Deck 3: Introduction to Genetics and Genomics

Question 1

Cells not yet earmarked to become specialized parts of a body are called

A) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cells.
B) immature base cells.
C) embryonic stem cells.
D) free radicals.

Answer 1

embryonic stem cells.

Question 2

A genome is

A) a complete sequence of DNA.
B) the myriad DNA sequences that make up all the DNA common to a species.
C) the myriad parts of a single cell that are common to an organism.
D) the myriad number of cells that make up an organism.

Answer 2

the myriad DNA sequences that make up all the DNA common to a species.

Question 3

The passing of biological information from generation to generation is called

A) heredity.
B) transference.
C) genetic transference.
D) genetic replication.

Answer 3

heredity.

Question 4

DNA is composed of

A) adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
B) nucleotide bases, sugars, and phosphates.
C) chromosomes, autosomes, and diploid cells.
D) chromosomes and autosomes.

Question 5

Human DNA is grouped into

A) mitochondrions and chromosomes.
B) chromosomes and autosomes.
C) 23 chromosomes.
D) 46 chromosomes.

Question 6

Mitochondrion DNA

A) does not contain diploid cells.
B) determines the sex of the offspring.
C) is inherited solely from the mother.
D) is inherited solely from the father.

Question 7

Mitochondria are

A) the chemical bonding agents within DNA.
B) the nucleotide bases of DNA.
C) chromosomal pairs.
D) small, energy-producing organelles.

Question 8

Mitochondrion DNA is

A) much longer than nuclear DNA.
B) much shorter than nuclear DNA.
C) structurally identical to nuclear DNA.
D) comprised exclusively of diploid cells.

Question 9

The main functions of DNA are

A) replication, protein synthesis, and adaptation.
B) replication, cell differentiation, and regulation.
C) protein synthesis, cell differentiation, and replication.
D) replication, protein synthesis, and regulation.

Question 10

The unwinding of the DNA double helix is accomplished with a variety of nuclear enzymes called

A) polymerases.
B) aminases.
C) DNA helicases.
D) primases.

Question 11

The creation of two identical cells from one cell is called

A) mitosis.
B) meiosis.
C) replication.
D) protein synthesis.

Question 12

Cells with one-half of the full complement of DNA are called

A) base cells.
B) stem cells.
C) diploid cells.
D) haploid cells.

Question 13

______ are the building blocks for the organic structures that make up the human body.

A) Proteins
B) Gametes
C) Polypeptides
D) Haploid cells

Question 14

______ are strings of amino acids.

A) Primases
B) Aminases
C) Polypeptides
D) Double helixes

Question 15

A DNA triplet transcribed onto RNA is called a(n)

A) intron.
B) trilon.
C) codon.
D) anti-codon.

Question 16

Initiation of translation occurs when two molecules come together with the mRNA to form a

A) ribosome.
B) codon.
C) primer.
D) base.

Question 17

RNA uses a nucleotide called ____________, instead of thymine, during the transcription process.

A) aspernine
B) codinine
C) thiamine
D) uracil

Question 18

_____________ is the specific three-nucleotide base sequence of the tRNA.

A) Ribosome
B) Codon
C) Anticodon
D) Uracil

Question 19

Mendel's main assumption is that a specific unit of heredity called the _____________ causes a specific observable trait in an organism.

A) allelomorph
B) gene
C) genotype
D) phenotype

Question 20

A trait is said to be _____________ when the two alleles are different.

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) homozygous
D) heterozygous

Question 21

A(n) _____________ is the sequence of DNA that contains the code for a protein.

A) molecule
B) allele
C) chromosome
D) polypeptide

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT one of the general types of causal relationships genes have with traits?

A) a paleotropic effect
B) a polygenic effect
C) the "one gene-one protein" model
D) a pleiotropic effect

Question 23

The term "evolvability refers to

A) the idea that the genome can be an active participant in evolution.
B) the notion that cellular structure can be manipulated through genetic engineering.
C) the tendency toward reproductive variation, even in cloned organisms.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 24

The situation wherein many genes combine to have one effect is called what?

A) paleotropic
B) polygenic
C) "one gene-one protein"
D) pleiotropic

Question 25

_____________ is the term traditionally used to refer to the basic structure and processes of DNA and its related machinery.

A) Heredity
B) Inheritance
C) Genomics
D) Genetics

Question 26

A _____________ is a folded string of amino acids.

A) protein
B) chromosome
C) mitochondrion
D) ribosome

Question 27

_____________ are supercoiled masses of DNA.

A) Proteins
B) Chromosomes
C) Polypeptides
D) Amino acids

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a repair mechanism that yields a high accuracy rate for DNA replication?

A) the monitoring system that aligns the appropriate enzymes and nucleotide bases
B) the proofreading system that examines nucleotides as they are joined
C) the mending system that fixes the bonds between the sugars and phosphates
D) the repair mechanism that works on damage to the DNA resulting from external causes

Question 29

During _____________, maternal and paternal chromosomes that occur in a gamete are shuffled.

A) replication
B) recombination
C) regulation
D) permutation

Question 30

Which of the following does NOT contribute to DNA's high degree of stability?

A) its chemical structure
B) its morphological structure
C) its regulation mechanisms
D) its location and position in the cell

Question 31

To function, DNA requires the presence of all of the following EXCEPT

A) polymerases.
B) enzymes.
C) proteins.
D) chemicals.

Question 32

A dominant allele

A) functions better than a recessive allele.
B) has a chemical relationship with a recessive allele.
C) is more robust than a recessive allele.
D) has a hereditary relationship with a recessive allele.

Question 33

_____________ is the term used to refer to the study of the increasingly complex interactions that characterize the function and behavior of DNA and all of its associated molecules and chemical patterns.

A) Heredity
B) Inheritance
C) Genomics
D) Genetics

Question 34

Recent estimates suggest that as much as _____________ percent of our DNA is not "doing anything that we can currently detect.

A) 35
B) 55
C) 75
D) 98

Question 35

_____________ is when homologous chromosomes exchange segments as a result of their extreme structural and chemical similarity.

A) Independent assortment
B) Replacement
C) Recombination
D) Crossing over

Question 36

_____________ are the noncoding pieces of RNA that are cut out of genes before the genes are transcribed.

A) Introns
B) Codons
C) Anti-codons
D) Trilons

Question 37

The portion of DNA that contains a "code, or basic assembly instructions for proteins is written in a specific "language that consists of "words that are how many nucleotide bases long?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 38

Different sequences of nucleotides at the same place on the DNA (a locus) are called

A) molecules.
B) alleles.
C) chromosome.
D) polypeptides.

Question 39

A(n) _____________ can be defined as a segment of DNA that contains the sequence for a protein.

A) amino acid
B) gene
C) polypeptide
D) chromosome

Question 40

Which of the following enzymes does NOT facilitate the connection between the nucleotide bases and the sugar and phosphate groups?

A) aminase
B) ligase
C) polymerase
D) primase

Question 41

_____________ carry the genetic information from one generation to the next.

A) Immature base cells
B) Haploid cells
C) Diploid cells
D) Gametes

Question 42

How many combinations of the four nucleotides represent a single amino acid?

A) one
B) three
C) four
D) many

Question 43

Compared to the others, which of the following open fairly easy and facilitate the opening and closing of the DNA molecule?

A) the chemical bonds between the sugars
B) the chemical bonds between the phosphates
C) the chemical bonds between the nucleotides
D) the chemical bonds between the nucleotide bases

Question 44

Novel arrangements of genetic variation can occur during all of the following EXCEPT

A) mitosis.
B) meiosis.
C) recombination.
D) crossing-over.

Question 45

Explain how information is passed from generation to generation. In your explanation, be sure to use and describe at least three keywords/terms that were used in your text and in lectures to explain how information is passed from one generation to the next.

Question 46

Describe the structure of DNA and briefly describe its three main functions.

Question 47

Define what a protein is and describe protein synthesis. In your answer, be sure to use at least three of of the following terms; triplets, transcription, mRNA, codons, translation, and folding.

Question 48

Explain who Mendel was, what he studied, how his studies explain heredity, and how we have improved on Mendel's original understandings.

Question 49

The media often announces that a gene for a certain disease, behavior, tendency, or ability, etc. has been discovered. What is the relationship between genes and behavior?