Deck 15: Families and Peers

Question 1

Amala, Kamala, and Victor are children who were abandoned or lost and left to raise themselves in the wild. The best summary of their outcomes is

A) with enriched environmental stimulation, these children "caught up" with their normal peers.
B) the concept of critical period was not demonstrated in any of these cases.
C) human children raised outside of human culture never develop normal human capacities.
D) all three children eventually acquired normal language, but development in other cognitive areas was arrested.

Answer 1

human children raised outside of human culture never develop normal human capacities.

Question 2

Researchers interested in the innate underpinnings of social behaviours such as caregiving, altruism, and dominance hierarchies, are probably aligned with the __________ approach.

A) evolutionary
B) environmental/learning
C) cognitive-developmental
D) sociocultural

Answer 2

evolutionary

Question 3

According to the evolutionary approach to the family, parents are especially likely to engage in caregiving practices that promote the development of their children because doing so

A) will allow children to become better contributors to the family unit.
B) will serve to perpetuate the parents' genes.
C) will encourage children to better adapt to the modern environment.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Answer 3

will serve to perpetuate the parents' genes.

Question 4

Reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and self efficacy are concepts that are associated with the __________ approach.

A) evolutionary
B) environmental/learning
C) cognitive-developmental
D) sociocultural

Question 5

Every time that 2-year-old Max helps to clean up his room, his father smiles and says, "Great job, Max!" Max's father seems to be taking a/an __________ approach to socializing his son.

A) evolutionary
B) environmental/learning
C) cognitive-developmental
D) sociocultural

Question 6

Every time that Kara, a 3-year-old, bends the rules or goes against her parents wishes (which according to her parents is quite often), her parents spank her. Kara has started "spanking" her dolls and being verbally aggressive towards them. What approach does this refer to?

A) Cognitive
B) Sociological
C) Corporal
D) Environmental/learning

Question 7

Which approach is LEAST likely to agree with the statement: "Development resides primarily in the child; it is affected by and often expressed within social contexts, but the child and the social world are separate entities."

A) Evolutionary
B) Environmental/learning
C) Cognitive-developmental
D) Sociocultural

Question 8

Cognitive-developmental is to sociocultural as "the clash of peers with differing perspectives" is to

A) "the transmission of knowledge or skills from a more expert to a less expert peer."
B) "mutual shaping of peers via reinforcement and punishment."
C) "genetic underpinnings of altruistic and aggressive acts toward peers."
D) "peers as competitors."

Question 9

From Piaget's point of view, if children were to interact solely with adults rather than with other children

A) The high level of intellectual stimulation afforded to the children would greatly stimulate their cognitive development.
B) They would show higher levels of prosocial behaviour because of the lack of exposure to negative peer behaviour.
C) Their moral development would be facilitated because of this exposure to higher functioning adult models.
D) Their moral development may actually be impeded, being characterized by egocentrism and moral realism.

Question 10

Guided participation, scaffolding, microsystems, and mesosystems are samples of concepts that come from the __________ approach.

A) evolutionary
B) environmental-learning
C) cognitive-developmental
D) sociocultural

Question 11

Which two dimensions of parenting appear to be especially important for the child's development?

A) Discipline and self-assertiveness
B) Parental warmth and control
C) Cooperativeness and consistency
D) Self-efficacy and discipline

Question 12

Parents who are very demanding, exercise strong control over their children's behaviour, and enforce their demands with threats and punishment are described as

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.

Question 13

Parents who are loving and sensitive, and who set few limits on their children's behaviour, are referred to as

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) idealistic.
D) authoritative.

Question 14

Chris, who is 14, has an arbitrary curfew of eight o'clock, even when there is a supervised school function that may run later. Further, Chris' parents prefer to talk to Chris, but not to allow any responses. Chris' parents might be classified as

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) uninvolved.
D) permissive.

Question 15

Laura has been brought up in a very loving family that shows a lot of affection. Her parents use reasoning a lot with her, encourage her to express her point of view and keep their rules to a minimum in order not to impede on her development. Laura's parents might be classified as

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) uninvolved.
D) permissive.

Question 16

Zack's parents ask that he obey the rules and that he be proactive in his social behaviour (i.e. that he help ladies crossing the street, etc.). They encourage his talents in ballet even though the rest of their enlarged family frowns upon the activity. Zack's parents are very firm with their discipline. Zack's parents might be classified as

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) uninvolved.
D) permissive.

Question 17

Celeste's mother is a single mom. She lets Celeste have the run of the house and does not express any interest in her. Celeste's mother might be classified as

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) uninvolved.
D) permissive.

Question 18

Children who are the most curious, self-confident, and independent tend to have parents who

A) set few limits, but pay little attention to their children.
B) are very demanding and enforce their demands harshly.
C) are highly loving and sensitive, but set few limits on behaviour.
D) are caring but set clear limits and maintain a predictable environment.

Question 19

Canadian data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth suggest that high levels of physical punishment, yelling, and scolding on the part of parents are associated with

A) curiosity, self-confidence, and good behaviour in their children.
B) impulsivity and immaturity in their children.
C) maturity and academic success in their children.
D) defiance, anger, and physical aggression in their children.

Question 20

The Canadian National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth reported a positive correlation between punitive parenting and aggression in children. Because this is a correlation, it is possible that aggressive children may elicit punitive parenting, rather than parenting leading to aggression. However, the fact that if parents __________ suggests that it is something about the parenting.

A) became more punitive over the course of the study, then aggression levels increased
B) became more punitive over the course of the study, then aggression levels decreased
C) became less punitive over the course of the study, then aggression levels decreased
D) both a and c

Question 21

A researcher collecting data on parenting styles made a comment concerning the "period commonly known to produce instances of parent-child divergence." What period was this researcher referring to?

A) The hour before dinner until the child's bedtime
B) The second-grade
C) The terrible-twos
D) Adolescence

Question 22

Which parenting style is associated with the most positive child outcomes in middle-income Caucasian samples in Canada and the U.S.?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Uninvolved

Question 23

Which of the following parenting styles has been associated with benefits for African American and Asian American children in the United States?

A) Permissive
B) Laissez-faire
C) Authoritarian
D) Inductive

Question 24

In many cultures, interactions between fathers and their children

A) tend to centre around physical stimulation and play.
B) typically take place during diapering, feeding, and bedtime.
C) should not involve the authoritative parenting style.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 25

Although authoritative parenting may be the most effect parenting style for many mothers, the attribute that characterize successful parenting for most fathers is

A) more of an emphasis on punitive forms of control.
B) less of an emphasis on verbal reasoning.
C) less concern for the warmth of the relationship.
D) None of the alternatives are correct

Question 26

Emma's father is very supportive of her and frequently shows affection towards his daughter. He is described as being a warm father. According to recent research, what would these attitudes foster in Emma?

A) healthy eating habits
B) healthy academic self-concept
C) better playing habits
D) None of the alternatives are correct

Question 27

A correct description of parent-child relations would be that

A) the parent-child relationship is usually not transactional.
B) parenting style causes particular outcomes in children, but characteristics of the child have little influence on parenting style.
C) development proceeds most successfully when there is goodness of fit between a parent's ability to match caregiving practices to the nature and needs of the child.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 28

The child's contributions to the parenting style that parents use means that

A) parent and child play equal roles in socialization exchanges.
B) parent and child have equal impact in socialization exchanges.
C) parent-child correlations are mainly due to the child.
D) we need to exercise caution in interpreting any simple correlation between parenting practices and children's development.

Question 29

Rick and Stephanie are expecting their second child. They ask you for advice concerning sibling relationships and how to create a home where their two children will get along. You should tell them that

A) siblings are more likely to get along if their parents get along.
B) if a parent favours one of the children, make sure the other parent favours the other child.
C) most siblings do not get along, especially if they have similar temperaments.
D) parents who are distant, strict, and controlling tend to have children who get along because they depend on each other for support.

Question 30

Sibling relations during adolescence are characterized by

A) dominance of the older sibling.
B) increased recourse to siblings as providers of instrumental support.
C) a decline in the relative importance of siblings as a resource for emotional support.
D) increased provisions of nurturance by older siblings to the younger.

Question 31

Siblings are particularly helpful for the development of

A) information processing skills.
B) theory-of-mind skills.
C) gender-roles.
D) both b and c

Question 32

Feelings of competition, resentment, and jealousy that can arise between siblings is referred to as

A) intrafamilial stress.
B) intersibling competition.
C) intrafamily conflict.
D) sibling rivalry.

Question 33

Heather and Kevin are expecting their second baby in a few months. Their first born, Diana, is sweet but can sometimes get carried away with her temper. What is one action that her parents could take to prepare her for the baby's arrival?

A) Not talk about the baby in order to minimize jealousy
B) Involve Diana in the preparation of the new nursery
C) Encourage Diana to have her temper tantrums before the baby's arrival
D) None of the alternatives are correct

Question 34

Which of the following is associated with a child's spending more time with a grandparent?

A) The child's mother is single.
B) The child grows up in a culture where the modal family pattern is the extended family.
C) The grandparent is a grandmother rather than a grandfather.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 35

A family unit that consists not only of parents and children, but also of at least one, and sometimes several, other adult relatives is referred to as a(n)

A) blended family
B) extended family
C) reconstituted family
D) excessive family

Question 36

The effects of divorce are generally greater

A) the first year or so following the divorce.
B) in girls, because they react in a more emotional manner.
C) in middle-school-aged children than in any other age segment.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 37

Which of the following is associated with more positive outcomes of divorce?

A) Mothers who have custody of the children are able to maintain an authoritative style of parenting.
B) Shared parenting in which the parents are able to work together for their children.
C) The children's relationship with their father is warm and supportive.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 38

Shared parenting arrangements following a divorce are typically beneficial for children's adjustment. Shared parenting involves

A) physically living with both parents and rotating time in each household.
B) equally shared rights for both parents.
C) equally shared responsibilities for both parents.
D) both b and c

Question 39

Step-parents, on average, are

A) more involved and more skilful than parents in general.
B) more involved but less skilful than parents in general.
C) less involved but more skilful than parents in general.
D) less involved and less skilful than parents in general.

Question 40

Approximately _____ of parents are single-parent families who have never married.

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 35%
D) 40%

Question 41

Adolescent parents are

A) among the most disadvantaged of single parents.
B) confronted with minor developmental needs of their own.
C) have children with relatively low rates of problem behaviour.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Most teenage mothers are married
B) Births to teenage mothers are on the rise in Canada
C) Births to teenage mothers are declining in Canada
D) None of the alternatives are correct.

Question 43

Preliminary research concerning children of "single mothers by choice" indicates that such children

A) face challenges similar to single parents in general.
B) show fewer emotional and behavioural difficulties.
C) show greater emotional and behavioural difficulties.
D) None of the alternatives are correct

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT true about international adoptions in Canada?

A) Over the past 10 years, there were about 2000 international adoptions in Canada per year.
B) Approximately twice as many girls than boys are adopted.
C) The largest number of children adopted, are between the ages of 4 and 10.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 45

Kimmilee was adopted from China and now lives in Toronto with her family. Which of the following is a protective factor?

A) Being adopted at an older age
B) Having been in an orphanage with multiple caregivers
C) Having experienced less adverse experiences
D) Living in a big city

Question 46

Research to date has found that growing up with lesbian or gay parents

A) is associated with a greater chance of adopting a same-sex orientation.
B) is associated with being more strongly sex-typed.
C) does not seem to have negative effects on children's development.
D) is linked with lower self-esteem and compromised peer relations.

Question 47

Peer interactions are described as object-centered as early as

A) infancy.
B) toddlerhood.
C) the preschool years.
D) middle childhood.

Question 48

Compared to the infant, the preschooler's social world is

A) characterized by collaborative problem solving.
B) less differentiated.
C) dominated by physical interactions.
D) more focused on fewer playmates.

Question 49

As babies develop, their relationships with peers are marked by

A) decreased reciprocity
B) increased frequency of negative responses
C) reduction in mutual imitation
D) lowered levels of cognitive play

Question 50

Rebecca's favourite toy is her "turtle," a 2-pound rock she wraps in blankets and feeds with a baby bottle. Rebecca's activity is BEST described as

A) associative play.
B) pretend play.
C) constructive play.
D) functional play.

Question 51

Compared to peer relations during infancy, peer relations during the preschool years tend to

A) occur in the context of functional play.
B) include a greater number and variety of playmates.
C) become increasingly homogeneous.
D) rely less on symbolic forms of behaviour.

Question 52

Building a weapon out of Lego BEST illustrates

A) functional play.
B) constructive play.
C) associative play.
D) games with rules.

Question 53

Team soccer, chess, and hopscotch are all classified as

A) parallel play.
B) associative play.
C) games with rules.
D) constructive play.

Question 54

Ben loves to run in a circle through the kitchen, dining room, and living room of his house, over and over and over. This activity is best described as

A) onlooker play.
B) functional play.
C) pretend play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 55

Which illustrates parallel play?

A) Teddy and Brian are playing checkers.
B) Paula is riding her tricycle while her mother gardens nearby.
C) Stephanie and Leona are playing in the sandbox but while Stephanie is building a castle, Leona is baking mud pies.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 56

Sylvia enjoys playing by herself; she does not try to play with the other children at the daycare. What type of play does this illustrate?

A) onlooker play
B) solitary play
C) parallel play
D) unsociable play

Question 57

Studies of children's play reveal that

A) all children progress from solitary to parallel to cooperative play in the same order and at about the same rate.
B) forms of solitary play disappear from children's repertoire by age 3.
C) solitary play appears to be more cognitively advanced than cooperative play.
D) older children are more likely to embed their play in a constructive or dramatic context.

Question 58

Cliques share the following characteristic(s):

A) they are small groups of 5-10 friends who interact frequently.
B) clique members are similar in family background, values, and attitudes.
C) they are usually same-sex.
D) both a and b.

Question 59

Crowds share the following characteristic(s):

A) they allow adolescents to explore their social identity.
B) they are smaller and more loosely organized than cliques.
C) the power of crowds increases after high school
D) both a and c.

Question 60

Findings of the Robbers Cave experiment suggest that

A) working toward a common goal can reduce between-group hostility.
B) during middle childhood, boys experience difficulty working toward common group goals.
C) children are more likely to argue within their own group than with members of another group.
D) children's groups function very differently than adult groups.

Question 61

The cohesiveness of children's groups can be enhanced by

A) organized competition within the group.
B) working toward divergent goals.
C) competing with other groups.
D) shared experiences of defeat during activities.

Question 62

When Sally spends time considering how her friend Polly feels about a problem they have both encountered, she is engaged in

A) social reflection.
B) social problem-solving.
C) perspective-taking.
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 63

Social problem-solving skills are

A) social skills needed to solve cognitive tasks.
B) cognitive skills required when children solve problems jointly with parents or peers.
C) skills needed to solve social dilemmas.
D) skills that exploit the social context in the service of cognitive problems.

Question 64

In which of the following areas has a correlation been found between cognitive ability and social development?

A) Communication skills
B) Attributions concerning the intentions behind behaviour
C) Play, prosocial behaviour, and aggression
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 65

The idea that advances in social behaviour are linked to advances in cognitive development is supported by evidence

A) from physical perspective-taking tasks.
B) that changes in the behaviours children display in peer interaction appear stage-like.
C) that training children in social problem-solving skills can be effective.
D) linking neurological changes in middle childhood to changes in the nature of children's peer relations.

Question 66

Parental influence is greater than peer influence on which of the following?

A) Music
B) Academic planning
C) Clothing
D) Choice of friends

Question 67

Peer influence is greater than parental influence on which of the following?

A) Music
B) Clothing
C) Choice of friends
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 68

Peers can be a negative influence in which of the following areas?

A) Bullying
B) Smoking
C) Drug use
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 69

Qualities such as loyalty and intimacy become central to children's thinking about friendship during

A) infancy.
B) early childhood.
C) middle childhood.
D) adolescence.

Question 70

As children develop, their conceptions of friendship are more likely to focus on

A) concrete, external attributes.
B) mutual liking.
C) abstract aspects of friendship.
D) proximity.

Question 71

Children become friends with those who are similar to themselves. Which cluster of factors BEST describe these similarities?

A) similar in age and gender
B) similar in age, gender, and race
C) similar in age, gender, but not race
D) similar in age, gender, race, and similar behaviours and interests

Question 72

Sarah, an adolescent who is an avid soccer player and a gifted student, has moved to a new middle school. Who has the greatest likelihood of becoming her best friend?

A) John who enjoys soccer and is in remedial classes at the middle school.
B) Beth, a gifted student in Sarah's classes.
C) Stephen, who is ten years old and in the gifted program.
D) All have an equal chance.

Question 73

Behavioural homophily refers to

A) similarity between peers in temperamental reactivity.
B) dissimilarity between peers in temperamental reactivity.
C) similarity between peers in behaviours and interests.
D) dissimilarity between peers in behaviours and interests.

Question 74

In Gottman's research on friendship formation, what differentiated pairs of children who became friends from those who did not?

A) Children who became friends were of higher intelligence.
B) Children who became friends were more sociable.
C) Children who became friends showed greater communication clarity and were more skilled at resolving conflict.
D) Children who became friends tended to talk little about themselves or the activities that interested them.

Question 75

The factor which is most likely to reduce sharing between friends is

A) the children's level of moral development.
B) the perception of equality.
C) the perception of competition between them.
D) the perception of dominance.

Question 76

Conflicts between friends differ from those between non-friends in that conflicts among friends are

A) less common.
B) more intense.
C) more likely to be resolved in mutually satisfying ways.
D) more likely to lead to lengthy fights or feuds.

Question 77

Who is MOST likely to define a friend as "someone you can share your deepest thoughts and feelings with"?

A) Juan, who is 5.
B) Jonah, who is 7.
C) Keisha, who is 10.
D) Kaira, who is 13.

Question 78

Resources provided by other people in times of uncertainty or stress are known as

A) social support.
B) mutual regard.
C) social scaffolding.
D) intimacy.

Question 79

"Instrumental support" is a form of social support that involves

A) behaviours that offer needed comfort or reassurance and enhance self-esteem
B) providing tangible resources to help solve practical tasks
C) providing information or advice about how to cope with problems
D) the sharing of activities and experiences

Question 80

Studies of social support reveal that during childhood

A) there is little need for social support.
B) peers are the primary source of social support.
C) parents are the most important source of social support.
D) parents and peers are equally important as sources of social support.