Deck 10: Nutrition in Plants , Biodiversity of Vertebrate Animals, Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Question 1

A solution of water and inorganic nutrients that flows from the roots to the tips of the leaves is called

A) phloem sap.
B) xylem sap.
C) tree sap.
D) transpiration sap.

Answer 1

xylem sap.

Question 2

________ of the world's fresh water is used for crop irrigation.

A) 75%
B) 10%
C) 100%
D) 25%

Answer 2

75%

Question 3

A plant that grows on another plant is an

A) epiphyte.
B) exophyte.
C) ectophyte.
D) endophyte.

Answer 3

epiphyte.

Question 4

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the question(s) that follow(s).
Over the next several decades, world population growth will necessitate as much as a 60% increase in food production, primarily in developing countries. These countries are often the most seriously affected by drought and salinity. Even if irrigation water is available, flooding fields with irrigation water leads to the gradual accumulation of sodium ions and other salts in the soil.
To respond to this growing problem, scientists at the University of Connecticut have genetically engineered a plant that can survive in salty soil and withstand extended drought conditions. The new transgenic plant contains a gene for an ion pump. Salt ions are transported from the soil and stored in vacuoles in the cytoplasm. The enhanced uptake of ions into their vacuoles in turn improves water retention in the transgenic plants and their resistance to drought. The concentration of solutes inside and outside plant cells affects the direction of water movement through osmosis.
The researchers found that the salt concentration in the cells of the new transgenic plants was significantly higher than in wild plants used as a control. In addition, the transgenic plants survived longer when deprived of water.

-A potential problem with developing 'saltier plants' might be that

A) people eating these plants would become thirstier and therefore need more water.
B) the plants would add too much salt to their environment.
C) the plants would remove calcium from their environment.
D) they may develop high xylem hydrostatic pressure.

Question 5

________ are horizontal stems that grow near the soil surface, storing food and having buds to form new plants.

A) Tubers
B) Terminal buds
C) Rhizomes
D) Axillary buds

Question 6

After reading the paragraph below, answer the question that follows.
Over a period of just fifteen years ending in 2006, the mountain pine beetle has killed an estimated twenty millions acres of trees in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. These dead trees, in addition to no longer photosynthesizing to remove CO₂ from the atmosphere, will actually emit it during their decomposition. As of 2013, the mountain pine beetle has since killed about 50% of the total volume of commercial lodgepole pine in BC.

-The beetles, and a fungus with which they are often infected, together damage the xylem cells, which causes

A) an inhibition of photosynthesis.
B) a disruption of the Calvin cycle.
C) a blockage of water transport.
D) an inhibition of respiration.

Question 7

Which of the following is a tetrapod?

A) lamprey
B) shark
C) frog
D) hagfish

Question 8

Lizards are called "cold-blooded." Another term for this is

A) endothermic.
B) exothermic.
C) ectothermic.
D) exitermic.

Question 9

Which hominin was bipedal as well as having a small brain?

A) Australopithecus
B) Sahelanthropus tchadensis
C) Ardipithecus
D) Homo sapiens

Question 10

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the question(s) that follow(s).
Bipedalism is one of the most important characteristics of hominin evolution. The appearance of bipedalism led to anatomical changes that are considered to be distinguishing characteristics among hominin fossils. The evidence for bipedalism is supported by fossil evidence from more than 4 million years ago and a trackway of footprints in volcanic ash 3.6 million years old.
Recently, however, scientists have focused on the link between tooth structure and diet in the evolution of the early hominins, specifically in Australopithecus species. Detailed studies of hominin dental features have provided evidence of an important dietary shift that led to adaptive radiation within this genus. Most of the evidence comes from analyses of tooth size and shape, microscopic wear patterns on teeth, and jaw structure. The evidence suggests that fibrous plant materials became more important through the Pliocene, perhaps as critical components in the diet of some species.

-The evolution of bipedalism freed the forelimbs and hands for uses other than locomotion, which may have contributed to

A) the development of more sophisticated tool use.
B) the evolution of gait.
C) the evolution of fighting.
D) the evolution of pair bonding.