Deck 2: The Self in Human Relations

Question 1

The __________ is the sum total of who and what you are.

A) self-esteem
B) self-awareness
C) self-efficacy
D) self

Answer 1

self

Question 2

Jason describes himself as a student who likes foreign films, thinks education is important, and is open-minded. Which of these descriptors is an example of a trait?

A) Student
B) Open-minded
C) Likes foreign films
D) Thinks education is important

Answer 2

Open-minded

Question 3

Jean describes herself as a student who likes to cook, thinks family is important, and is stubborn. Which of these descriptors is as example of a value or a belief?

A) Student
B) Likes to cook
C) Thinks family is important
D) Stubborn

Answer 3

Thinks family is important

Question 4

To organize information about the self, we use

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-enhancement.
D) self-esteem

Question 5

Sandra's mother applauds her daughter's success in school, especially in chemistry, despite all of her involvement in extracurricular activities. She did comment, however, that Sandra waited until the last minute to study for her recent exam. According to self-verification theory, if Sandra perceives herself as a well-organized student who does well in school, which information from her mother is she LEAST likely to retain?

A) Sandra is good in school.
B) Sandra is good in chemistry.
C) Sandra is involved in extracurricular activities.
D) Sandra waited until the last minute to study.

Question 6

Since Nathan was a child, he has always considered himself a terrific singer. Parents and friends have reinforced his perceptions. After trying out for a national singing contest, the judges emphatically said NO! Which of the following concepts best explains why Nathan has a hard time believing the truth?

A) The self
B) Self-verification
C) Self-concept
D) Culture

Question 7

The basic human need to feel good about ourselves is also known as

A) possible selves.
B) self-verification.
C) self-concept.
D) self-enhancement.

Question 8

In Kyle's future, he sees himself as a first-rate quarterback and practices every chance he gets. This perception of himself as a great quarterback is an example of

A) self-concept.
B) self-enhancement.
C) possible self.
D) self-esteem.

Question 9

Sandra's success in school comes from hours of study. Sandra knows if she doesn't study, the chances of getting a scholarship are slim. Instead of college, she'll continue working part time at a local fast food restaurant. The perception of knowing what can happen is

A) self-concept.
B) self-enhancement.
C) possible self.
D) self-esteem.

Question 10

People from individualistic cultures describe themselves

A) in relation to others.
B) distinct from others.
C) only in abstract terms.
D) interdependently.

Question 11

Jackie's description of himself involves connectedness to social groups (i.e., brother, member of the football team, etc.). He is probably from a _______ culture.

A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) high power distance
D) low power distance

Question 12

For individualists, self-concept descriptions are primarily

A) personality traits.
B) relationships with others.
C) context-dependent.
D) family oriented.

Question 13

_________ is/are the emotional component of the self.

A) Self-concept
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-descriptors
D) Possible self

Question 14

According to Mark Leary, self-esteem

A) describes positive and negative possible selves.
B) is our tendency to seek out information consistent with our self-concept.
C) acts as a gauge that measures the levels of acceptance a person feels.
D) is a relatively stable set of beliefs you have about yourself.

Question 15

________ suggests that self-esteem acts as a gauge or monitor that measures the level of acceptance a person feels from his or her environment.

A) Social comparison
B) Positive regard
C) Self-efficacy
D) Sociometer theory

Question 16

When relations are difficult or strained, or the individual is not feeling supported or accepted, the sociometer indicates

A) high self-esteem.
B) low self-esteem.
C) an accurate self-concept.
D) an inaccurate self-concept.

Question 17

Sociometer theory suggests that

A) each relationship has its own sociometer.
B) multiple relationships share the same sociometer.
C) relationships seem uniformly positive or uniformly negative.
D) sociometers are unrelated to self-esteem.

Question 18

According to Brown (1998), self-esteem can serve as a measure of our sense of meaning in life. This is also known as

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) mastery.
C) self-concept.
D) self-control.

Question 19

_______ involves giving positive regard and acceptance at all times and in all situations.

A) Conditional positive regard
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Operant conditioning
D) Unconditional positive regard

Question 20

On a recent shopping trip with his mother, Devin stole a candy bar from a local store. After Mom explained why she was disappointed, she also let him know she still loved him. This is an example of

A) mastery.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) conditional positive regard.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 21

Marty's dad expresses his love and delight whenever Marty brings home good grades on his report cards. On those rare occasions Marty brings home bad grades, his dad expresses extreme disappointment, often refusing to talk to his son. According to Rogers, this is an example of

A) mastery.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) conditional positive regard.
D) self-esteem.

Question 22

Mrs. Meyers is worried about young Josh's grades and his lack of motivation. If she wants to encourage his success while assisting in the development of self-esteem, according to Rogers, the best strategy is

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) conditional positive regard.
C) physical punishment.
D) modeling good study habits.

Question 23

Which of the following strategies can best influence self-esteem?

A) Giving constant compliments regardless of performance
B) Providing honest feedback and specific skills development
C) Providing ego boosters
D) Criticizing negative performance

Question 24

Hillary wants to join the cheerleading squad but is concerned her skills aren't good enough. What is the best way her mom can encourage her?

A) Reinforce her efforts no matter how small
B) Provide honest feedback and help her find a dance coach
C) Point out the mistakes in her tryout routine
D) Provide constant praise

Question 25

Two types of self-esteem are

A) stable and unstable.
B) continuous and discontinuous.
C) trait and state.
D) specific and general.

Question 26

_______ is the type of self-esteem that fluctuates.

A) State
B) Trait
C) Stable
D) Personal

Question 27

Galen has always perceived himself as open-minded. This is an example of ________ self-esteem.

A) state
B) trait
C) stable
D) personal

Question 28

We all have a(n) ______ level or internal "set point" of self-esteem.

A) state
B) trait
C) unstable
D) baseline

Question 29

Mr. and Mrs. Connors are approaching retirement. Mrs. Connors is excited because during this time in her life she will be able to focus on gardening, volunteer work, painting, and her grandchildren. Mr. Connors is apprehensive because he will no longer be working at his much-loved job. The difference in their expectations for retirement may lie in the presence of

A) possible selves.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) culture.
D) stress-related illness.

Question 30

For ________, the path to self-esteem involves personal achievement.

A) individualists
B) collectivists
C) men
D) women

Question 31

For _______, self-esteem is achieved by acting in ways that support one's social groups.

A) collectivists
B) individualists
C) cross-culturalists
D) males

Question 32

Regardless of whether you are from an individualistic or a collectivistic culture, feeling good about oneself is derived from acting in ways that support cultural

A) norms.
B) self-concepts.
C) emotions.
D) selves.

Question 33

The extent to which we believe we are capable of achieving our goals is known as

A) self-concept.
B) self-esteem.
C) possible self.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 34

Morris has his heart set on going to graduate school. He has been motivated to work harder in classes and research. He has also been working after school to earn extra money. Through his actions, we can assume Morris is high in

A) self-concept.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-esteem.
D) collectivism.

Question 35

Bandura believed children could be taught self-efficacy by

A) indiscriminate praise.
B) consistent but thoughtful criticism.
C) helping them set high but achievable goals.
D) helping them set such high goals that they cannot reach them.

Question 36

According to Hughes and Demo (1989), African Americans who report having faced racial discrimination

A) have lower self-efficacy beliefs.
B) have the same self-efficacy beliefs as those who haven't faced racial discrimination.
C) have higher self-efficacy beliefs from overcoming adversity.
D) perform better in school.

Question 37

In individualistic cultures, self-efficacy is achieved by mastery typically resulting from

A) collaborative efforts within the group.
B) successful control of the group.
C) interdependence.
D) valuing the relationships among group members over individual success.

Question 38

Asking the question "Who am I?" is most typical of

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) self-verification.

Question 39

Aidan wants to be a competitive swimmer, so he asks his coach, "What can I do to be the best?" This question is most typical of

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) self-verification.

Question 40

Chantal has been dating Eric for a year despite her parents' and friends' disapproval. She knows he is verbally abusive, but also thinks he truly loves her. She often asks herself, "Do I deserve better?" and "How valuable am I?" This last question is an example of

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) self-loathing.

Question 41

Because Cheryl values her family more than personal success, we can say her behavior is more typical of a(n) ________ culture.

A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) high uncertainty avoidance
D) low uncertainty avoidance

Question 42

In collectivistic cultures, social situations are perceived as opportunities to

A) influence and master others.
B) increase uncertainty avoidance.
C) decrease uncertainty avoidance.
D) develop or strengthen relationships.

Question 43

Crystal is trying to decide whether she should take a job in a large city or a small town. While reflecting on the decision, she realizes she dislikes the fast-paced crowds and noise associated with cities and enjoys the quiet of slower towns. To make her decision, Crystal relied on

A) self-verification.
B) self-knowledge.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-speak.

Question 44

Development of self-knowledge relies on continually

A) maintaining our self-concept even if it isn't accurate.
B) examining the accuracy of our self-concept.
C) considering all information from our self-concept, including inaccurate or outdated characteristics.
D) avoiding new information so that our self-concept remains stable.

Question 45

________ involves evaluating yourself based on how you think you compare to others.

A) Self-concept
B) Self-verification
C) Social comparison
D) Social efficacy

Question 46

Amanda is an avid quilter and has noticed her quilts are much nicer and more detailed than those of her peers. On a trip to a quilt museum, she noticed the work of other more advanced quilters was even more detailed than hers. Evaluating her work based on the work of peers and experts is known as

A) self-assessment.
B) social comparison.
C) self-esteem.
D) social efficacy.

Question 47

Comparing ourselves to impossibly high standards can lead to

A) higher self-esteem.
B) improved self-efficacy.
C) inaccurate perceptions of failure.
D) improved social relations.

Question 48

Regardless of whether you are an individualist or a collectivist, when using social comparison to evaluate yourself objectively, it is important to compare yourself to others who

A) know you.
B) are better than you.
C) who are similar than you.
D) are unknown to you.

Question 49

Tamara has lived away from home for several years and works as a critical care nurse at a local hospital. Tamara, her husband, and her coworkers believe she is a caring and nurturing person, yet her mother still sees Tamara as a selfish and immature teenager. Her mother's perception is an example of

A) self-concept.
B) self-presentation.
C) obsolete information.
D) symptomatic information.

Question 50

The ___________________ is a visual representation of the parts of yourself that are known to you and known to others.

A) self-concept
B) Sahara door
C) Johari Window
D) chi square table

Question 51

In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is known by you and also by others is the _______ area.

A) open
B) hidden
C) blind
D) unknown

Question 52

In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is known by you but not by others is the _______ area.

A) open
B) hidden
C) blind
D) unknown

Question 53

In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is hidden from you and from others is the _______ area.

A) open
B) hidden
C) blind
D) unknown

Question 54

Brandon is unaware that he is short tempered and often overreacts to events around him, yet others see this behavior clearly. Which block in the Johari Window do these behaviors represent?

A) open
B) hidden
C) blind
D) unknown

Question 55

Typically, the strongest and most lasting relationships have __________ in the Johari Window.

A) small open areas
B) large hidden areas
C) large open areas
D) large unknown areas

Question 56

Winston and Samantha have been married for 20 years. The Johari Window that represents their relationship has a large open area, which suggests

A) they are keeping secrets from one another.
B) there is trust.
C) they are cautious about what they will share with one another.
D) there are unaware of how they communicate with one another.

Question 57

Which of the following strategies is useful in reducing the size of the blind area in a Johari Window?

A) Ignore feedback provided by others.
B) Reject feedback provided by others.
C) Ask for and be open to feedback from others.
D) Respond defensively to feedback from others.

Question 58

Becky presents a vivacious, bubbly personality when she is out with acquaintances but a more serious, subdued self when alone. Respectively, these two selves are called _______ and

A) personality 1; personality 2.
B) private self; public self.
C) public self; private self.
D) outward self; inward self.

Question 59

When Chance goes dancing, he wears tight jeans and sleeveless shirts so his tattoos are clearly visible. However, he would never dream of dressing this way at the office. His change of clothing depending on the situation is an example of

A) the private self.
B) self-monitoring.
C) personality dilemma.
D) outward self.

Question 60

______________ self-monitors rarely change their dress or persona from one situation to another.

A) Low
B) High
C) Outward
D) Inward

Question 61

There is a developmental change in self-monitoring. Compared to younger people, older people's scores on self-monitoring measures

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) become more stable.
D) become less stable.

Question 62

The best way to determine the success of your self-monitoring ability is to examine __________ and consider the effectiveness.

A) others' abilities to self-monitor.
B) the context and determine whether you should self-monitor.
C) your own self-monitoring.
D) your parents' self-monitoring.

Question 63

Erikson's first stage of adult development, ____________________, involves establishing and maintaining close relationship with a life partner.

A) identity vs. role confusion
B) intimacy vs. isolation
C) trust vs. mistrust
D) generativity vs. stagnation

Question 64

Fifteen-year-old Abby is secure and has a strong sense of self. According to Erikson, she has achieved

A) intimacy.
B) identity.
C) isolation.
D) generativity.

Question 65

According to Erikson, before Marshall can develop intimacy with another person, he must have established his

A) identity.
B) integrity.
C) isolation.
D) generativity.

Question 66

Evan and his wife, Julie, have two kids. Julie recently quit her stressful job as an accountant to stay home with the kids. She says this change in her life allows her to nurture the kids and help them develop their own identities. According to Erikson, Julie has resolved a conflict in which stage of adult development?

A) Identity vs. role confusion
B) Intimacy vs. isolation
C) Generativity vs. stagnation
D) Integrity vs. despair

Question 67

Middle-aged adults who do not meet the challenge of contributing to the next generation experience frustration and lack fulfillment. According to Erikson, these adults are experiencing

A) role confusion.
B) isolation.
C) stagnation.
D) despair.

Question 68

According to Levinson's study of men from varying backgrounds, their lives are made up of a cycle of stable and __________ periods.

A) intimate
B) cross-cultural
C) stagnate
D) transitional

Question 69

Forty-two-year-old Kristine is unhappy at work and at home and feels that many of the dreams she had for herself have been replaced with a boring job and a demanding family. According to Levinson, Kristine is probably experiencing

A) early adult transition.
B) isolation.
C) generativity.
D) a midlife crisis.

Question 70

A _________is defined as a group of people born at about the same time in history who share common experiences.

A) cluster
B) collective
C) culture
D) cohort

Question 71

According to Gail Sheehy, adults can experience different roles in life during the

A) Tryout Twenties
B) Turbulent Thirties
C) Flourishing Forties
D) Middlescence

Question 72

Aisha has been spending time reflecting on her life so far. This reflection has included examining her goals, values, and identity. According to Sheehy, Aisha is in the

A) Tryout Twenties.
B) Turbulent Thirties.
C) Flourishing Forties.
D) Middlescence.

Question 73

Catherine is a high-powered attorney working at a prestigious law firm and a mother of two small children. She recently came to the conclusion that she will not fulfill her dream of partner by age 40. According to Sheehy, giving up this dream is also known as a

A) meaning crisis.
B) shift from competing to connecting.
C) midlife transition.
D) stagnant choice.

Question 74

Ron has given up on his dream to be a famous baseball player and has begun fulfilling the qualifications to be an accountant at his father's firm. According to Sheehy, recognizing the benefits of middle age can only occur when participants come to terms with the __________of their First Adulthood.

A) little death
B) birth
C) midlife transition
D) stagnant choice

Question 75

The ________________ is/are characterized by a sense of inner harmony, usually a result of a sense of living in a manner consistent with one's ideal self.

A) Age of Mastery
B) Flaming Fifties
C) Serene Sixties
D) Sage Seventies

Question 76

Penelope likes to think of herself as an honest and loyal person. When she tells lies to her friends and family, she justifies it by telling herself that she does it to avoid hurting their feelings. In order to maintain her self-concept, Penelope has to ____________________ the fact that she lies.

A) verify
B) enhance
C) avoid
D) translate

Question 77

During the self-verification process, the self-concept acts as a __________________ by putting a positive spin on information.

A) judge
B) cheerleader
C) partner
D) guardian

Question 78

________________ differences in men and women are linked to gender differences in depression, emotional intelligence, and communication.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Self-concept
C) Self-enhancement
D) Self-knowledge

Question 79

When neuroscientists studied the effects of collectivism and individualism on the brain, they asked participants to think about themselves, as well as how they feel about their mothers. When researchers compared the brain activity that occurred when individualist people thought about themselves to when they thought about their mother, the activity was

A) different.
B) slow.
C) repetitive.
D) aroused.

Question 80

According to Brené Brown, author of The Gifts of Imperfection, there is a link between meaning in life and

A) self-monitoring.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-concept.