Deck 7: Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches

Question 1

Learning involves a relatively permanent influence on behavior, which comes about through experience.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Everything we know is learned.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Behaviorism is the view that behavior should be explained by mental processes rather than observable actions.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

When a student creates a poster, we can observe his or her mental processes.

Question 5

Classroom fears can develop when a child associates the classroom with being criticized. In such a situation, the classroom itself is the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

The conditioned response is a learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the UCS- CS pairing.

Question 7

Discrimination refers to one's ability to distinguish between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the consequences of one's behavior produce changes in the probability of repeating that behavior.

Question 9

Applied behavior analysis involves applying the principles of classical conditioning to change human behavior.

Question 10

Response cost refers to taking away a certain positive reinforcer when a student displays an undesirable behavior. It usually involves some type of penalty or fine.

Question 11

A prompt is an added stimulus that increases the likelihood that a discriminative stimulus will produce a desired response.

Question 12

Social cognitive theory states that social and cognitive factors, as well as behavior, play important roles in learning.

Question 13

Self-regulatory learning consists of imposing external factors to control the student's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Question 14

One message conveyed by self-regulatory learning is that learning is a personal experience that requires active and dedicated participation on the part of the student.

Question 15

Dejohn is a high-achieving student who is also a self-regulatory learner. Dejohn most likely sets specific learning goals and uses more learning strategies as compared to his low-achieving peers.

Question 16

As children grow, their capacity for self-regulation increases.

Question 17

Of the following questions, which is best addressed by the approach of social cognitive learning?

A) How do behavior and environment interact to influence learning?
B) How do children process information through attention and memory?
C) How does reflection and motivation lead to new knowledge and understanding?
D) Why do some children prefer multiple-choice exams while others prefer essays?

Question 18

The approach to learning described as social cognitive emphasizes which of the following?

A) How reflection and motivation leads to new knowledge and understanding
B) How a child processes information through attention, memory, and thinking
C) How behavior, environment, and other factors influence learning
D) How children understand new information based on information they learned previously

Question 19

Which of the following individuals is one of the main architects of social cognitive theory?

A) E. L. Thorndike
B) Barry Zimmerman
C) David Premack
D) Albert Bandura

Question 20

Which of the following aspects of the person factor has Bandura emphasized in recent years?

A) Intelligence
B) Beliefs
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-control

Question 21

Which of the following statements best describes an important conclusion that arose from the Bobo doll study?

A) Children avoid aggressive behavior whenever possible.
B) Children learn to display aggressive behavior only when they observe that other people are rewarded for doing it.
C) Children learn to display aggressive behavior only when they, themselves, are rewarded for doing it.
D) Children learn to display aggressive behavior when they observe that other people are rewarded for doing it, and when others encounter no consequences at all.

Question 22

The Bobo doll study shows that children can learn aggression in which of the following ways?

A) Through observation
B) Through direct experience
C) Through role-playing
D) Through reading

Question 23

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits?

A) Are high achieving
B) Prefer a lot of guidance and feedback
C) Have difficulty cooperating with peers
D) Are dishonest

Question 24

Researchers have found that high-achieving students tend to do all of the following except which one?

A) Set specific goals
B) Systematically monitor progress toward goals
C) Use a variety of strategies to learn
D) Get frustrated when goals are difficult to attain

Question 25

As students in U.S. schools have become more ethnically diverse in recent decades, their teachers

A) are equally ethnically diverse.
B) are overwhelmingly Latino and African American females.
C) are overwhelmingly non-Latino white females.
D) are overwhelmingly minority males.

Question 26

To make up for the shortage of male teachers, some education programs actively recruit men, especially ethnic minorities, to join the teaching profession. In a recent national survey of college students, however, only _________ of males said their probable career would be an elementary school teacher or administrator and only ___________ indicated an interest in a career in secondary education.

A) 1%; 4.7%
B) 5%; 8%
C) 8.3%; 10%
D) 10%; 15.7%

Question 27

According to a recent study, what are some of the benefits to children from watching the television show Sesame Street?

A) Conflict resolution skills
B) Prosocial behaviors
C) Less stereotyping
D) All of these

Question 28

Before Terrence begins a large project, he takes time to ask himself these questions, "What do I have to do?" "What can I do right now?" "What might I need help with?" After he successfully completes a project, Terrence positively reinforces himself with such statements as, "Good! I did it!" "All it took was a little planning and effort. I knew I could do it!" Which of the following best describes the cognitive behavior techniques Terrence is using?

A) Self-efficacy strategies
B) Self-regulatory strategies
C) Self-monitoring strategies
D) Self-talk strategies

Question 29

Which of the following individuals is known for his research of helping students become self- regulatory learners?

A) E. L. Thorndike
B) Barry Zimmerman
C) David Premack
D) Albert Bandura

Question 30

Barry Zimmerman is well known for his work in which of the following areas?

A) Helping students become high self-regulatory learners
B) Developing the 3 to 1 mentoring program for ethnic minority males
C) Showing teachers the benefits of partial reinforcement
D) Explaining how students can cognitively transform their experiences

Question 31

Mr. Rojas says, "What great behavior Daniel is showing; he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class are standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example, what has happened to the class?

A) They are imitating Daniel because his behavior was reinforced.
B) The class received direct reinforcement.
C) The class received negative reinforcement.
D) The class received intermittent reinforcement.

Question 32

The uses of applied behavior analysis are especially important in doing all of the following except which one?

A) Increasing desirable behavior
B) Using prompts and shaping behavior
C) Decreasing undesirable behavior
D) Modifying involuntary responses

Question 33

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced after a set number of responses?

A) Fixed-interval
B) Fixed-ratio
C) Variable-interval
D) Variable-ratio

Question 34

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced only after a given period of time has elapsed?

A) Fixed-interval
B) Fixed-ratio
C) Variable-interval
D) Variable-ratio

Question 35

When a child is first learning a new behavior, which of the following strategies helps the child learn the new behavior most quickly?

A) Continuous reinforcement
B) Fixed-interval reinforcement
C) Fixed-schedule reinforcement
D) Variable-interval reinforcement

Question 36

Of the following strategies that might be used by a teacher, which one leads to the greatest persistence in the desired behavior?

A) Fixed-interval
B) Fixed-ratio
C) Variable-interval
D) Variable-ratio

Question 37

Which of the following statements best describes a prompt?

A) It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response.
B) It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response.
C) It is a form of positive reinforcement, presented after the desired response is observed.
D) It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior.

Question 38

Which of the following statements best describes shaping?

A) It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response.
B) It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response.
C) It is a form of positive reinforcement, presented after the desired response is observed.
D) It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior.

Question 39

According to the textbook, of the following strategies for decreasing undesirable behaviors, which strategy should be tried last?

A) Terminate positive reinforcement (extinction)
B) Use differential reinforcement
C) Present aversive stimuli (punishment)
D) Remove desirable stimuli

Question 40

In the United States, which of the following students is most likely to receive physical punishment in school?

A) A white female from a low-income background
B) A white male from a middle-income background
C) A minority female from a middle-income background
D) A minority male from a low-income background

Question 41

According to a 2003 poll, which of the following statements about U.S. parents' attitudes about spanking is true?

A) Parents with 3- and 4-year-olds are the least likely to spank their children.
B) Most parents have never spanked their children.
C) Twenty-six percent of parents with 3- and 4-year-olds spank their own children frequently.
D) Parents who live in states where corporal punishment is illegal have the most favorable attitudes toward alternative techniques, such as "time out."

Question 42

Under which of the following conditions, if any, is physical punishment of students recommended?

A) When a student physically harms another student
B) When a student physically harms or threatens a teacher
C) When a student repeatedly misbehaves and no other form of punishment has been successful
D) It is not recommended in any circumstance.

Question 43

Physical punishment can lead to negative student behaviors, including which of the following?

A) Fear, rage, and avoidance of school or particular teachers
B) Inability to focus attention
C) Increased misbehavior to get attention from teachers and classmates
D) All of these

Question 44

Research shows that harsh physical punishment of children is linked to which of the following?

A) Decreased problem behaviors over time
B) Adolescent depression and externalized problems
C) Decreased emotional and adjustment problems
D) Improved school performance

Question 45

Time-out is best described as an example of which of the following?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Removal of desired stimuli
D) Punishment

Question 46

Which of the following scenarios is most appropriate for the use of terminating positive reinforcement as a strategy for decreasing undesirable behaviors?

A) Whenever George interrupts the class, the teacher makes him stand in the hallway where he frequently talks to friends.
B) Whenever Sandy forgets to finish her homework, the teacher makes her stay after class to finish.
C) Whenever Joe starts a fight during recess, he has to sit in the corner of the playground while his classmates continue to play.
D) Whenever Dana has a fever, her mother keeps her home from school and makes sure she gets plenty of rest.

Question 47

A teacher who uses pop quizzes to reinforce good study behaviors is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

A) Fixed-interval
B) Fixed-ratio
C) Variable-interval
D) Variable-ratio

Question 48

Under which of the following conditions is time-out the most appropriate strategy in reducing undesirable behavior?

A) Maria frequently forgets to complete her homework.
B) Julie frequently talks with her classmates while the teacher is trying to talk.
C) Marcus frequently falls asleep during class.
D) Jay frequently answers questions incorrectly when the teacher calls on him.

Question 49

Verbal reprimands are most effective under which of the following conditions?

A) When the teacher reprimands the student several hours after the student has engaged in the undesirable behavior
B) When the teacher shouts to get the student's attention, embarrassing the student in front of the class
C) When the teacher makes eye contact with the student and speaks in a regular tone
D) When the teacher elaborates in great detail, explaining why the student should stop doing the undesirable behavior

Question 50

If a teacher compliments a certain student for good behavior an average of once per hour, regardless of how often the student displays the good behavior, the teacher is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

A) Fixed-interval
B) Fixed-ratio
C) Variable-interval
D) Variable-ratio

Question 51

Mary's teacher compliments her every third time that she answers a question correctly. Mary's teacher is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

A) Fixed-interval
B) Fixed-ratio
C) Variable-interval
D) Variable-ratio

Question 52

Mr. Bristol hands his eighth graders an agenda that tells them the due dates for all of their assignments are exactly one month apart. What type of reinforcement schedule did Mr. Bristol put his eighth graders on?

A) Fixed-ratio
B) Fixed-interval
C) Variable-ratio
D) Variable-interval

Question 53

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when

A) a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed.
B) a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases.
C) the stimulus decreases the frequency of an undesired response.
D) the same response is given to similar stimuli.

Question 54

In operant conditioning, reinforcement occurs when

A) a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed.
B) a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases.
C) the stimulus increases the frequency of an undesired response.
D) the same response is given to similar stimuli.

Question 55

Punishment results in

A) a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed.
B) a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases.
C) a decrease in the frequency of an undesired response.
D) the same response being given to similar stimuli.

Question 56

In classical conditioning, a generalization occurs when

A) a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed.
B) a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases.
C) a decrease occurs in the frequency of an undesired response.
D) it involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original stimulus to elicit a similar response.

Question 57

Which of the following individuals is best known for his investigations of classical conditioning?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) David Premack
C) B. F. Skinner
D) E. L. Thorndike

Question 58

Which of the following researchers is considered the primary architect of operant conditioning?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) David Premack
C) B. F. Skinner
D) E. L. Thorndike

Question 59

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the sound of the bell ringing just prior to the presentation of food is best described as which of the following?

A) Conditioned response
B) Conditioned stimulus
C) Unconditioned response
D) Unconditioned stimulus

Question 60

A situation in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of the occurrence of that behavior is best known as which of the following?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) R-S theory
D) S-R theory

Question 61

Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning?

A) Julia develops a fear of public speaking because some of Julia's classmates snicker when she asks questions about math.
B) Samantha covers her work whenever the teacher begins to walk around the room because, in the past, the teacher had a tendency to stop at Samantha's desk, lean over her shoulder, and sigh.
C) Alan is afraid of water because he never learned how to swim, and one of Alan's friends almost drowned last summer.
D) Martin takes the long way home after school because he likes to stop at the bookstore and browse through the comic books.

Question 62

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has a locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with friends. In the preceding scenario, what is most likely the unconditioned stimulus?

A) Kathy's heart rate
B) Kathy's attraction for the boy
C) The hallway where the boy's locker is located
D) The boy

Question 63

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has a locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with friends. In the preceding scenario, which of the following is best described as the conditioned stimulus?

A) Kathy's heart rate
B) The hallway where the boy's locker is located
C) The boy's locker
D) The boy standing with friends

Question 64

Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seatbelt. Now, he always buckles his seatbelt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?

A) The buzzer
B) Sitting in the car
C) Jonathan's decision to buy the car
D) Buckling the seatbelt

Question 65

Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seatbelt. Now, he always buckles his seatbelt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?

A) The buzzer
B) Sitting in the car
C) Jonathan's decision to buy the car
D) Buckling the seatbelt

Question 66

A social studies teacher frequently ignores the quiet child in the social studies class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?

A) Being in the social studies classroom
B) The child's feelings of restlessness
C) The teacher's tendency to ignore the child
D) The child's restless and disruptive behavior

Question 67

A social studies teacher frequently ignores the quiet child in the social studies class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?

A) Being in the social studies classroom
B) The child's feelings of restlessness
C) The teacher's tendency to ignore the child
D) The child's restless and disruptive behavior

Question 68

At the end of the day, Isaac hears a car pull in the driveway. A few minutes later, his father walks through the side door to the house. Isaac smiles, then runs to the door to greet his father. This scene is repeated for several days. Then, one evening, Isaac runs to the side door as soon as he hears a car pull into the driveway. Isaac's behavior of running to the door when he hears the car can best be described as which of the following?

A) Conditioned stimulus
B) Conditioned response
C) Unconditioned stimulus
D) Unconditioned response

Question 69

Isaac runs to the door whenever he hears a car pull into the driveway during the late afternoon. This is when Isaac's dad usually comes home from work. Isaac never runs to the door during the morning, and he never runs to the door if he hears a truck. Isaac's behavior can best be described as which of the following?

A) Extinction
B) Generalization
C) Discrimination
D) Desensitization

Question 70

Which of the following scenarios best depicts systematic desensitization?

A) George stops raising his hand because the teacher usually criticizes the way he presents his answer, even when his answer is correct.
B) Ivy, who usually never forgets to turn off her headlights, forgot to turn them off because the buzzer in her car is broken.
C) Henry ignores his alarm clock each morning, despite complaints from his mother, and usually ends up missing the bus.
D) Susan has learned to relax when she gets on an airplane because she practices relaxation techniques regularly before each flight.

Question 71

Which of the following scenarios best depicts negative reinforcement?

A) A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.
B) A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.
C) A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly.
D) A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student stops trying to answer questions.

Question 72

Which of the following scenarios best depicts positive reinforcement?

A) A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.
B) A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.
C) A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention.
D) The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly.
E)A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student stops trying to answer questions.

Question 73

Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of negative reinforcement?

A) The teacher makes John stay in his seat until he finishes an assignment while all the other children are allowed to play.
B) The teacher scolds John for not finishing an assignment, then collects it and lets him play with the other children.
C) The teacher lets John play with the other children before he completes his assignment, but then asks him to finish it the next day.
D) The teacher gives gold stars to the first few students who complete an assignment during class.

Question 74

Mr. Roberts had to step out of the class for a moment and tells Megan to watch the class. Megan begins to get teased by her classmates for being a goody-goody and the teacher's pet. When Mr. Roberts returns, Megan tells him that she does not ever want to be left in charge of the class again. In this situation, Megan was

A) positively reinforced by her classmates.
B) negatively reinforced by her classmates.
C) punished by her classmates.
D) punished by the teacher.

Question 75

Ms. Santos is explaining geometric angles, when she sees Stanley poke his pencil in Sharon's arm. Sharon winces but does not say anything. Ms. Santos immediately tells Stanley that he has lost 10 minutes of recess. In this scenario, Ms. Santos used:

A) Positive reinforcer
B) Negative reinforcer
C) Punishment
D) Schedule of reinforcement

Question 76

Mr. Elliot is walking around the learning centers in the room helping his students with their activity. Jack tells Mr. Elliot that Jan is not doing her part of the work-in fact she is distracting them by telling them jokes. Mr. Elliot tells Jan that she will have to go back to her seat and work independently if she does not stop telling jokes. Jan does not cause further problems in her group. In this example, Mr. Elliot used ________, and it was ________.

A) punishment; ineffective
B) negative reinforcer; effective
C) punishment; effective
D) positive reinforcer; ineffective

Question 77

As a member of the debate team, Wesley becomes very angry with a peer, yells at him, and calls him names during a debate. To his dismay, he is immediately removed from the team. Wesley's removal from the team is an example of which of the following?

A) Positive reinforcer
B) Classical conditioning
C) Punishment
D) None of the above

Question 78

Natalie is Ms. Smitren's class clown. Natalie is very popular with her classmates because of her witty personality. Ms. Smitren has decided that the reason Natalie shows off is that she wants to be in the spotlight, so she decides to ignore Natalie when Natalie begins her comedy routines. However, much to Ms. Smitren's dismay, Natalie's behavior does not decrease. What did Ms. Smitren use in this example?

A) Punishment
B) Negative reinforcer
C) Extinction
D) Reinforcing of incompatible responses

Question 79

Felicia is constantly tardy to class. Her teacher decides to tell Felicia that he will subtract five points for every day that she is tardy, hoping that Felicia will begin to come to class on time. Felicia continues to be late to class and is now in danger of failing the class based on lack of points. What is this an example of?

A) Negative reinforcer that was ineffective
B) Punishment that was effective
C) Punishment that was ineffective
D) Positive reinforcement that was effective

Question 80

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's office. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's office, Sully gets tense and anxious. In this situation, the dentist is which of the following?

A) Unconditioned stimulus
B) Unconditioned responses
C) Conditioned stimulus
D) Conditioned responses