Deck 15: Foreign and National Security Policy

Question 1

According to the "_____," the United States should try to alter the international system in ways that not only protect American goals and values but allow them to prosper and become universally accepted.

A) reformers
B) maintainers
C) progressives
D) transformers
E) neoconservatives

Answer 1

transformers

Question 2

Who of the following is an example of a neoconservative policy advocate?

A) Ronald Reagan
B) George W. Bush
C) George H.W. Bush
D) Bill Clinton
E) Vladimir Putin

Answer 2

George W. Bush

Question 3

_____ advocated using force as part of humanitarian peacekeeping operations in chaotic areas of the world such as Bosnia, Haiti, and Somalia in the 1990s.

A) Progressives
B) Conservatives
C) Neoconservatives
D) Isolationists
E) Neoliberals

Answer 3

Neoliberals

Question 4

In advancing new policy proposals at the global level, the United States has generally

A) adapted to prevailing international consensus.
B) sought to persuade other countries to adopt American standards.
C) emphasized the promotion of local initiatives over global initiatives.
D) supported democratic governments, even when those governments adopted anti-American policies.
E) refused to participate in international agreements.

Question 5

With respect to tariffs and trade barriers,

A) historically, both Democrats and Republicans favored free trade.
B) historically, both Democrats and Republicans opposed free trade.
C) Democrats have always opposed free trade, while Republicans have always supported free trade.
D) Republicans have always opposed free trade, while Democrats have always supported free trade.
E) the historical positions of both major political parties have changed over time.

Question 6

In 2005, the House of Representatives narrowly passed the

A) Kyoto Protocol.
B) North American Free Trade Agreement.
C) Central American Free Trade Agreement.
D) North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
E) USA PATRIOT Act.

Question 7

The belief that the public will not support the use of military force if it results in significant American causalities and looks likely to end in a stalemate is commonly referred to as the

A) Korea Syndrome.
B) Vietnam Syndrome.
C) pacifist impulse.
D) rally 'round the flag effect.
E) long slog malaise.

Question 8

The 'rally round the flag effect refers to

A) public support for the spread of American values abroad.
B) criticism of opposing politicians as "soft on terrorism."
C) opposition to defense secretaries who impose their views on the military.
D) support for a doctrine allowing the graduated and limited use of military force when there is a recognized problem demanding a military response, with or without public support.
E) mobilization of public opinion at the start of a crisis threatening American security or involvement of American troops.

Question 9

_____ is a lobbying organization that focuses on foreign policy issues of particular interest to supporters of Israel.

A) The National Endowment for Democracy
B) The Nation of Islam
C) The American-Israeli Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)
D) TransAmerica
E) NAACP

Question 10

President Jimmy Carter established the "_____" to advise on U.S. policy regarding the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Iranian hostage crisis.

A) Tuesday Lunch Group
B) War Cabinet
C) Terrorism Department
D) Friday Breakfast Group
E) Homeland Security Department

Question 11

The main bureaucratic institution charged with managing U.S. foreign policy is the

A) National Security Council.
B) Central Intelligence Agency.
C) National Security Agency.
D) Department of State.
E) Chief of Staff.

Question 12

In the United States, intelligence is collected by

A) the Central Intelligence Agency.
B) the military.
C) the State Department.
D) the National Security Agency.
E) All of the above

Question 13

The federal agency created in 2002 in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks is the

A) National Security Council.
B) Department of Defense.
C) Central Intelligence Agency.
D) Department of Homeland Security.
E) National Security Agency.

Question 14

During most of the Cold War, both Republicans and Democrats advocated a strategy of _____ with respect to the Soviet Union.

A) engagement
B) peaceful coexistence
C) aggressive deterrence
D) détente
E) containment

Question 15

Ceding much of its foreign policy initiative and authority to the president is a hallmark of a

A) supportive Congress.
B) disengaged Congress.
C) aggressive deterrence.
D) competitive congress.
E) strategic Congress.

Question 16

In 1996, the Central Intelligence Agency established a special office to deal specifically with

A) Somalia.
B) Liberia.
C) genocide.
D) Osama bin Laden.
E) political instability.

Question 17

What factors complicate international response to genocide?

A) "Moral hazard"
B) The pace of killing is sometimes much faster than the ability of countries to respond
C) The U.S. and others as a rule do not interfere in the internal affairs of foreign countries
D) Both "moral hazard," and that the pace of killing is sometimes much faster than the ability of countries to respond
E) Both that the pace of killing is sometimes much faster than the ability of countries to respond, and that the U.S. and others as a rule do not interfere in the internal affairs of foreign countries

Question 18

As a foreign policy, preemption is problematic because it

A) does not recognize that deterrence or containment may be effective against some enemies.
B) cannot be carried out very often.
C) carries high humanitarian and economic costs.
D) raises fundamental moral questions.
E) Does all of these things

Question 19

U.S. foreign aid usually makes up _____ of the federal budget.

A) less than 1 percent
B) about 3 percent
C) about 6 percent
D) about 9 percent
E) about 12 percent

Question 20

Which of the following countries spends the most (in terms of total spending) on foreign aid as of 2009?

A) Japan
B) Canada
C) Sweden
D) France
E) The United States

Question 21

Neoconservatives are always transformers.

Question 22

The Great War Syndrome is the belief that the American public is no longer willing to support a prolonged military presence abroad that causes appreciable losses of American soldiers' lives if it looks like it might become an unwinnable "quagmire."

Question 23

Since World War II, no American war has been formally declared by Congress.

Question 24

In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the Congress reasserted its role in foreign policy decision-making.

Question 25

Global warming is not a significant security issue, because its effects will mostly fall on developed countries that can afford to mitigate them.

Question 26

The argument that military power should be used to protect U.S. interests but that foreign policy should be restricted to the degree possible is advocated by

A) neoliberal transformers.
B) neoconservative transformers.
C) conservative maintainers.
D) isolationist maintainers.
E) none of these groups.

Question 27

The argument that the United States should enforce rules on other countries while maintaining the right to act unilaterally itself is advocated by

A) neoliberal transformers.
B) neoconservative transformers.
C) conservative maintainers.
D) isolationist maintainers.
E) none of these groups.

Question 28

Which of the following beliefs is NOT held by neoconservatives?

A) The United States is the world's sole superpower
B) It is in the American national interest to advance democracy around the world
C) The United States must be prepared to act militarily to protect its interests
D) The exercise of American power is most effective when others view it as legitimate
E) Power, especially military power, is the key measure that countries use to compare one another

Question 29

_____ advocated using force as part of humanitarian peacekeeping operations in chaotic areas of the world such as Bosnia, Haiti, and Somalia in the 1990s.

A) Neoliberals
B) Conservatives
C) Neoconservatives
D) Isolationists
E) None of these groups

Question 30

The argument that the United States should be ready to use military force but asserting that power is more effective when it is viewed as legitimate is advocated by

A) neoliberal transformers.
B) neoconservative transformers.
C) conservative maintainers.
D) isolationist maintainers.
E) none of these groups.

Question 31

In 2002 the Bush administration argued that Iraq's possession of _____ required preemptive military action on the part of the United States, a claim that was later recognized as incorrect.

A) large quantities of military aircraft
B) small arms
C) weapons of mass destruction
D) heavy water
E) a strong tank corps

Question 32

_____ considered the Iraq war essential for the future security of the United States, necessary even if Iraqi President Saddam Hussein did not have weapons of mass destruction, because his was a dangerous and aggressive government.

A) Neoconservatives
B) Conservatives
C) Isolationists
D) Neoliberals
E) Progressives

Question 33

_____ saw little value added in the Iraq War and regard attempts at building democracy in Iraq and the Middle East as a "fool's errand."

A) Neoconservatives
B) Conservatives
C) Isolationists
D) Neoliberals
E) Progressives

Question 34

_____ believed the Iraq war was a distraction from the true enemy: Osama bin Laden.

A) Neoconservatives
B) Conservatives
C) Isolationists
D) Neoliberals
E) Progressives

Question 35

The U.S. first became a major player on the world stage following the

A) Revolutionary War.
B) War of 1812.
C) U.S. Civil War.
D) Spanish-American War.
E) World War I.

Question 36

The peace treaty that concluded World War I was the Treaty of

A) Versailles.
B) Rome.
C) Westphalia.
D) Berlin.
E) Maastricht.

Question 37

What event is credited with fundamentally transforming how Americans saw their position in the world, bringing an end to the idea of "Fortress America"?

A) The Great Depression
B) The Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor
C) The nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
D) The attack against the USS Cole
E) The bombing of the World Trade Center

Question 38

The United States has refused to ratify the 1993 _____ Protocol on reducing greenhouse gases.

A) Tokyo
B) Geneva
C) Montreal
D) Kyoto
E) Versailles

Question 39

American foreign policy generally rejects violence as a means of promoting

A) economic rights.
B) environmental rights.
C) human rights.
D) social rights.
E) national security.

Question 40

In 1990, President Samuel Doe of _____ paid a Washington lobbyist $800,000 to improve his image and increase the level of support for him in the United States.

A) Liberia
B) Turkey
C) Greece
D) Japan
E) Georgia

Question 41

In 2003, former Republican Representative Bob Livingston helped _____ defeat an attempt by the Republican-controlled Congress to take away $1 billion worth of foreign aid because of its failure to help the United States in the Iraq War.

A) Liberia
B) Turkey
C) Greece
D) Japan
E) Georgia

Question 42

In 2002, it was revealed that _____ maintained a secret fund of $100 million specifically reserved to lobbying in the United States.

A) Russia
B) Saudi Arabia
C) Liberia
D) China
E) Taiwan

Question 43

In 2005, a foreign company, CNOOC, attempted to purchase the Unocal Corporation, the third-largest U.S. oil company, for $18.4 billion, but withdrew after U.S. legislators raised security concerns. CNOOC is a _____ corporation.

A) Russian
B) Chinese
C) Canadian
D) Saudi Arabian
E) British

Question 44

CNOOC's bid to purchase Unocal was challenged in the Congress because

A) CNOOC was linked to illegal arms sales to Taiwan.
B) CNOOC was believed to have ties to al Qaeda.
C) an American company, Texaco, had offered to pay more for the company.
D) by law, foreign corporations cannot control more than 10 percent of the total U.S. oil supply.
E) concerns were raised about foreign control of the U.S. oil supply.

Question 45

In 2005, the Bush administration battled in the House of Representatives for passage of _____, which was approved by a vote of 217-215.

A) NAFTA
B) CAFTA
C) the Iraq War resolution
D) the USA PATRIOT Act
E) the No Child Left Behind Act

Question 46

Contemporary Americans' concerns over U.S. foreign policy tend to focus on

A) securing the proper balance between the protection of civil liberties and national security.
B) balancing the costs and benefits of free trade.
C) expanding U.S. power abroad.
D) both securing the proper balance between the protection of civil liberties and national security and balancing the costs and benefits of free trade.
E) both balancing the costs and benefits of free trade and expanding U.S. power abroad.

Question 47

In the context of foreign policy, public opinion is most likely to influence decision makers during which phases of the policy process?

A) Agenda setting and policy legitimation
B) Agenda setting and problem identification
C) Problem identification and policy legitimation
D) Policy implementation and policy evaluation
E) Policy formulation and policy implementation

Question 48

Research suggests that at least _____ percent of the American public must be in agreement on a foreign policy issue before their opinion has any influence on decision makers.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) 90

Question 49

African American groups were active in opposing _____ in South Africa.

A) genocide
B) apartheid
C) integration
D) lynching
E) gulags

Question 50

In general, how do presidential elections influence U.S. foreign policy?

A) Foreign governments often initiate deals with the incumbent president during elections
B) The incumbent president often tries to keep foreign policy initiatives unresolved during the elections
C) Foreign governments often initiate deals with rival candidates during elections
D) Foreign governments rarely try to do serious business with the U.S. during elections
E) There is no influence

Question 51

______ was a series of talks between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War that produced two major agreements on limiting the size of each country's nuclear forces.

A) CAFTA
B) NATO
C) AIPAC
D) SALT
E) WTO

Question 52

Apartheid was the

A) political party responsible for the Armenian genocide.
B) name of a Soviet labor camp.
C) South African system of strict racial segregation.
D) site of the first American battle in Vietnam.
E) Russian political party which backed Vladimir Putin.

Question 53

Appointments made by the president while the Congress is not in session are referred to as

A) vacancy appointments.
B) recess appointments.
C) leisure appointments.
D) necessary appointments.
E) emergency appointments.

Question 54

Which of these institutions and officials is NOT a part of the executive branch that helps the president make foreign policy decisions?

A) Council on Foreign Relations
B) National Security Council
C) Vice President
D) Central Intelligence Agency
E) State Department

Question 55

Some observers consider _____ the architect of President George W. Bush's foreign policy, at least during his first administration.

A) Andrew Card
B) Dan Quayle
C) Alberto Gonzalez
D) Dick Cheney
E) Scott McClellan

Question 56

Created in 1947, the _____ was intended to provide the president with advice about foreign policy.

A) National Security Council
B) Central Intelligence Agency
C) National Security Agency
D) Department of State
E) chief of staff

Question 57

The prominent foreign policy role of the vice president

A) is at the discretion of the president.
B) dates back to the early 1800s.
C) is delineated by the Constitution.
D) is at the discretion of Congress.
E) originated with George W. Bush's vice president, Dick Cheney.

Question 58

President George W. Bush established the "_____" to help with the planning and conduct of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.

A) Tuesday Lunch Group
B) War Cabinet
C) Terrorism Department
D) Friday Breakfast Group
E) Homeland Security Department

Question 59

Presidents have often relied on smaller groups rather than the national security council in times of crisis because

A) the NSC had grown too large and unmanageable.
B) their national security advisers were prohibited from advocating policy solutions.
C) the NSC was made up of political appointees with no expertise.
D) the NSC was dominated by the military
E) the NSC was too small to be effective.

Question 60

The role of the national security adviser changed from managing the National Security Council and reporting to the president to emphasize openly advocating policy solutions

A) in the year immediately after it was founded in 1947.
B) during the Korean War.
C) during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
D) as a result of the Iran-Contra scandal.
E) after 9/11.

Question 61

Especially in glamorous European capital cities, ambassadors are often

A) Defense Department officials.
B) political opponents of the president.
C) CIA agents.
D) career foreign service officers.
E) political appointees.

Question 62

The federal agency formally tasked with the responsibility of taking the leading role in making U.S. foreign policy is the

A) Department of Defense.
B) Department of State.
C) Department of Commerce.
D) Department of Homeland Security.
E) Central Intelligence Agency.

Question 63

The 1947 _____ resulted in a wide-ranging reorganization of the military bureaucracy.

A) Truman Doctrine
B) International Security Act
C) National Security Act
D) Marshall Plan.
E) Eisenhower Agenda

Question 64

Secretaries of defense who advocate deferring to the military for operational control and view themselves as the military's representatives in policy deliberations are usually referred to as

A) policy wonks.
B) generalists.
C) policy experts.
D) militarists.
E) opportunists.

Question 65

According to the _____ Doctrine, limited and graduated use of military force is permissible when there is a recognized problem demanding a military response, with or without public support.

A) McNamara
B) Monroe
C) Truman
D) Powell
E) Eisenhower

Question 66

The professional military tends to favor the _____ Doctrine, while the Defense Department civilians are more likely to favor the _____ Doctrine.

A) McNamara; Powell
B) Powell; McNamara
C) Monroe; Truman
D) Truman; Monroe
E) Eisenhower; Powell

Question 67

The process of gathering and analyzing information and communications, often secret, about potential enemies and other national security matters is known as

A) covert action.
B) intelligence.
C) containment.
D) paramilitary operations.
E) decisive engagement.

Question 68

The Department of Homeland Security in the years after its creation was widely criticized for

A) its failure to prevent 9/11.
B) its color-coded terrorist threat alert system.
C) its lackluster response to Hurricane Katrina.
D) both its failure to prevent 9/11 and its color-coded terrorist threat alert system.
E) both its color-coded terrorist threat alert system and its lackluster response to Hurricane Katrina

Question 69

Which of these agencies was NOT combined into the Department of Homeland Security?

A) The Federal Emergency Management Agency
B) The Secret Service
C) The Central Intelligence Agency
D) The Coast Guard
E) The Immigration and Naturalization Service

Question 70

The ability of Congress to influence the foreign policy objectives of the president depends largely on its

A) decisiveness and assertiveness.
B) activity and decisiveness.
C) understanding and assertiveness.
D) activity and assertiveness.
E) activity and Understanding.

Question 71

Congress can use several tools to influence foreign policy decisions, including

A) legislation.
B) funding.
C) oversight.
D) oversight and funding.
E) legislation, funding, and oversight.

Question 72

The Cold War policy that argued that neither the United States nor the Soviet Union would launch a preemptive strike against the other because, in doing so, they would necessarily destroy themselves, was referred to as

A) NATO.
B) IBRD.
C) MAD.
D) SALT.
E) GLAD.

Question 73

The _____, which seeks to tie foreign aid to improved government performance in areas of democratization and economic development, is the most important foreign aid initiative under way today.

A) Millennium Challenge Account
B) Kyoto Protocol
C) Geneva Accords
D) Marshall Plan
E) Tito Plan

Question 74

U.S. foreign aid usually makes up _____ of the gross national income.

A) less than 1 percent
B) about 3 percent
C) about 6 percent
D) about 9 percent
E) about 12 percent

Question 75

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of U.S. foreign aid spending?

A) It is the world's highest in terms of percentage of gross national income
B) It is evenly spread around the world
C) It is the world's highest in terms of absolute dollars spent
D) It makes up 20 percent of the federal budget
E) It has been proven to produce consistently meaningful economic results in developing countries

Question 76

Neoliberals believe that American military power must become less a lance to strike out at others and more a shield to protect our homeland.

Question 77

Neoconservatives believe that the United States has a special role to play in world politics; they advocate the unilateral use of force and the pursuit of value-based foreign policy.

Question 78

Isolationists believe the world is peaceful and stable, and that countries should therefore mind their own business.

Question 79

In the 1920s, the United States returned to its pre-World War I policy of neutrality.

Question 80

Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor forced the United States back into a period of isolationism.