Deck 5: Primate Behavioral Ecology

Question 1

The Primate suborder Strepsirrhini is also known as

A) galagos.
B) lemurs.
C) prosimians.
D) lorises.

Answer 1

prosimians.

Question 2

The Primate suborder Haplorrhini is divided into the _____________ infraorders.

A) lemur, loris, and galago
B) Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea
C) anthropoid and prosimian
D) Tarsiiforme and Simiiforme

Answer 2

Tarsiiforme and Simiiforme

Question 3

The term anthropoid refers to

A) all monkeys.
B) all monkeys and apes.
C) all monkeys, apes, and humans.
D) all apes and humans.

Answer 3

all monkeys, apes, and humans.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true about New World monkeys?

A) They are a large and diverse group.
B) They are found in forested environments from Southern Mexico to Southern Argentina.
C) The vast majority are fully arboreal.
D) The vast majority are relatively large compared to Old World monkeys.

Question 5

The _____________ are divided into two subfamilies the colobinae and the cercopithecinae.

A) Cercopithecoidea
B) Hominoidea
C) Ceboidea
D) Callitrichids

Question 6

The sacculated stomachs of the Colobinae have multiple folds that act as reservoirs for special bacteria that

A) serve as immunizing agents against disease.
B) help the colobines digest fruity matter.
C) help the colobines digest leafy matter.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 7

_____________ research methods are used in comparative primatology.

A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
C) Both A and B are correct.
D) Neither A nor B is correct.

Question 8

The _____________ of a behavior is the trigger event that initiated the behavior.

A) proximate stimulus
B) function
C) phylogeny
D) ontogeny

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT true about tarsiers?

A) They are small.
B) They are nocturnal.
C) They are found in Africa.
D) They are leapers.

Question 10

The _____________ of a behavior includes all the factors that have influenced an organism since its conception.

A) proximate stimulus
B) function
C) phylogeny
D) ontogeny

Question 11

The _____________ of a behavior is its evolutionary history.

A) proximate stimulus
B) function
C) phylogeny
D) ontogeny

Question 12

Overall, chimpanzee subgroup size appears to be closely correlated with all of the following EXCEPT

A) availability of resources.
B) availability of fruit.
C) the number of estrus females.
D) the number of dominant males.

Question 13

General socioecological pressures can be divided into which of the following main categories?

A) nutrition, predation, social behavior, intrasexual competition, and interspecific competition
B) foraging, locomotion, predation, social behavior, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition
C) nutrition, locomotion, predation, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition
D) nutrition, foraging, locomotion, predation, intraspecific competition, and intrasexual competition

Question 14

Contests among members of the same species or even the same group are called

A) intraspecific competition.
B) interspecific competition.
C) contest competition.
D) scramble competition.

Question 15

Behavioral ecology is

A) the study of behavior from ecological perspectives.
B) the study of behavior from evolutionary perspectives.
C) Both A and B are correct.
D) Neither A nor B is correct.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about Pan troglodytes dominance is NOT true?

A) Males are, on average, dominant over females.
B) Infants are, on average, dominant over older siblings.
C) Males compete with other males to establish hierarchical ranks.
D) Females compete with other females to establish hierarchical ranks.

Question 17

Due to the complexity of interactions among morphology, learning, experience, circumstance, and chance events from which behavior derives, it is difficult to

A) assess the function of any behavior.
B) understand the biological basis or genesis of a behavior.
C) Both A and B are correct.
D) Neither A nor B is correct.

Question 18

The spectrum for a trait is referred to as its

A) performance.
B) potential.
C) behavioral range.
D) characteristic.

Question 19

The phenotype of a trait is referred to as its

A) performance.
B) potential.
C) behavioral range.
D) characteristic.

Question 20

Food preferences and knowing where to go for food are learned behavior patterns and important parts of

A) proximate stimulus.
B) function.
C) phylogeny.
D) ontogeny.

Question 21

The function of a behavior can be important when we are trying to understand why a behavior

A) is common.
B) is rare.
C) is even apparent.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

The measure of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another is called

A) dominance.
B) a dominance hierarchy.
C) linear hierarchy.
D) affiliative hierarchy.

Question 23

The set of relationships that results in different relative abilities to acquire desired goods is called

A) dominance.
B) a dominance hierarchy.
C) linear hierarchy.
D) affiliative hierarchy.

Question 24

Sociosexual behavior in Pan paniscus serves all of the following functions EXCEPT

A) resolving conflicts.
B) reinforcing birthing assistance.
C) reinforcing alliances.
D) reinforcing coalitions.

Question 25

All of the following is true about qualitative data EXCEPT

A) they are not collected in specific, standardized formats.
B) they may enlighten the observer about the behavior of a particular organism.
C) they can readily be used to test hypotheses across different studies.
D) they are important because they frequently fill in data gaps by adding context.

Question 26

_____________ occurs when a resource is not effectively defensible by one or a few individuals.

A) Intraspecific competition
B) Interspecific competition
C) Contest competition
D) Scramble competition

Question 27

Lemurs are found only here.

A) South America
B) Africa
C) Madagascar
D) Asia

Question 28

If individuals are frequently in close spatial association, we can say that they probably have a(n)

A) agonistic relationship.
B) affiliative relationship.
C) alpha relationship.
D) similar dominance status.

Question 29

The selfish herd concept means that

A) the odds of an individual in a group being detected by a predator increases as the number of other individuals in the group increases.
B) the odds of an individual in a group being killed by a predator decreases as the number of other individuals in the group increases.
C) the odds of an individual in a group locating food increases as the number of other individuals in the group increases.
D) the odds of an individual in a group eating enough food decreases as the number of other individuals in the group increases.

Question 30

Humans belong to all the following EXCEPT

A) Homeodae.
B) Simiiformes.
C) Hominoidea.
D) Primates.

Question 31

Spandrels are

A) structural change.
B) by-products of structural change.
C) behavioral change.
D) by-products of behavioral change.

Question 32

Which of the following primate groups does NOT have a grooming claw?

A) monkeys
B) lemurs
C) tarsiers
D) lorises

Question 33

Dispersal is

A) when primates leave their natal group.
B) when primates spread out when they forage to avoid feeding competiton.
C) when primates spread out during travel to increase their food and predator search field.
D) when primates move away from the group to mate to avoid intrasexual competiton.

Question 34

_____ are among the most widespread of any primate genus.

A) Lemurs
B) Macaques
C) Hanuman langurs
D) Chimpanzees

Question 35

The term hominin refers to

A) all monkeys.
B) all monkeys and apes.
C) all apes and humans.
D) all humans.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT true about lorises?

A) They are nocturnal.
B) They are fully arboreal.
C) They eat a lot of big fruits.
D) They clamber.

Question 37

All members of the genus Pan are heavily _____________ and their lives are substantially affected by this.

A) folivorous
B) frugivorous
C) insectivorous
D) omnivorous

Question 38

Prosimians are found in all of the following regions EXCEPT

A) South America.
B) Africa.
C) Madagascar.
D) Asia.

Question 39

In the text, competition between monkeys and birds over the same fruit source is referred to as

A) intraspecific competition.
B) interspecific competition.
C) contest competition.
D) scramble competition.

Question 40

Fission-fusion is a social pattern in which

A) dominant males stay in one subgroup and subordinate males in another subgroup.
B) dominant females stay in one subgroup and subordinate females in another subgroup.
C) subadult males are in a subgroup separate from dominant males, females, and offspring.
D) individuals spend their time in various subgroups.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT true about galagos?

A) They are small.
B) They are diurnal.
C) They are found in Africa.
D) They are leapers.

Question 42

The Simiiformes include all of the following EXCEPT

A) Ceboidea.
B) Cercopithecoidea.
C) Coloboidea.
D) Hominoidea.

Question 43

The _____________ of a behavior is its evolutionary consequences.

A) proximate stimulus
B) function
C) phylogeny
D) ontogeny

Question 44

_____________ occurs when the resource being fought over can be monopolized by one or more individuals.

A) Intraspecific competition
B) Interspecific competition
C) Contest competition
D) Scramble competition

Question 45

The cercopithecinae possess which of the following traits?

A) cheek-pouches
B) prehensile tails
C) sacculated stomachs
D) tooth combs

Question 46

There are many ways that competition can be an important selective force on primates. Name, define, and give an example of four types of competition that nonhuman primates experience.

Question 47

In terms of behavioral ecology, primatologists seldom actually measure a primates' overall lifetime reproductive output. Discuss why this is so and explain what primatologists measure instead and why.

Question 48

Certain predictions about how animals should behave emerge from basic notions of behavioral ecology. Define, discuss, and give an example of kin selection, altruism, and reciprocal altruism. Also explain how the three are related, as well as how they relate to maximizing individual fitness.

Question 49

Most primate species exhibit dominance hierarchies. Describe and give an example of what dominance and dominance hierarchy mean. Be sure to use the following key words in your descriptions - inherited/ learned, linear hierarchies, alpha animal, coalitions, and alliances.

Question 50

Using the comparative approach, compare and contrast three aspects of the social organization and behavior of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans.