Deck 13: Language Development Through the Curriculum

Question 1

Which view of language development sees it as being primarily influenced by internal factors?

A) humanist
B) interactionist
C) behaviorist
D) innatist

Answer 1

innatist

Question 2

The interactionist view sees language development as primarily being caused by an interaction between ______.

A) social and environmental factors
B) innate and environmental factors
C) external factors
D) internal factors

Answer 2

innate and environmental factors

Question 3

Which scholar sees language acquisition entirely as a learned behavior?

A) Skinner
B) Chomsky
C) Piaget
D) Vygotsky

Answer 3

Skinner

Question 4

Which description accurately reflects the behaviorist view of language development?

A) Infants are pre-wired to naturally say word sounds, which are reinforced by parents, causing the infant to say more word sounds.
B) Parents cuddle infants and verbalize, and when the infants babble word sounds, parents give positive feedback, causing infants to say more word sounds.
C) Infants create word sounds by observing parents talking to each other and picking up word cues from these conversations, which they then imitate.
D) Parents use gestures to show affection to infants, which these children convert into word sounds.

Question 5

At age six, Olivia finds learning two languages to be quite easy. However, as an adult, she has difficulty learning a third language. This example reaffirms the ______ view of language development.

A) innatist
B) behaviorist
C) socialist
D) humanist

Question 6

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the interactionist view of language development?

A) Many factors, including environmental and biological, affect each other.
B) Cognitive factors are the primary influence.
C) Maturation followed by cognition are the two major influences.
D) The environment dominates this area of learning.

Question 7

Which example reflects the social interactionist view of language development?

A) When Jose is able to picture objects, he begins to learn language.
B) Leon learns three languages by the age of seven.
C) Lori's parents discuss her favorite books with her every day, which helps her language development.
D) When parents say simple words to baby Loretta, she begin to imitate these words.

Question 8

A child's earliest communication often takes the form of ______.

A) simple sentences
B) simple words
C) cooing
D) babbling

Question 9

Baby Tina make a series of k sounds following by several o sounds. This is an example of ______.

A) cooing
B) babbling
C) simple words
D) symbolic language

Question 10

Which example would most likely be said by a toddler?

A) "a-a-a"
B) "k-k-k, b-b-b"
C) "more cake"
D) "I would like to have more cake."

Question 11

Which of the following most accurately describes the process of vocabulary acquisition between the ages of two and a half and six?

A) Words are learned quickly at first, but the process slows at age five.
B) Words are learned deliberately.
C) Word are learned at a moderate pace.
D) Words are learned very quickly throughout the period.

Question 12

Why is the use of vocabulary counts in the study of language development limited?

A) It is difficult to reach a conclusion because most of the words a child learns are simple.
B) It is hard to understand the process because a child learns words so quickly.
C) It is hard to determine if a child understands all the words she uses.
D) It is difficult to make comparisons between children who speak different languages.

Question 13

The interrelationship between words is called the ______.

A) semantic paradigm
B) semantic network
C) vocabulary nexus
D) vocabulary prototype

Question 14

A toddler refers to a horse as a cow. This is an example of ______.

A) overextension
B) hyperextension
C) overcommitment
D) hypersensitivity

Question 15

Which example would a child most likely say first?

A) "I don't want to go to school."
B) "I going in basement."
C) "They're being bad."
D) "We're in the car."

Question 16

Which is an accurate comparison between syntax and pragmatics?

A) Syntax rules derive from social context; pragmatic rules govern sentence structure.
B) Syntax rules derive from innate cognition; pragmatic rules derive from social context.
C) Syntax rules govern sentence organization; pragmatic rules derive from social context.
D) Syntax rules involve babbling; pragmatic rules derive from innate cognition.

Question 17

Kyle often uses demand sentences with friends but makes polite requests to teachers. This example shows ______.

A) semantic network
B) overextension
C) syntax
D) pragmatics

Question 18

A(n) ______ of children speak a language other than English at home.

A) unknown number
B) insignificant minority
C) significant number
D) majority

Question 19

Which child would most likely have high cognitive development.

A) Ken knows 15,000 vocabulary words by the age of five.
B) Patricia speaks both English and German fluently by the age of six.
C) Benito can speak sentences that are five words long by age four.
D) Anya realizes that many words have double meanings by the age of five.

Question 20

Which example would most likely have a negative effect on a child's cognitive and socioemotional skills?

A) Florence loses the ability to speak Polish when her parents begin to speak only English at home.
B) Ji-hu learns to speak three languages by the age of eight.
C) Julieta learns only English even though her parents occasionally speak Spanish to each other.
D) Giuseppe learns to speak English as a second language by the age of seven.

Question 21

Francesca's native language is Italian. However, she can also speak two-word English sentences that include action verbs, such as "Want milk." Considering this, Francesca most likely is in the ______ of acquiring English as a second language.

A) first stage
B) second stage
C) third stage
D) final stage

Question 22

Which child would probably have the most difficult time learning English as a second language?

A) Atanas has been shipped to several refugee camps, and his father died at the last one.
B) Rosica has lived in the same home with her parents for five years, and both speak some English.
C) In Stojan's family, one parent speaks English well and the other parent is learning English.
D) In Penka's family, her mother died when she was two and her father has a stable job.

Question 23

Which of the following is probably the most effective at reducing the achievement gap between English-language learners and English speakers?

A) preschool programs that use only a foreign language
B) preschool programs that are trilingual
C) preschool programs that use only English
D) preschool programs that are bilingual

Question 24

Which strategy would most likely help young children to learn English as a second language?

A) Emphasize the difficulty of learning English.
B) Force English learners to speak in class.
C) Use the English learners' names sparingly.
D) Include English learners in activities.

Question 25

Which is an example of an effective strategy to learn English as a second language?

A) Because many children in a class speak Spanish, the teacher rarely uses Spanish phrases.
B) Nicolle's teacher drills her in repeating new English phrases.
C) Juan's teacher uses the same wording for many English phrases each day.
D) A teacher has English learners participate only in activities that involve speaking English.

Question 26

Which plan would be the most effective at teaching a child English as a second language?

A) Have just the friendliest children talk to the child; pair concrete objects with new words for the child; present language as separate from the child's social context.
B) Encourage all children to talk to the child; pair concrete objects with new words for the child; show uncritical acceptance when the child shares verbally.
C) Encourage all children to talk to the child; pair concrete objects with new words for the child; present language as separate from the child 's social context.
D) Have just the friendliest children talk to the child; present language as separate from the child's social context; show uncritical acceptance when the child shares verbally.

Question 27

If another child in the class speaks the first language of a child who is learning English, interaction between the two should be ______.

A) ignored
B) discouraged
C) encouraged
D) forced

Question 28

Which example would be the most effective in helping a child develop meaningful language?

A) A teacher tells a child how she should behave during class.
B) A teacher helps a child pretend what the world will be like in the future.
C) A teacher tells a child to clean up after a project.
D) A teacher repeats the same list of basic object names over and over.

Question 29

In programs based on the work of Reggio Emilia, a key component is dialogue between teachers and ______.

A) small groups of children
B) large groups of children
C) two children
D) one child

Question 30

Which question would most likely be asked of a child by a teacher using Reggio Emilia's approach?

A) "What did you have for breakfast?"
B) "What kind of work does your father do?"
C) "What is your favorite color?"
D) "How are a dog and a cow similar and different?"

Question 31

A picture of an elephant wearing red sneakers is funny to a child because they recognize ______.

A) the animal
B) incongruity
C) the type of shoes
D) similarity

Question 32

Joke: "How do you paint a rabbit green? With green hare spray." Which age range would most likely find this joke funny?

A) toddlers
B) preschoolers
C) kindergarteners
D) primary school children

Question 33

A child and a mother play peekaboo for half an hour. The child would most likely be a(n) ______.

A) infant
B) toddler
C) preschooler
D) kindergartener

Question 34

How should a teacher respond if a child uses an adult swear word?

A) laugh
B) respond by swearing
C) isolate the child by having him or her stand in the corner
D) firmly tell the child that word is not acceptable at school

Question 35

What is the most popular story activity in early childhood programs?

A) flannel board stories
B) telling personal stories
C) book reading
D) poetry reading

Question 36

Which example shows the most effective way to tell stories to young children?

A) Yvette uses different voices for the various characters in the books.
B) Robert uses a steady, calm voice when reading a story.
C) Beatrice says a story quickly to fit it into a time slot.
D) Ives recites a story straight through without stopping to ask children questions.

Question 37

Which child would most likely enjoy making up an original story?

A) Four-year-old Allison has a high vocabulary for her age.
B) Five-year-old Alden has an active imagination.
C) Eight-year-old Jayden has well-developed language skills.
D) Nine-year-old Hannah has an average vocabulary for her age.

Question 38

Which of the following is an effective approach for nurturing emergent literacy?

A) Avoid new vocabulary with children; read to children once a week; use alphabet books to connect letters with appropriate sounds.
B) Use new vocabulary with children; emphasize that speech consists of units; use alphabet books to connect letters with appropriate sounds.
C) Use new vocabulary with children; read to children twice a day; connect letters without visual aids.
D) Avoid new vocabulary with children; read to children once a week; connect letters without visual aids.

Question 39

A seven-year-old child is trying to figure out the word helicopter. Which strategies would he most likely use?

A) noticing the familiar letter combination cop; copying the word; using a picture as a helicopter as a clue
B) focusing on the first letter h; copying the word; using a picture as a helicopter as a clue
C) focusing on the first letter h; noticing the length of the word; using a picture as a helicopter as a clue
D) noticing the familiar letter combination cop; copying the word; inventing pronunciations for heli

Question 40

Which example shows phonics?

A) Ethan associates a certain sound with the letter combination ch.
B) Caroline makes up a spelling for the word raisin.
C) Austin draws circular lines to imitate his mother's writing.
D) Alliyah breaks the work university into syllables.

Question 41

Which example promotes literacy development the most?

A) Four-year-old Alondra has group reading experiences, but few that are one-on-one.
B) Six-year-old Gunner rarely uses writing materials when playing.
C) Five-year-old Daleyza listens to a story but doesn't discuss it with the teacher.
D) Seven-year-old Lorenzo writes an original story that contains several misspellings.

Question 42

Which of the following is an accurate definition of a language enlarger?

A) a teacher who speaks at least two languages fluently
B) a young child who volunteers to read a story out loud to a child who is less proficient
C) a teacher who provides children with many experiences that support their language development
D) a young child who learns to read and write at an accelerated pace

Question 43

Which example shows a language enlarger?

A) A teacher insists that children keep quiet during activities.
B) A teacher leads children in a song about a train.
C) A child reads material two grades ahead of her reading level.
D) A child learns to speak English as a second language.

Question 44

What type of story do toddlers most enjoy?

A) a soft-vinyl book that allows exploration with the senses
B) a simple story about familiar events
C) a classic children's story
D) a long story dealing with strange events

Question 45

Which of the following attitudes should be fostered to help the literacy development of young children?

A) Children should have a casual attitude about reading as something unimportant.
B) Children should see physical activities as more interesting than reading.
C) Children should view reading as a test that they will be graded on.
D) Children should look forward to reading as a fun activity.

Question 46

Which example would most likely foster good communication skills in young children?

A) In the 1st grade, a small group reads a story, does a dramatization of it, and draws pictures about it all in one space.
B) In the 2nd grade, a small group reads a story in one room, and individuals move to other areas to draw pictures about it.
C) In the 1st grade, a large group reads a story and then breaks into smaller groups to do dramatization in a different space.
D) In the 2nd grade, individuals read a story and then gather together to work on a dramatization and draw pictures about it.

Question 47

A small group of school-age children creates the first page of a newspaper for an imaginary land they created. This activity would most likely support ______.

A) overextension
B) literacy development
C) mock writing
D) invented spelling

Question 48

Which would be most effective way to help children with cognitive disabilities learn literacy skills?

A) play telephones
B) cutting out pictures
C) fingerplays
D) phonics flash cards

Question 49

A teacher uses a play cell phone to encourage a child to talk. This approach would most likely be used with a child who has ______ impairments.

A) speech
B) hearing
C) cognitive
D) motor skill

Question 50

An adult should read books to children starting at ______.

A) preschool age
B) toddler age
C) later infancy
D) earliest infancy

Question 51

Parents named Sydney and Jessica talk with their infant Julie. Which example shows the most effective way for them to speak to her?

A) "You know, Sydney, I think she's happy to see us."
B) "Hello, Julie, how are you doing today?"
C) "Hi, my bo-bo."
D) "Cootchie coo."

Question 52

How is supporting literacy with toddlers similar to supporting literacy with school-age children?

A) Both should have reading areas that include a variety of books, magazines, and reference material.
B) Both need pictures books with few words.
C) Both need environments that encourage communication.
D) Both should have book reading as a scheduled group activity.

Question 53

Which of the following is an accurate statement about teaching literacy to children with cognitive disabilities?

A) Teachers should tell them about strange experiences that will catch their interest.
B) Such children usually speak more than other children in the class.
C) Such children will attain literacy later than other children.
D) Such children often get confused by rhymes.

Question 54

Which should a teacher emphasize to the parents of a school-age child?

A) Assure the parents that they already know the many ways their child engages in literacy activities.
B) Parents should use the exact program prescribed by the school to develop their child's literacy.
C) The child will develop her literacy much more at school than at home.
D) By engaging with their child in literacy activities, the parents contribute immensely to the child's literacy.

Question 55

Which example would most likely promote literacy in a child?

A) Bruce's parents don't like to have books around because they gather dust.
B) Linda sees her parents reading either a novel or a magazine every day.
C) George's parents rarely give their son a book as a present because it seems too much like school.
D) Natalie reads with her parents about once a week.

Question 56

A six-year-old child wants to write a letter to the author of a favorite book. How should the child's parents respond?

A) Help the child write the letter.
B) Tell the child to write the letter herself.
C) Tell the child the author is too busy for a letter.
D) Have the child delay writing the letter until she is older.

Question 57

A mother and daughter plan to go shopping. Which of the following would most likely help the daughter's literacy skills?

A) the mother asking the daughter to guess what is on the shopping list
B) the mother reading the shopping list to the daughter
C) the daughter reading the mother's shopping list aloud
D) the mother and daughter writing the shopping list together

Question 58

According to the Adair & Barraza research study, immigrant families most of all want teachers to ______.

A) occasionally use their child's native language
B) be firm and demanding with their children
C) be affectionate and patient with their children
D) learn about their children before school starts

Question 59

Teachers of infants and toddlers should encourage the parents to use ______ with their children

A) simple books without pictures
B) simple picture books
C) picture books with long stories
D) long stories without pictures

Question 60

Which is the most effective practice for teachers dealing with parents who don't speak English well?

A) Learn simple words in the parents' native language.
B) Use non-verbal messages exclusively.
C) Speak in English very slowly.
D) Ask the child to interpret for the parents.

Question 61

The behaviorist view of language development sees language as being influenced primarily by external factors, such as modeling and reinforcement by parents.

Question 62

According to Noam Chomsky, the underlying rules of grammar that apply to all languages are part of a child's surface structure.

Question 63

Language beings when infants say their first words around the end of their first year.

Question 64

The study of semantics examines the understanding of word meanings.

Question 65

Pragmatics involves the grammatical rules that govern the structure of sentences.

Question 66

Bilingualism needs to be viewed as intricately tied to cultural and social dimensions.

Question 67

English immersion is a teaching method that uses both English and the child's native language.

Question 68

To help children learn English as a second language, pair concrete objects or demonstration of actions with new words.

Question 69

To further language development in young children, classrooms should be as quiet as possible to help children focus on the lessons.

Question 70

Reciting poetry to children can be effective in developing their phonological awareness.

Question 71

Using puppets can be an effective way to help shy children express themselves.

Question 72

Emergent literacy acknowledges that all aspects of language are learned sequentially.

Question 73

Five-year-old Madison writes "I WNT TO GO HOM." This is an example of mock writing.

Question 74

A school-crossing sign is an example of environmental print.

Question 75

Book reading should be a large group activity that a teacher shares with at least ten children.

Question 76

Primary children's language and literacy development is considered to be on a continuum of earlier experiences.

Question 77

Because learning to speak is intertwined with being able to hear language, children with hearing impairments often have difficulty in learning language.

Question 78

Using video- and recording-equipment is especially effective in helping toddlers learn literacy skills.

Question 79

Families often assume that learning to read and write begins in elementary school and is best left until the child reaches the appropriate age.

Question 80

To promote the literacy skills of children, parents should make writing materials easily accessible to them.