Deck 10: Chronic Illness

Question 1

When giving advice to those with a chronic illness, comments such as "it will turn out alright" may raise false hopes and hence are inappropriate.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Three months after an initial diagnosis of a chronic disease, patients have higher rates of depression than do non-terminally-ill people.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

People with spinal cord injuries show greater levels of distress when engaging in wishful thinking compared to a realistic acceptance of their condition.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

HIV-positive men who undergo training in stress management show physiological changes 6 to 12 months later, including greater immune functioning, and higher levels of testosterone.

Question 5

Chronic heart disease is the leading case of death in men, but not women.

Question 6

Type A is a stronger predictor of coronary heart disease than hostility.

Question 7

Malignant tumors typically metastasize, or invade other body organs.

Question 8

Breast cancer patients who compare themselves to others who are coping well with the disease actually feel worse about themselves.

Question 9

Recent estimates suggest that approximately half of all new HIV infections in the United States occur through IV drug use.

Question 10

In the U.S., AIDS is more prevalent in Whites than in African Americans and Hispanics.

Question 11

Depression and anxiety are more prevalent shortly after cancer diagnosis.

Question 12

Recent research reveals that hospice patients not only experience greater psychological well-being than patients who receive standard hospital care, but also live longer.

Question 13

Terminally ill people have better overall psychological adjustment receiving care in hospice than in a general hospital unit.

Question 14

Which of the following is a belief people often have about those with a chronic illness?

A) They may be helpless
B) They may be depressed
C) They may be deserving of their fate
D) ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 15

Which of the following aspects of their disease did cancer patients claim to be the most stressful?

A) Appearance
B) Limitations in physical abilities
C) Uncertainty about the future
D) Managing pain

Question 16

Which of the following is considered a positive aspect of developing a chronic disease?

A) being closer to family and friends
B) having a greater appreciation for life
C) experiencing positive changes in self-concept
D) ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 17

________ is a metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to convert glucose into useable energy.

A) Diabetes
B) Arthritis
C) HIV
D) Alzheimer's' disease

Question 18

Anne, who has recently been diagnosed with breast-cancer, has been able to cope with her diagnosis by focusing on the positive aspects of her illness. She claims that since her diagnosis, she has been able to understand what is truly important in life, and that she has gotten much closer with her family and friends. This is an example of the _________ coping strategy.

A) problem-focused
B) proactive
C) preventative
D) emotion-focused

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT usually perceived as being helpful to those with a chronic illness?

A) Assistance with childcare
B) Availability to listen
C) Advice from a health care worker
D) Advice from a family member or friend

Question 20

Based on previous research, which of the following pre-treatment programs would be the best at decreasing levels of psychological and physical symptoms of their disease and treatment?

A) Discussion group
B) Receiving detailed information about their illness
C) Relaxation training
D) Brief information session

Question 21

__________ treatments are most effective for helping people with chronic diseases with symptoms that are brought on by stress such as ________.

A) Education; hypertension
B) Cognitive-behavioral; asthma
C) Cognitive-behavioral; diabetes
D) Education; asthma

Question 22

_______ is the leading killer in the United States causing approximately 40% of the deaths.

A) AIDS
B) Cancer
C) Coronary heart disease
D) Diabetes

Question 23

The process known as ________ leads to a decrease in blood flow and a(n) ________ in the likelihood of a blood clot forming.

A) atheroscleroisis; decrease
B) atheroscleroisis; increase
C) arteriosclerosis; decrease
D) arteriosclerosis; increase

Question 24

Which of the following ethnic groups is at the greatest risk for chronic heart disease?

A) African Americans
B) White Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Hispanic Americans

Question 25

All of the following behaviors are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease EXCEPT:

A) Smoking cigarettes
B) Eating foods that are high in cholesterol
C) Eating deep-sea fish regularly
D) Eating foods that contain animal fats and some types of oils

Question 26

Which of the following statements about the impact of personality on coronary heart disease is FALSE?

A) People with Type A behavior pattern shown heightened levels of physiological arousal
B) Hostility is a stronger predictor of coronary heart disease than Type A behavior
C) People who express high levels of anger are more likely to suffer a heart attack
D) People who are optimistic are more likely to develop coronary heart disease

Question 27

Which of the following psychological interventions has NOT been shown to reduce the risk of reoccurring heart attacks?

A) Helping people change health-related behavior, including diet, exercise, and smoking
B) Helping people reduce their level of stress, such as through relaxation training
C) Helping people change their Type A cognitions, behaviors, and emotions
D) Helping people reduce feelings of invulnerability

Question 28

Which of the following statements about cancer is FALSE?

A) Benign cells grow relatively slowly and are mostly harmless
B) Carcinogens convert normal cells to cancerous ones
C) Oncogenes can invade body organs and thereby spread cancer
D) Suppressor genes work to inhibit uncontrolled growth of cells

Question 29

The majority of cancers are caused by:

A) Tobacco smoke
B) High fat diet
C) Sun exposure
D) Unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners

Question 30

All of the following personality factors are associated with cancer EXCEPT:

A) Type A behavior
B) Emotion suppression
C) conflict-avoidance
D) Denial and repression

Question 31

Which of the following people should be BEST able to cope effectively with a cancer diagnosis?

A) Jen, who believed (wrongly) that she and her doctor could control the cancer
B) Louise, who compared herself to other women who were coping very well with their own cancer
C) Kim, who avoided thinking about her cancer
D) Pam, who focused on wishing the cancer would go away

Question 32

Which of the following statements about AIDS is FALSE?

A) The majority of people with AIDS worldwide are women
B) The majority of men with AIDS acquired this disease through sex with men
C) AIDS is the leading cause of death for African Americans between the ages of 25 and 44
D) The majority of new AIDS cases in the United States are among African Americans and Hispanics

Question 33

After HIV enters the bloodstream, it invades the T cells and incorporates its genetic material into these cells. This means the T cells can no longer work to:

A) Release natural killer (NK) cells
B) Raise levels of epinephrine
C) Release serotonin
D) All of the above

Question 34

All of the following psychological factors contribute to people's failure to use condoms EXCEPT:

A) Attitudes towards condoms
B) Self-efficacy for using condoms
C) Beliefs about other people's attitudes towards condoms
D) Knowledge about the effectiveness of condoms

Question 35

Which of the following statements about the link between condom use and relationship context is TRUE?

A) People who are in steady dating relationships use condoms more consistently than those in casual relationships
B) People who are in steady dating relationships are more comfortable discussing condom use than those in casual relationships
C) People who are in steady dating relationships believe suggesting condom use could make themselves appear promiscuous or loose
D) People who are in steady dating relationships are more motivated to protect their partners from HIV by using a condom than those who are in casual relationships

Question 36

All of the following factors predicts a slower progression of HIV EXCEPT:

A) Finding meaning in their illness
B) Refusing to accept their diagnosis
C) Holding a realistic acceptance of their disease and their lack of control over it
D) Engaging in regular physical exercise

Question 37

Who is most likely to hide their HIV positive status?

A) Jack, who has a very supportive partner.
B) John, who is 74 years of age.
C) Gwen, who considers religion to be an important part of her life
D) Ilanto, who is sexually active.

Question 38

Describe specific physical, social, and psychological consequences of having a chronic illness.

Question 39

Describe three distinct psychological methods of helping people cope with a chronic illness.

Question 40

Describe three distinct psychological factors that lead to the development of coronary heart disease.

Question 41

Describe two psychological factors that influence the development of cancer, and two ways in which psychological factors influence how people cope with cancer.

Question 42

Describe how psychological factors influence the acquisition and the progression of HIV.

Question 43

According to Helgeson's work, who would benefit most from a social support group?

Question 44

Describe the impact on family of raising a child with a chronic illness.

Question 45

Explain how having confidence in one's ability to control asthma is associated with better asthma control and quality of life.