process because

A) juvenile offenders are being treated exactly the same as adult offenders in many situations.
B) juvenile offenses are decreasing sharply and are ceasing to be a problem to American society.
C) community-based juvenile corrections and diversion programs seem to be replacing the more formal juvenile court system.
D) a return to the more hands-on, paternalistic system of juvenile justice calls for a less formal system than is currently in place.

Question 6

According to one authority, approximately what percentage of current prisoners are either violent offenders or repeat offenders with two or more felony convictions?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 95%

Question 7

According to one authority, approximately what percentage of current prisoners can be considered low-risk offenders and thus good candidates for alternatives to incarceration?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 8

The FBI's Next Generation Identification (NGI) system is expected to be operational in 2014 and will be a vast storehouse of iris scans, photos searchable with face recognition technology, palm prints, and measures of gait and voice recordings alongside records of fingerprints, scars, and tattoos.

Question 9

The police have lagged behind other government agencies in the amassing of biometric data.

Question 10

Police departments nationwide are equipping themselves with Mobile Offender Recognition and Information Systems (MORIS), which are an iPhone add-on that allows patrol officers to scan the irises and faces of individuals and match them against government databases.

Question 11

To build databases, some judges are requiring biometric data from defendants in exchange for more lenient sentences.

Question 12

Some Occupy Wall Street protesters who were arrested for trespassing and disorderly conduct were given bail amounts based on whether or not they consented to an iris scan during their booking.

Question 13

To avoid inclusion in the government's massive identification database, the hacktivist group Anonymous advises that when going out in public, a person should wear a transparent plastic mask, tilt one's head at a 15 degree angle, wear obscuring makeup, and wear a hat outfitted with infra-red LED lights.

Question 14

If due process model principles dominate the future, robots may be used routinely in hostage situations and in the arrest of dangerous suspects.

Question 15

Some police departments have plans to put small wireless video cameras on police officers' lapels and to install equipment in patrol cars that will allow officers to remotely monitor video feeds from banks.

Question 16

Automatic license number plate recognition systems use infrared (IR) cameras and sophisticated software to recognize the letters and numbers on a plate and compare them with a database to detect vehicles of interest.

Question 17

Automatic license number plate recognition systems can be mounted almost anywhere, and there are aerial units capable of reading a plate from an elevation of more than 30,000 feet.

Question 18

Automatic license number plate recognition systems can detect, capture, and compare 5,000 to 10,000 plates per minute, even under seemingly difficult conditions, such as at night, in the rain, through a chain-link fence, and a plate with mild mud splatters.

Question 19

With an automatic license number plate recognition system, an officer can record oncoming plates at a combined speed of 120 mph or scan parked cars in a parking lot or on a neighborhood street without slowing down or taking his or her eyes off the road.

Question 20

According to your textbook, in the future, through comprehensive databases, all police officers will have access to every protective order to keep abusers separated from potential victims at all times and virtually from the moment they have been issued.

Question 21

According to your textbook, in the future, courts will routinely send driver's license suspension orders by computer directly to Bureaus of Motor Vehicles and law enforcement agencies and save lives in the process.

Question 22

The New Mexico Supreme Court ruled that people cannot be disqualified from serving as jurors simply because they do not speak English.

Question 23

A Florida court recently held that the admission of neuroscience evidence during capital sentencing is grounds for a reversal.

Question 24

Because of studies that question the reliability of neuroimaging evidence, courts have excluded brain-imaging evidence during criminal trials to support claims that defendants are insane.

Question 25

Preliminary research suggests that brain activity in the prefrontal cortex is critical for selecting among punishments; thus, defense attorneys and prosecutors could use this information in the selection of jurors, or legislatures or sentencing commissions could use the information for devising sentencing guidelines acceptable to the public.

Question 26

According to your textbook, eyewitness identifications could be aided by using neuroscience. Brain scans can show activity in the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain that responds strongly to places and the recognition of scenes, and in the parahippocampus of the brain, which is responsible for facial recognition.

Question 27

In the 2005 decision in Roper v. Simmons, the case in which the Supreme Court struck down the death penalty for juveniles, the leading brief in the case, filed by the American Medical Association and other groups, argued that adolescent brains are not fully developed in the fusiform area; therefore, adolescents cannot control their impulses as adults do and should not be held fully culpable for the immaturity of their neural anatomy.

Question 28

According to your textbook, if the brain causes all behavior, including criminal behavior, then the concepts of retribution and criminal responsibility, which assume that criminal behavior is freely chosen, must seriously be reconsidered.

Question 29

According to your textbook, the nationwide exchange of information is the goal of the Global Justice XML Data Model (GJXDM).

Question 30

According to your textbook, the GJXDM will allow organizations using different computer systems and databases to share information by way of uniform data semantics and structure.

Question 31

According to your textbook, the "new penology"
has abandoned rehabilitation in favor of efficiently managing large numbers of prisoners.

Question 32

According to your textbook, the success of the "new penology"
is measured by reductions in recidivism.

Question 33

According to your textbook, corrections in the future is likely to take on "a kind of waste management function."

Question 34

In 2008, in Boumediene v. Bush, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the then approximately 260 detainees at the supermaximum-security prison at Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba did not have the constitutional privilege of habeas corpus.