Deck 6: Neural and Brain Development

Question 1

At what age are the autistic spectrum disorders typically diagnosed?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7

Answer 1

7

Question 2

Neuroimaging techniques allow the measurement of which of the following?

A) changes in brain metabolism
B) changes in brain blood flow
C) changes in brain activity
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Answer 2

All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 3

Which of the following is not measured through neuroimaging techniques?

A) Brain metacognition
B) Brain metabolism
C) Brain activity
D) Blood flow

Answer 3

Brain metacognition

Question 4

A maximum of _______ electrodes can be placed on the scalp to detect changes in neural activity.

A) 185
B) 256
C) 476
D) 525

Question 5

Jane is participating in a neuroimaging study that uses electrodes. On the computer screen she sees a lot of red in the temporal lobe region and some blue in the frontal lobes. What do the colours represent?

A) There is little activity in the temporal lobe region and a lot of activity in the frontal region.
B) There is a lot of activity in the temporal lobe region and little activity in the frontal lobe region.
C) There is little activity in the temporal lobe region and no activity in the frontal lobe region.
D) Brain activity cannot be represented by these colours with the use of electrodes.

Question 6

Which of the following is a technique used to measure spontaneous electrical activity in groups of neurons across the brain via electrodes placed on the scalp?

A) Spontaneous electrocardiocephalography
B) Spontaneous electroencephalography
C) Event-related potentials
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 7

A developmentalist wants to investigate how children process faces and emotions. What type of neuroimaging technique is she most likely to use?

A) Spontaneous electroencephalography
B) Magnetoencephalography
C) Event related potential
D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 8

In a recent study by Leppanen and colleagues (2007) using ______, they found that infants and adults showed ________ activity at the same scalp location for fearful than for happy or neutral faces.

A) EEG, less
B) EEG, more
C) MEG, less
D) ERP, more

Question 9

Which of the following can distort electrical signals during the use of EEG and ERP recordings?

A) hair
B) scalp
C) dandruff
D) All of the alternatives are correct

Question 10

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques can provide information about the brain's anatomical structure?

A) EEG
B) ERP
C) MEG
D) MRI

Question 11

Bobby is participating in a research study where he has to lie in a scanner that produces a magnetic field that interacts with his body's molecules. What type of technique is being used?

A) EEG
B) ERP
C) MEG
D) MRI

Question 12

The _________ technique can differentiate between grey and white matter.

A) MEG
B) ERP
C) MRI
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following characteristics has been found in brains of children with autism through the MRI technique?

A) Their brains grow more slowly
B) Their brains overgrow early in development
C) They have no amygdala
D) None of the alternatives are correct.

Question 14

Clara sustained a traumatic brain injury and is now unable to recognize faces. This is representative of what?

A) Allosognosia
B) Faciognosia
C) Prosopagnosia
D) Dyspraxia

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true?

A) After an initial increase in volume, grey matter decreases, and white matter shows a steady increase throughout development
B) After an initial decrease in volume, grey matter increases, and white matters shows a steady decrease throughout development
C) After an initial increase in density, grey matter decreases, and white matter shows a steady increase throughout development
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 16

Roger is participating in a research study and is presented with two pictures of beautiful women. Which neuroimaging technique should be used if the researcher wants to examine the connectivity of the different brain structures?

A) MRI
B) EEG
C) MEG
D) DTI

Question 17

Which of the following has been found in recent research using DTI?

A) The diffusion of water through white matter increases with age
B) The diffusion of water through white matter decreases with age
C) The diffusion of water through white matter initially increases, then decreases with age
D) The diffusion of water through white matter initially decreases, then increases with age

Question 18

Which of the following has been found in recent research using DTI?

A) White matter increases in the brain regions responsible for attention and cognitive ability
B) White matter decreases in the brain regions responsible for attention and cognitive ability
C) Grey matter increases in brain regions responsible for attention and cognitive ability
D) None of the alternatives are correct.

Question 19

Which of the following statements most accurately describes positron emission tomography?

A) Technique in which a magnetic field is generated by electrical currents that are detected by sensors on the scalp
B) Technique used for measuring the electrical activity of specific brain regions in response to a particular stimulus
C) Technique that measures the diffusion of water molecules through neural tracts that's connect brain structures
D) Technique that measures metabolic activity of the brain through a radioactive substance

Question 20

Because of the use of a radioactive substance, which of the following techniques is not commonly used with infants and children?

A) ERP
B) MRI
C) PET
D) fMRI

Question 21

____________ is a substance taken up by cells during brain activity during an fMRI.

A) Radioactive isotopes
B) Oxygen
C) Cortisol
D) Water

Question 22

Which of the following techniques does not require the person to stay still?

A) fMRI
B) NIRS
C) MRI
D) None of the alternatives are correct.

Question 23

Recent research using the NIRS technique has found that 6 ½ month old infants exhibit, in a manner very similar to that of adults, greater activity in the _______ cortex when objects' features differ than when their spatial information differ.

A) Frontal
B) Occipital
C) Temporal
D) Parietal

Question 24

The brain has approximately _______ nerve cells, and each of these has approximately ________ connections with other cells.

A) 1 billion; 1000
B) 3 trillion; 2000
C) 100 trillion; 2500
D) 100 billion; 3000

Question 25

Which of the following most accurately describes the part of the neuron that receives activity from nearby cells and conducts activity to the cell body?

A) Dendrite
B) Axon
C) Myelin
D) Glial cells

Question 26

Which of the following most accurately describes the sheath of fatty material that helps in faster transmission of neural activity?

A) Dendrite
B) Axon
C) Myelin
D) Glial cells

Question 27

Which of the following can be up to 1 metre long?

A) Dendrite
B) Axon
C) Glial cell
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 28

Which of the following indicates the sequence of steps in neurulation?

A) A neural plate portion pinches inward, starting the formation of the neural grove, the two sections of the neural plate come together, the neural grove completely closes off as the neural plate becomes the neural tube.
B) A neural plate portion pinches outward, the two sections of the neural plate join together and a neural tube is formed with the pinches.
C) Two sections of a neural plate are joined together through the electrical signals of the synapse, and form a neural tube.
D) None of the alternatives are correct.

Question 29

Which of the following most accurately describes a synapse?

A) Net of short fibres extending out from the cell body in a neuron
B) Long fibre extending from the cell body in a neuron
C) Small space between neurons
D) Chemical that transmits electrical activity from one neuron to the next

Question 30

What is the pathway used for neurotransmitters to transmit signals across a synapse?

A) Neurotransmitters are released from the synaptic vesicles, then cross the synapse to go into the axon.
B) Neurotransmitters are released from the synaptic vesicles, on the presynaptic axon terminal, then cross the synapse and bind to the receptors on the dendrite.
C) Neurotransmitters are released from the dendrites, cross the presynaptic axon terminal, then bind to the receptors on the synaptic vesicles.
D) Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic axon terminal, bind to the synaptic vesicles, then cross the synapse to be forwarded to the other neurotransmitters.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true about synapses?

A) There are three types of synapses
B) When the synapse gap is small, an electrical signal can jump from one neuron to the next
C) When the synapse gap is big, an electrical signal can jump from one neuron to the next
D) When the synapse gap is small, the information must be transmitted chemically.

Question 32

Which of the following neurotransmitter systems has an effect on memory?

A) Noradrenaline
B) Dopamine
C) Serotonin
D) Cholinergic

Question 33

Which of the following neurotransmitter systems has an effect on arousal?

A) Noradrenaline
B) Dopamine
C) Serotonin
D) Cholinergic

Question 34

The dopamine system has an effect on which of the following?

A) Mood
B) Motor behaviours
C) Arousal
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 35

Schizophrenia has been linked to the failure of neurons in which system?

A) Noradrenaline
B) Dopamine
C) Serotonin
D) Cholinergic

Question 36

Which of the following cells can be found in the cerebellum?

A) Pyramidal cells
B) Gray cells
C) Purkinje cells
D) White cells

Question 37

The brain accounts for _____ of adult body weight.

A) 2%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 28%

Question 38

How much of the human genome is devoted to making the brain?

A) 2%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 65%

Question 39

When does brain development begin?

A) During week 3 and 4 after conception
B) During week 9 and 10 after conception
C) During the third month after conception
D) During the sixth month after conception

Question 40

Which of the following describes the process in which part of the ectoderm begins to pinch inward?

A) Dendrite
B) Neurulation
C) Neurogenesis
D) Synaptic pruning

Question 41

Through which process are new neurons produced?

A) Neurulation
B) Glial cellulation
C) Synaptic pruning
D) Neurogenesis

Question 42

When are teratogens most offensive to the developing brain?

A) Between the 5^th and 10^th week after conception
B) Between the 6^th and 18^th week after conception
C) Between the 7^th and 25^th week after conception
D) Between the 8^th and 30^th week after conception

Question 43

What effect do teratogens have on the developing brain during the critical period?

A) It disrupts synaptic pruning
B) Neurulation is increased
C) Fewer cells are produced in the proliferating zones
D) Too many glioblasts are produced

Question 44

Kylie's mom drank alcohol on a daily basis while she was pregnant. It is likely that Kylie suffers from which of the following?

A) Microencephaly
B) Macroencephaly
C) Encephalitis
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 45

Bobby is still a fetus, but his brain is developing very quickly. In fact, there are newly developed cells that are pushing previously developed cells out of the proliferative zones. What is this process called?

A) Synaptic pruning
B) Passive displacement
C) Active cell migration
D) Mitosis

Question 46

In which process do cells move in greater distances during cell migration?

A) Synopsis
B) Passive displacement
C) Active cell migration
D) Mitosis

Question 47

At what gestational age is the migration of neurons to their final locations complete?

A) 3 months
B) 5 months
C) 7 months
D) 9 months

Question 48

Recent research has shown that the brains of autistic children show patterns displaying disrupted ____________.

A) cell migration
B) cell production
C) mitosis
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 49

Choose the correct sequence in neuronal and brain development.

A) cell migration, cell production, cell elaboration, myelination
B) cell production, cell elaboration, cell migration, myelination
C) cell production, cell migration, myelination, cell elaboration
D) cell production, cell migration, cell elaboration, myelination

Question 50

At what age do the first synapses appear?

A) 3 months gestation
B) 6 months gestation
C) 9 months gestation
D) 3 months postnatal

Question 51

At what age does synaptic production reach a peak?

A) 3 months postnatal
B) 5 months postnatal
C) 8 months postnatal
D) 9 months postnatal

Question 52

Which of the following stages plays a very important role in behavioural and cognitive development?

A) cell production
B) cell migration
C) cell elaboration
D) myelination

Question 53

During the first year of life, myelination occurs in which part of the brain?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Brain stem
C) Hippocampus
D) Temporal lobe

Question 54

Which of the following is the correct sequence in which the different brain areas are myelinated?

A) Sensorimotor cortex, parietal and temporal association cortex, prefrontal cortex
B) Parietal and temporal association cortex, prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor cortex
C) Sensorimotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, parietal and temporal association cortex
D) Prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor cortex, parietal and temporal cortex

Question 55

Which of the following controls basic functions such as hunger and temperature?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Amygdala
C) Glial cell
D) Brainstem

Question 56

Which of the following controls motor behaviour?

A) Brainstem
B) Cerebellum
C) Midbrain
D) Cerebrum

Question 57

Which of the following structures includes the corpus callosum?

A) Brainstem
B) Cerebellum
C) Midbrain
D) Cerebrum

Question 58

Damage to the ______ hemisphere is most likely to result in _________.

A) Left, language impairments
B) Left, visual impairments
C) Right, language impairments
D) Right, smelling impairments

Question 59

The _______ hemisphere is more active during ________ tasks.

A) Left, mathematical
B) Left, language
C) Right, reading
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 60

What is meant by the term "mixed lateral dominance"?

A) Having right-brain dominance for language and math
B) Having left brain dominance for language
C) Having right-brain dominance for math
D) Only having one hemisphere

Question 61

In which lobe are the dorsal and ventral pathways located?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Temporal lobe
C) Occipital lobe
D) Parietal lobe

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The dorsal stream pathway is also known as the "where" stream
B) The dorsal stream pathway is also known as the "what" stream
C) The ventral stream pathway is also known as the "where" stream
D) The ventral and dorsal stream pathways are referred to as the "when" streams

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The dorsal pathway is involved in processing information such as shape and colour
B) The dorsal pathway is involved in processing information such as motion
C) The ventral pathway is involved in processing information such as smell
D) The ventral pathway is involved in processing information such as determining why an object is as it is

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Recent research shows that cataracts produce more deficits in the functions of the ventral pathway than in the dorsal pathways
B) Neurons in the ventral pathway are activated by form stimuli as early as 6 weeks of age
C) In infants, colour information has a big impact on the perception of motion
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 65

Which of the following has the main function of processing visual information?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Occipital lobe
C) Temporal lobe
D) Parietal lobe

Question 66

Which of the following receives information from the different senses and integrates multisensory information?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Temporal lobe
C) Occipital lobe
D) Parietal lobe

Question 67

Which of the following processes auditory information?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Temporal lobe
C) Occipital lobe
D) Parietal lobe

Question 68

Sheldon has difficulty understanding language and in undergoing intensive speech therapy before he enters kindergarten. Which of the following lobes plays an important role in his understanding of language?

A) Temporal lobe
B) Parietal lobe
C) Occipital lobe
D) Frontal lobe

Question 69

Candice has suffered traumatic brain injury and since her accident, she has difficulty storing information in her long-term memory. Which lobe is most likely affected?

A) Parietal lobe
B) Temporal lobe
C) Frontal lobe
D) Occipital lobe

Question 70

Nathalie was in a car accident and since then, she has trouble with her impulsivity and her organization skills. Which lobe was most likely affected during the accident?

A) Parietal lobe
B) Temporal lobe
C) Frontal lobe
D) Occipital lobe

Question 71

Deder was recently involved in a motorcycle accident. He was driving 150 km/h when he lost control of his vehicle and ran into a tree. Because of the impact, his right arm was amputated. Two months after his accident, he tells his rehabilitation therapists that he is buying a new snow mobile and is planning on making a circuit to try to get the vehicle to run at 160 km/h. It is most likely that which lobe was affected during his accident?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Parietal lobe
C) Temporal lobe
D) Occipital lobe

Question 72

Yoan is picking up things with his ______ hand. The ______ side of his brain is dealing with this sensory information.

A) left, left
B) left, right
C) right, left
D) right, both sides

Question 73

When are physical differences between the hemispheres noticeable?

A) During the prenatal period
B) At 2 months postnatal
C) At 4 months postnatal
D) At 6 months postnatal

Question 74

Charlotte is participating in a study and the results of her neuroimaging tests show that she is lateralized for face processing. She is most likely how old?

A) 1 month postnatal
B) 2 months postnatal
C) 3 months postnatal
D) 4 months postnatal

Question 75

According to which theory does brain lateralization develop because of neuroanatomical differences at birth?

A) Biased gene model
B) Biased brain model
C) Biased head model
D) None of the alternatives are correct.

Question 76

Karel is able to process colours and sizes of objects. Which lobe is being used to achieve this?

A) Temporal lobe
B) Parietal lobe
C) Occipital lobe
D) Frontal lobe

Question 77

At what age are most of the modules in the visual cortex functional?

A) 8 months after conception
B) 1 month postnatal
C) 2 months postnatal
D) 3 months postnatal

Question 78

At what age does the full colour system in the visual cortex show functionality?

A) 3 months postnatal
B) 4 months postnatal
C) 5 months postnatal
D) 6 months postnatal

Question 79

At what age does binocular disparity emerge?

A) 1 week postnatal
B) 3 weeks postnatal
C) 5 weeks postnatal
D) 7 weeks postnatal

Question 80

Dora is able to mentally rotate an object successfully. It is most likely that she is at least ______ years old.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 8