Deck 1: Early History 2000 B.C to A.D 1800

Question 1

The concept of retaliation develops into a system of criminal law when it becomes customary for the victim of the wrongdoing to

A) take revenge on the person who wronged them.
B) start a vendetta against the wrongdoer's family.
C) report the crime to the proper authorities.
D) accept something else instead of blood vengeance.

Answer 1

accept something else instead of blood vengeance.

Question 2

Lex talionis is more commonly known as

A) the "mark of the slave."
B) penal servitude.
C) "an eye for an eye."
D) the death penalty.

Answer 2

"an eye for an eye."

Question 3

Criminal law typically requires ________ action against a wrongdoer.

A) public
B) retaliatory
C) aggressive
D) fair

Answer 3

public

Question 4

The first people to allow their citizens to prosecute an offender in the name of an injured party were the

A) Babylonians.
B) Sumerians.
C) Romans.
D) Greeks.

Question 5

What was the main contribution of the medieval church to the study of corrections?

A) Punishment is necessary to establish guilt or innocence.
B) Torture and brutal treatment is a necessary method of questioning.
C) Individuals have free will and can be held accountable for their actions.
D) Everyone should receive the same punishment, regardless of social standing.

Question 6

Which of the following is not an example of corporal punishment?

A) Torture
B) Branding
C) Mutilation
D) Imprisonment

Question 7

What theory advocated by Sir Thomas More was not considered acceptable at the time but has become the foundation for modern theories of penology and criminology?

A) Public punishment can deter potential offenders.
B) Social revenge is an appropriate justification for punishing an offender.
C) Punishment cannot prevent crime.
D) Punishment is a way for offenders to repay society and atone for transgressions against God.

Question 8

What was the purpose of the Bridewells constructed in England in the 1500s?

A) They were workhouses created to provide employment and housing for the unemployed.
B) They were prisons designed to incarcerate individuals convicted of serious felony offenses.
C) They were asylums sponsored by the Christian church to place wrongdoers in seclusion.
D) They were early cellular prisons designed for incorrigible juveniles.

Question 9

Jail fever was a common term for

A) mental illness.
B) typhus.
C) claustrophobia.
D) psychosis.

Question 10

Which of the following ideas was not conceived by Cesare Beccaria?

A) Individuals should be regarded as innocent until proven guilty.
B) Torture during criminal procedures should be abolished.
C) Preventing crimes is more important than punishment for crimes.
D) The purpose of punishment is to provide social revenge.

Question 11

Bentham's "hedonistic calculus" was developed from the belief that

A) the effectiveness of deterrence can be calculated mathematically.
B) math and science are interconnected.
C) crime can be controlled through statistical analysis.
D) behavior can be influenced in a scientific manner.

Question 12

Which of the following describes Bentham's idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain?

A) Hedonistic calculus
B) Friedensgeld
C) Civil death
D) Lex humana

Question 13

All of the following are among John Howard's principles for a penitentiary system except

A) systematic inspection.
B) hard physical labor.
C) secure and sanitary structures.
D) abolition of fees.

Question 14

The deportation of criminals to America from England between 1596 and 1776 was known as

A) restitution.
B) exoneration.
C) transportation.
D) inquisition.

Question 15

The deportation of criminals to America from England stopped because of

A) persistent complaints filed against the monarchy.
B) the beginning of the American Revolution.
C) a decision to redirect transportation to Australia.
D) the increasingly expensive cost of the voyages.

Question 16

Old transport ships that were anchored in rivers and harbors in Britain to confine criminal offenders were known as

A) hulks.
B) Bridewells.
C) gaols.
D) workhouses.

Question 17

The Hospice of San Michele in Rome exclusively handled

A) the elderly.
B) the criminally insane.
C) juveniles.
D) the terminally ill.

Question 18

Which of the following was not one of the main concepts carried over from the earliest cellular institutions?

A) Withholding food from inmates
B) Community-centered labor
C) Individual sleeping areas
D) A monastic regimen of silence and expiation

Question 19

The first true correctional institution in America was

A) Mamertine Prison.
B) the Great Law.
C) the Walnut Street Jail.
D) the Brank.

Question 20

The system of prison discipline that used total isolation or solitary confinement was known as the

A) Great Law.
B) English Anglican Code.
C) Quaker Code.
D) Pennsylvania System.

Question 21

Which of the following led to the ultimate failure of the Walnut Street Jail program?

A) Too many prisoners revolted.
B) It became overcrowded.
C) There were not enough inmates.
D) Disease became too rampant.

Question 22

Which of the following shows the correct historical sequence for the development of correctional philosophies?

A) Corporal punishment, penal servitude, workhouses, penitentiaries
B) Corporal punishment, workhouses, penal servitude, penitentiaries
C) Penal servitude, corporal punishment, workhouses, penitentiaries
D) Workhouses, corporal punishment, penal servitude, penitentiaries

Question 23

Early in history, personal revenge was often considered obligatory.

Question 24

The first punishment imposed by society was probably outlawry.

Question 25

The concept of lex talionis first appears in the Bible.

Question 26

Civil death was an early name for penal servitude.

Question 27

The most common forms of state punishment over the centuries were corporal punishments.

Question 28

The use of capital and corporal punishment was based on the belief that public punishment would be a deterrent to potential criminals.

Question 29

The emergence of secular law was supported by scholars advocating the independence of the monarchy from the pope.

Question 30

Sir Thomas More argued that the primary way to prevent crime was through punishment.

Question 31

In the early days of secular law, extremely severe punishment did not curtail the volume of crime.

Question 32

Originally, imprisonment was just used as a means to hold the accused until an official punishment was handed out.

Question 33

Workhouses were designed as places of confinement for convicted criminals.

Question 34

Cesare Beccaria argued that the purpose of punishment is to deter crime.

Question 35

The Penitentiary Act led to the increased use of hulks to incarcerate offenders in England.

Question 36

Hulks were intended as a temporary solution to the problem of overcrowding in England.

Question 37

The main concepts drawn from early cellular institutions included a focus on penitence and monastic contemplation.

Question 38

William Penn advocated the use of capital punishment in Pennsylvania.

Question 39

The Walnut Street Jail was the first true correctional institution in the United States.

Question 40

The Pennsylvania system called for solitary confinement after a long day of hard labor.

Question 41

The role of corrections is mainly to deter potential criminals from becoming involved in crime.

Question 42

The objective of corrections is to protect society through punishment and offender change.

Question 43

The concept of lex ________ emphasizes repaying in kind, such as an "eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."

Question 44

________ death occurred when an offender was placed in penal servitude and lost all rights and property.

Question 45

The main contribution of the ________ church to the study of corrections was the concept of free will.

Question 46

________ punishment included whipping, branding, mutilation, and caning.

Question 47

In early America, punishments using devices such as the stocks and pillory emphasized ________ humiliation.

Question 48

________ looks at the reasons for and consequences of crime.

Question 49

A(n) ________ was a workhouse created for the employment and housing of London's unemployed or underemployed working classes.

Question 50

The Age of Enlightenment was a philosophical movement emphasizing ________.

Question 51

Cesare Beccaria was the founder of the ________ School of Criminology.

Question 52

Jeremy Bentham believed ________ could deter crime if it was made relevant to the crime.

Question 53

Prior to the American Revolution, ________ to the American colonies was used as a punishment in England.

Question 54

________ labor was a predecessor to slavery in America.

Question 55

The Quaker belief that hard labor was the most effective way to deal with criminals was embodied in their colonial code, known as the ________ Law.

Question 56

The system of prison discipline used in the Walnut Street Jail was known as the ________ system.

Question 57

The role of corrections is to punish and ________ offenders.

Question 58

Match the methods of corporal punishment with their descriptions.

-Wergeld

A) Whipping with a short lash or cat-o'-nine-tails
B) A locked frame into which an offender's head and hands were fastened
C) A punishment that involved cutting off a part of the offender's body
D) A birdcage-like instrument put on the head that would cut the mouths of gossipers

Question 59

Match the methods of corporal punishment with their descriptions.

-Friedensgeld

A) Whipping with a short lash or cat-o'-nine-tails
B) A locked frame into which an offender's head and hands were fastened
C) A punishment that involved cutting off a part of the offender's body
D) A birdcage-like instrument put on the head that would cut the mouths of gossipers

Question 60

Match the methods of corporal punishment with their descriptions.

-Retaliation

A) Whipping with a short lash or cat-o'-nine-tails
B) A locked frame into which an offender's head and hands were fastened
C) A punishment that involved cutting off a part of the offender's body
D) A birdcage-like instrument put on the head that would cut the mouths of gossipers

Question 61

Match the methods of corporal punishment with their descriptions.

-Vendetta

A) Whipping with a short lash or cat-o'-nine-tails
B) A locked frame into which an offender's head and hands were fastened
C) A punishment that involved cutting off a part of the offender's body
D) A birdcage-like instrument put on the head that would cut the mouths of gossipers

Question 62

Match the early legal concepts to their definitions .

-Brank

A) Laws enacted by humans
B) The act of repaying in kind
C) Eternal law that cannot be changed by humans
D) A legal theory that there are laws that occur across all culture

Question 63

Match the early legal concepts to their definitions .

-Pillory

A) Laws enacted by humans
B) The act of repaying in kind
C) Eternal law that cannot be changed by humans
D) A legal theory that there are laws that occur across all culture

Question 64

Match the early legal concepts to their definitions .

-Mutilation

A) Laws enacted by humans
B) The act of repaying in kind
C) Eternal law that cannot be changed by humans
D) A legal theory that there are laws that occur across all culture

Question 65

Match the early legal concepts to their definitions .

-Flogging

A) Laws enacted by humans
B) The act of repaying in kind
C) Eternal law that cannot be changed by humans
D) A legal theory that there are laws that occur across all culture

Question 66

Match the early institutions to their descriptions .

-Lex humana

A) A Belgian workhouse for beggars emphasizing hard work and discipline
B) An asylum that placed the wrongdoer in seclusion or arrest in cities
C) A workhouse created for the housing and employment of the unemployed in London
D) An early Roman place of confinement built under the main sewer of Rome

Question 67

Match the early institutions to their descriptions .

-Lex naturalis

A) A Belgian workhouse for beggars emphasizing hard work and discipline
B) An asylum that placed the wrongdoer in seclusion or arrest in cities
C) A workhouse created for the housing and employment of the unemployed in London
D) An early Roman place of confinement built under the main sewer of Rome

Question 68

Match the early institutions to their descriptions .

-Lex talionis

A) A Belgian workhouse for beggars emphasizing hard work and discipline
B) An asylum that placed the wrongdoer in seclusion or arrest in cities
C) A workhouse created for the housing and employment of the unemployed in London
D) An early Roman place of confinement built under the main sewer of Rome

Question 69

Match the early institutions to their descriptions .

-Lex eterna

A) A Belgian workhouse for beggars emphasizing hard work and discipline
B) An asylum that placed the wrongdoer in seclusion or arrest in cities
C) A workhouse created for the housing and employment of the unemployed in London
D) An early Roman place of confinement built under the main sewer of Rome

Question 70

Match the Enlightenment thinker to his views .

-Mamertine prison

A) Developed the concept of hedonistic calculus
B) Proposed a reorientation of criminal law towards humanistic goals
C) Brought the abuses of criminal law to public attention
D) Became involved in trials challenging ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice

Question 71

Match the Enlightenment thinker to his views .

-Bridewell

A) Developed the concept of hedonistic calculus
B) Proposed a reorientation of criminal law towards humanistic goals
C) Brought the abuses of criminal law to public attention
D) Became involved in trials challenging ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice

Question 72

Match the Enlightenment thinker to his views .

-Sanctuary

A) Developed the concept of hedonistic calculus
B) Proposed a reorientation of criminal law towards humanistic goals
C) Brought the abuses of criminal law to public attention
D) Became involved in trials challenging ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice

Question 73

Match the Enlightenment thinker to his views .

-Maison de Force

A) Developed the concept of hedonistic calculus
B) Proposed a reorientation of criminal law towards humanistic goals
C) Brought the abuses of criminal law to public attention
D) Became involved in trials challenging ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice

Question 74

Match the Enlightenment thinker to his views .

-Bentham

A) Developed the concept of hedonistic calculus
B) Proposed a reorientation of criminal law towards humanistic goals
C) Brought the abuses of criminal law to public attention
D) Became involved in trials challenging ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice

Question 75

Match the Enlightenment thinker to his views .

-Voltaire

A) Developed the concept of hedonistic calculus
B) Proposed a reorientation of criminal law towards humanistic goals
C) Brought the abuses of criminal law to public attention
D) Became involved in trials challenging ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice

Question 76

Match the Enlightenment thinker to his views .

-Montesquieu

A) Developed the concept of hedonistic calculus
B) Proposed a reorientation of criminal law towards humanistic goals
C) Brought the abuses of criminal law to public attention
D) Became involved in trials challenging ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice

Question 77

Match the Enlightenment thinker to his views .

-Beccaria

A) Developed the concept of hedonistic calculus
B) Proposed a reorientation of criminal law towards humanistic goals
C) Brought the abuses of criminal law to public attention
D) Became involved in trials challenging ideas of legalized torture, criminal responsibility, and justice

Question 78

Discuss the most common forms of state punishment used over the centuries and explain the basic purposes underlying these punishments. What popular practice was used in early America and why?

Question 79

Discuss the evolution of penal institutions throughout early history.

Question 80

Describe how secular law emerged.