Deck 11: Correctional Institutions

Question 1

Correctional plans are developed for all inmates serving sentences at both the federal and provincial/territorial levels.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Higher levels of correctional services can be helpful to inmates of all risk levels.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The pains of imprisonment are suffered most acutely by those serving life sentences.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Custodial populations in Canada are disproportionately Black.

Question 5

An inmate's greatest source of danger is other inmates.

Question 6

"Throughcare" is a term identifying the importance of ensuring continuity of treatment following transfer to another institution.

Question 7

While the number of men admitted to federal correctional institutions has declined in recent years, the number of women admitted has risen.

Question 8

Federal policy prohibits double-bunking (two inmates sharing the same cell space) in federal correctional institutions.

Question 9

Aboriginal inmates in provincial/territorial and federal correctional institutions have higher rates of HIV and AIDS than non-Aboriginal inmates.

Question 10

To reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS, many correctional institutions provide inmates with clean needles.

Question 11

The recruitment and training of provincial/territorial correctional officers is standardized across the country.

Question 12

Research studies indicate that, in comparison with administrators and treatment staff, correctional officers have attitudes that are more punitive and less supportive of rehabilitation.

Question 13

Although the inmate code no longer regulates relations among inmates, there are still high levels of inmate solidarity in correctional institutions.

Question 14

Research studies indicate that the assessment of inmate risks and needs improves the ability of corrections officials to predict which offenders will recidivate.

Question 15

A review of research studies indicates that correctional treatment programs can be effective in reducing reoffending.

Question 16

Recidivism rates take into account relative individual offender improvement.

Question 17

The Auburn model for prisons originated in the state of California.

Question 18

Approximately 5 percent of inmates are responsible for up to 70 percent of all inmate complaints and grievances filed.

Question 19

Canada's first penitentiary was built in the early 1900s.

Question 20

The late 20th and early 21st centuries brought with them a correctional trend toward a treatment model of corrections.

Question 21

John is the warden of a prison where prisoners are kept in their cells, completely separate from each other. Which prison model is John operating in?

A) the Auburn model
B) the Pennsylvania model
C) the California model
D) the British model

Question 22

Penelope is the warden of a prison where prisoners are allowed to silently work and eat together during the day, but they must sleep alone in their cells at night. Which prison model is Penelope operating in?

A) the California model
B) the British model
C) the Pennsylvania model
D) the Auburn model

Question 23

According to the Office of the Correctional Investigator, which of the following is NOT true of offenders admitted to federal correctional institutions?

A) Inmates are likely to be single.
B) More than 90 percent of inmates have substance issues.
C) Most female offenders are incarcerated for non-violent offences.
D) Most offenders over the age of 50 are incarcerated for sexual offences.

Question 24

Which offenders are the responsibility of provincial and /territorial corrections agencies?

A) only those who receive a sentence (or sentences) totalling less than two years
B) all who are convicted of crimes in their jurisdiction
C) only those who receive a sentence (or sentences) totalling two years or more
D) only those who are convicted of violating provincial or municipal laws

Question 25

Rachelle is an inmate in a facility with no perimeter fencing. She is allowed to move freely throughout the institution during the day. Which type of institution is Rachelle confined to?

A) a maximum-security institution
B) a medium-security institution
C) a minimum-security institution
D) a mixed-security institution

Question 26

Which of the following is indicated by statistical information on offenders admitted to federal correctional institutions?

A) Black persons are not overrepresented in inmate populations.
B) Aboriginal persons are overrepresented in inmate populations.
C) The majority of female offenders are incarcerated for non-violent offences.
D) The majority of offenders over the age of 50 are incarcerated for non-violent offences.

Question 27

Which statement is most accurate regarding the HIV/AIDS infection rate among federal inmates?

A) It is about the same as in the general Canadian population.
B) It is due in large measure to illicit sexual activity.
C) It is about ten times that of the Canadian general population.
D) It is low due to prevention programs.

Question 28

Stephen is an inmate in a facility with high-security perimeter fencing. There is some restriction of inmate movement within the institution. What type of institution is Stephen confined in?

A) a minimum-security institution
B) a maximum-security institution
C) a mixed-security institution
D) a medium-security institution

Question 29

What is the term for the process by which inmates become socialized into the norms, values, and culture of the prison?

A) prisonization
B) the pains of imprisonment
C) status degradation ceremonies
D) institutionalization

Question 30

What is the inmate code?

A) It is something that no longer exists in correctional institutions.
B) It is a set of behavioural rules for inmates.
C) It is a source of security and support for all inmates.
D) It facilitates the development of positive attitudes and behaviour among inmates.

Question 31

Jerry is an inmate who poses a very high risk to other inmates and to correctional staff members. For this reason, he is being housed in a very high security institution with other inmates who pose a similar level of risk. What type of institution is this?

A) segregation
B) a regional health centre
C) a special handling unit
D) an ultra-maximum-security institution

Question 32

What category of factors in the offender's criminal history would include their prior convictions and their history of compliance with the conditions of probation or parole?

A) dynamic risk factors
B) criminological factors
C) historical factors
D) static risk factors

Question 33

What category of factors take into account the offender's attributes such as level of education and cognitive skills?

A) dynamic risk factors
B) static risk factors
C) criminological factors
D) historical factors

Question 34

Which of the following is generally NOT a phase of the case management process?

A) initial assessment and institutional placement
B) correctional planning and institutional supervision
C) consultation with the community
D) preparing cases for release decisions

Question 35

Connor works in a correctional facility that employs perimeter fencing and fixed security posts. Which type of security does this facility have?

A) fixed security
B) adjusted security
C) dynamic security
D) static security

Question 36

Which of the following has been demonstrated by research on the effectiveness of correctional treatment programs?

A) Low-risk offenders tend to benefit more from treatment programs than high-risk offenders.
B) High-risk offenders tend to benefit more from treatment programs than low-risk offenders.
C) No evidence exists that some types of treatment programs are effective in altering the attitudes and behaviours of some inmates.
D) High-risk offenders and low-risk offenders benefit the same amount from treatment programs.

Question 37

What is the term for a correctional institution where the activities are highly controlled, with all inmate and staff activities following a strict structure?

A) a total institution
B) institutionalization
C) prisonization
D) the continuum of correctional institutions

Question 38

Which principle of correctional treatment holds that treatment interventions must be suited to the learning styles and abilities of individual inmates?

A) the need principle
B) the risk principle
C) the responsivity principle
D) the matching principle

Question 39

Which principle of correctional treatment holds that treatment interventions must address factors related to the offending behaviour?

A) the responsivity principle
B) the need principle
C) the risk principle
D) the matching principle

Question 40

Which statement is NOT identified in the text as an obstacle to providing treatment within correctional institutions?

A) the generally short period of confinement
B) the difficulty of providing treatment within a total institution
C) the "marginal" status of many inmates
D) the reluctance of correction systems to invest in treatment programming

Question 41

Correctional institutions are often forced to pursue conflicting goals, such as protecting society while also preparing offenders for eventual release. What is this challenge called?

A) the split personality of corrections
B) the multiple personality of corrections
C) the continuum of corrections
D) the dual mandate of corrections

Question 42

How do inmates over the age of 50 differ statistically from the general prison population?

A) Their sentences are predominantly for violent offences.
B) They are vulnerable to victimization by younger inmates.
C) They often require special attention and resources.
D) They comprise nearly 40% of the federal correctional population.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a factor identified by Griffiths as contributing to overcrowding in prisons?

A) increases in the number of long-term inmates
B) changes in sentencing patterns
C) lack of funding to update old facilities
D) the absence of new facilities

Question 44

Jay is an inmate who has been convicted of child molestation. Correctional staff are concerned that he is at high risk of victimization inside the institution, so they have decided to hold him in a secluded part of the institution. Where is Jay being held?

A) in self-contained custody
B) in an independent prisoner unit
C) in a special handling unit
D) in protective custody

Question 45

Which of the following is the most frequent cause of HIV infection in institutional populations?

A) intravenous drug use
B) sexual intercourse
C) body piercing
D) tattooing

Question 46

Describe the profile of custodial populations in Canada.

Question 47

Describe the profile of federally sentenced women.

Question 48

Define the term "status degradation ceremony." What does this ceremony consist of? Why are such ceremonies problematic?

Question 49

Briefly discuss the challenges that are faced by the wardens of correctional institutions.

Question 50

How did the murder of Denise Fayant highlight the challenges of ensuring the safety of inmates generally, and the issues surrounding federal institutions for female offenders more specifically?

Question 51

Identify and define the two kinds of "agendas" advanced by correctional officers.

Question 52

What does the research indicate about the impact of occupational stress on correctional officers?

Question 53

Identify the specific criteria employed to identify personnel to work with female inmates. What does the training cover?

Question 54

Define and discuss the processes of classification and their importance in institutional corrections.

Question 55

Identify and discuss the obstacles that may hinder the success of prison treatment programs.

Question 56

Discuss the importance of throughcare with respect to treatment interventions for offenders while they are incarcerated and upon their release into the community.

Question 57

Discuss the concept of "moral architecture." How did this term relate to the development of the first prisons in Canada? Does it still play a role in correctional institutions today? Explain.

Question 58

Consider the implications for corrections, and for the community, of the general profile of custodial populations

Question 59

Consider the statement on p. 244 of the textbook that the Brown Commission is "perhaps best viewed as a missed opportunity for Canadians to reconsider the use of imprisonment and to explore potentially more effective ways to prevent crime and reform offenders." Why was it a missed opportunity? Why do you think many of the recommended changes weren't implemented?

Question 60

Following the Second World War, there was a shift toward the treatment model of corrections. How did this change systems of corrections in Canada? How has this trend shifted in the early 21st century?

Question 61

Consider the recent trend toward increased use of technology in correctional institutions. What are some of the benefits of using technology to monitor inmates? What are some of the potential problems with this trend?

Question 62

Why is the growth of remand populations a challenge to the operation of correctional facilities? What are some of the associated consequences? Can you think of a potential short or long-term solution to this problem? Explain.

Question 63

Consider the argument that the CSC has still failed develop an appropriate correctional practice for female offenders. Critics argue that the current practice is neither empowering nor rehabilitative. What are some reasons for this argument? Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

Question 64

Summarize the profile of federally sentenced women and then offer some observations on how the attributes of this population may affect the development of policies and programs for the female offender.

Question 65

Identify and discuss sources of stress for correctional officers. What are the potential results of these high levels of stress? How might this stress be even more severe for female officers? Why?

Question 66

Explore the effectiveness of correctional treatment programs. Do you believe correctional treatment programming is an important component of the correctional process based on these findings? How would you address the inherent obstacles to the success of treatment programs offered in correctional institutions?