Deck 10: Family Transitions and Innovations

Question 1

Which of the following explains why family transitions occurred in the past?

A) The higher mortality rates meant that families often experienced the death of spouses or parents.
B) Families were forced to change and start over because government regulations required new family starts every 10 years.
C) Societal norms of the past dictated fresh family starts every five years.
D) When couples became unhappy with their family situation, they opted for divorce and created new families instead.

Answer 1

The higher mortality rates meant that families often experienced the death of spouses or parents.

Question 2

Which of the following explains why family transitions occur in the present?

A) The higher mortality rates meant that families often experienced the death of spouses or parents.
B) Families were forced to change and start over because government regulations required new family starts every 10 years.
C) Societal norms of the past dictated fresh family starts every five years.
D) When couples became unhappy with their family situation, they opted for divorce and created new families instead.

Answer 2

When couples became unhappy with their family situation, they opted for divorce and created new families instead.

Question 3

How has the sociological study of families changed?

A) It focuses on heterosexual unions only.
B) It exists as a social function for the government.
C) It understands family change as a process.
D) It understand family as a static institution.

Answer 3

It understands family change as a process.

Question 4

What is the perception of family transition by those who are experiencing it?

A) They view it as an entirely negative process.
B) They view it as a neutral process as the transition will neither be positive or negative for them.
C) They view it as an entirely positive process.
D) Anticipated events such as marriage or the birth of a planned child are welcomed, while death or loss of family members is unwelcome.

Question 5

What is the impact of downward social mobility on the families of present-day immigrants?

A) Rates of childhood poverty are much lower for the children of newcomers as compared to the children of Canadian-born parents.
B) Rates of childhood poverty are much higher for the children of newcomers as compared to the children of Canadian-born parents.
C) Rates of childhood poverty are the same for the children of newcomers as compared to the children of Canadian-born parents.
D) Rates of childhood poverty are slightly higher for the children of newcomers.

Question 6

What is the impact of immigration on the parent-child relationships of newcomer families?

A) Children often served as cultural interpreters or translators for parents who needed help with English, enhancing parental authority.
B) Parents had to learn English so they could serve as cultural interpreters or translators for their children.
C) Parents had to learn English so they could serve as cultural interpreters or translators for their elderly parents.
D) Children often served as cultural interpreters or translators for parents who needed help with English, undermining parental authority.

Question 7

What is the impact of immigration on spousal relationships in newcomer families?

A) Newcomers who are accustomed to a family arrangement of a female breadwinner may face difficulty adapting to male employment in Canada.
B) Newcomers who are accustomed to a family arrangement of a male breadwinner may face difficulty adapting to female employment in Canada.
C) Newcomers who are accustomed to a family arrangement where both spouses worked may face difficulty adapting to employment trends in Canada
D) Newcomers who are accustomed to a family arrangement of a male breadwinner may face difficulty adapting to male employment in Canada.

Question 8

Which of the following refer to families where the breadwinner has returned to work in the country of origin for a prolonged period?

A) transnational families
B) astronaut families
C) satellite kids
D) parachute kids

Question 9

Which of the following refer to families, both immediate and extended kin, who are separated geographically for varying lengths of time, including permanently?

A) transnational families
B) astronaut families
C) satellite kids
D) parachute kids

Question 10

Which of the following refers to children left behind with their mothers when the breadwinner father has returned to work in the country of origin for a prolonged period?

A) transnational families
B) astronaut families
C) satellite kids
D) parachute kids

Question 11

Which of the following refers to families where children in their late teen years have been transplanted into North American society and both parents have returned to the country of origin for employment or other reasons?

A) transnational families
B) astronaut families
C) satellite kids
D) parachute kids

Question 12

What is the experience of children in families that have immigrated?

A) Having to straddle two different cultures simultaneously to meet the expectations of their family and Canadian peers, but they prioritize the needs of their immediate family.
B) Having to straddle two different cultures simultaneously to meet the expectations of their family and Canadian peers, but they prioritize the needs of their extended family.
C) Having to straddle two different cultures simultaneously to meet the expectations of their immediate and extended family and Canadian peers, while prioritizing the needs of all these groups.
D) Having to straddle two different cultures simultaneously to meet the expectations of their family and Canadian peers, but they prioritize the needs of their Canadian peers.

Question 13

What is the relationship between having children from previous relationships and residency of said children?

A) They do not always live with both parents.
B) They always live with both parents.
C) They live with both parents and the parents' new partners.
D) They live with grandparents, rather than with either partner.

Question 14

What is the relationship between children, parents and their living arrangements after parental separation?

A) The all live under different roofs as the parents set up another household.
B) They all live under the same roof as the parents cannot afford to set up another household.
C) They all live under the same roof as the parents can afford to set up another household.
D) They live with grandparents, rather than with either parent.

Question 15

What explains the changes in children's adjustment and resiliency following parental relationship dissolution?

A) Children fare best when they are exposed to a high level of parental conflict and when their daily routines are maintained.
B) Children fare best when they are not exposed to a high level of parental conflict and when their daily routines are maintained.
C) Children fare best when they are not exposed to a high level of parental conflict and when their daily routines are adjusted.
D) Children fare best when they are exposed to a high level of parental conflict and when their daily routines are adjusted.

Question 16

What challenges do sociologists face when examining the impact of relationship dissolution?

A) The adverse consequences of parental divorce can easily be disentangled from the consequences of having fewer economic resources.
B) The adverse consequences of parental divorce are easily to disentangled from the consequences of having greater economic resources.
C) The adverse consequences of parental divorce are difficult to disentangle from the consequences of having fewer economic resources.
D) The adverse consequences of parental divorce are difficult to disentangle from the consequences of having greater economic resources.

Question 17

What are the positive consequences for children who have parents who divorced?

A) They develop coping skills, engage in conflict and find themselves in more difficult situations, have greater emotional resilience, and independence.
B) They develop coping skills, an ability to manage conflict and difficult situations, lower emotional resilience, and independence.
C) They develop coping skills, an ability to manage conflict and difficult situations, greater emotional resilience, and dependency.
D) They develop coping skills, an ability to manage conflict and difficult situations, greater emotional resilience, and independence.

Question 18

What factors lead fathers to defer to mother's preferences in making decisions about who takes parental leave and for how long?

A) Loss of income, women's breastfeeding, and existing parental leave policy.
B) Loss of income, perceptions of workplace norms, and existing parental leave policy.
C) Women's breastfeeding, perceptions of workplace norms and existing parental leave policy.
D) Women's breastfeeding, family values and existing parental leave policy.

Question 19

What explains the child care arrangements in contemporary families?

A) Most children are placed in unregulated, informal care arrangements because spots in regulated licensed daycare centres are scarce and expensive.
B) Most children are placed in regulated licensed daycare centres.
C) A minority of children are placed in unregulated, informal care arrangements because spots in regulated licensed daycare centres are scarce and expensive.
D) Most children are placed in unregulated, informal care arrangements despite regulated licensed daycare centres having low cost spots available.

Question 20

What percentage of fathers take parental leave to care for their newborn children?

A) 40%
B) 3%
C) 80%
D) 20%

Question 21

What explains the experience of men who become "stay at home fathers"?

A) They cannot find a job that pays well and have no choice.
B) They actively decide to become the primary caregiver.
C) The number of men become stay at home fathers have dropped.
D) They become stay at home fathers to engage they get custody when the couple divorces.

Question 22

Which of the following refers to adult children who move back into the parental home in adulthood?

A) empty nest
B) millennials
C) boomerang kids
D) revolving door kids

Question 23

Why do adult children move back into the parental home in adulthood?

A) inexpensive home ownership
B) high student loan debts
C) low student loan debts
D) low inflation

Question 24

What is a consequence of adult children moving back into the parental home in adulthood?

A) The transition to full independence in adulthood is prolonged.
B) The transition to full independence in adulthood is shortened.
C) The transition to full independence in adulthood is unaffected.
D) The transition to full independence in adulthood is more difficult.

Question 25

How has the rate of young Canadians living with a partner changed?

A) More young Canadians are living with a partner.
B) Fewer young Canadians are living with a partner.
C) The rate of young Canadians living with a partner have not changed.
D) Living with a partner has become more acceptable.

Question 26

What explains the relationship between marital status and rates of adult children leaving home?

A) Those whose parents have divorced leave home earlier than those in blended families.
B) Those whose parents never divorced leave home earlier than those in blended families.
C) Those whose parents have divorced leave home later than those in blended families.
D) Those whose parents never divorced leave home later than those in blended families.

Question 27

What is a common pathway into lone parenting?

A) Accidentally becoming pregnant.
B) Having biological children while in a relationship.
C) Marital or relationship dissolution.
D) Adopting children inside of a union.

Question 28

What explains the change in household size between 1961 and 2001?

A) It has increased.
B) It has remained the same.
C) It includes more extended family.
D) It has decreased.

Question 29

What explains the change in number of one person households between 1961 and 2001?

A) It has increased.
B) It has remained the same.
C) It includes more extended family.
D) It has decreased.

Question 30

What explains the relationship between stigma and remaining single?

A) It has increased.
B) It has remained the same.
C) It includes more extended family.
D) It has decreased.

Question 31

Why has household size changed since 1961?

A) Higher levels of female labour force participation increased women's fertility.
B) Higher levels of female labour force participation decreased women's fertility.
C) Higher levels of involuntarily childlessness decreased women's fertility.
D) Higher levels of involuntarily childlessness increased women's fertility.

Question 32

Which change in family composition statistics occurred for the first time in 2011?

A) There were more couples with children than couples without children.
B) There was a decrease in couples without children.
C) There were an equal number of couples with children than couples without children.
D) There were more couples without children than couples with children.

Question 33

What explains the relationship between gender and one-person households?

A) The proportion of men and women living alone increases with age.
B) The proportion of men and women living alone decreases with age.
C) The proportion of men living alone increases with age.
D) The proportion of women and women living alone decreases with age.

Question 34

What explains the relationship between gender, cohabitation and marriage?

A) More men than men express concern that cohabitation delays marriage.
B) More women than men express concern that cohabitation prompts marriage.
C) More women than men express concern that cohabitation delays marriage.
D) More men than women express concern that cohabitation prompts marriage.

Question 35

What explains the timing of cohabitating relationships?

A) Individuals whose parents separated or divorced left home at a younger age and were less likely to cohabit with a partner rather than marry.
B) Individuals whose parents separated or divorced left home at an older age and were more likely to cohabit with a partner rather than marry.
C) Individuals whose parents separated or divorced left home at an older age and were less likely to cohabit with a partner rather than marry.
D) Individuals whose parents separated or divorced left home at a younger age and were more likely to cohabit with a partner rather than marry.

Question 36

What explains the relationship between pregnancy, cohabitation and marriage?

A) Couples who are committed to each other opt for cohabitation after pregnancy.
B) Couples who are committed to each other opt for marriage after pregnancy.
C) Cohabiting following a pregnancy leads to relationship stability or marital stability.
D) Marriage following a pregnancy does not lead to relationship stability or marital stability.

Question 37

What explains the relationship between cohabitation, marriage and divorce?

A) Couples who are more committed to each other opt for cohabitation.
B) Couples who are less committed to each other opt for marriage.
C) Divorce is more likely among people who cohabit prior to marriage.
D) Divorce is less likely among people who cohabit prior to marriage.

Question 38

What explains the relationship between rate of divorce and second marriages?

A) It is higher.
B) It remains the same.
C) It is lower if the couple cohabit first.
D) It is lower.

Question 39

What is the rate of remarriage after widowhood?

A) It is higher.
B) It remains the same.
C) It is lower if the couple cohabit first.
D) It is lower.

Question 40

According to to Statistics Canada (2011), what is the percentage of Canadian families are single-parent?

A) 5.3%
B) 40.7%
C) 12.7%
D) 16.3%

Question 41

What was the fastest growing family type experiencing homelessness in Canada during the decade of 1990-2000?

A) grandparent families
B) lone father families
C) homeless families
D) lone mother families

Question 42

What percentage of female lone-parent families experience low income?

A) 5%
B) 40%
C) 12%
D) 21%

Question 43

Why does divorce or separation force women with dependent children into poverty?

A) Divorced or separated women are too bitter to enter or remain in paid employment.
B) Women often must pay alimony to their ex-husbands after divorce which decreases their monthly income.
C) Marriage is viewed as an economic alliance between men and women, with omen being dependent on the woman economically.
D) Employers may not be willing to hire a woman with fewer work skills, less training or education and sole responsibility of dependent children.

Question 44

What explains the relationship between Indigenous status and residence of child(ren)?

A) Indigenous children are less likely to live with two parents and less likely to live with a single parent, in foster care, with a relative, or with a grandparent.
B) Indigenous children are more likely to live with two parents and more likely to live with a single parent, in foster care, with a relative, or with a grandparent.
C) Indigenous children are less likely to live with two parents and more likely to live with a single parent, in foster care, with a relative, or with a grandparent.
D) Indigenous children are as likely to live with two parents live with a single parent, in foster care, with a relative, or with a grandparent.

Question 45

What explains the relationship between Indigenous status, age of parent, and number of siblings?

A) A higher proportion of Indigenous children are being raised by young parents and with a greater number of siblings.
B) A lower proportion of Indigenous children are being raised by young parents and with a greater number of siblings.
C) A higher proportion of Indigenous children are being raised by older parents and with a greater number of siblings.
D) A lower proportion of Indigenous children are being raised by young parents and with a lower number of siblings.

Question 46

What explains the relationship between Indigenous status, age of parent, and number of siblings?

A) Many Indigenous children are being raised by older parents who experience healthy economic circumstances and heavier caregiving responsibilities associated with multiple children.
B) Many Indigenous children are being raised by young parents who experience healthy economic circumstances and heavier caregiving responsibilities associated with multiple children.
C) Many Indigenous children are being raised by young parents who experience strained economic circumstances and heavier caregiving responsibilities associated with multiple children.
D) Many Indigenous children are being raised by young parents who experience strained economic circumstances and lighter caregiving responsibilities associated with multiple children.

Question 47

What explains the relationship between Indigenous women and fertility rates?

A) It is higher than that of Indigenous women.
B) It is the same as that of non-Indigenous women.
C) It was unchanged between the 2006 and 2011 Census.
D) It is lower than that of non-Indigenous women.

Question 48

What explains the relationship between Indigenous women and early childbearing?

A) It is always associated with less access to employment, education, child care.
B) It is always associated with more access to employment, education, child care.
C) It is always shaped by the amount of support they received and their strategies for managing parenthood.
D) It is variable and shaped by the amount of support they received and their strategies for managing parenthood.

Question 49

What explains the relationship between Indigenous women and lone parenthood?

A) Indigenous women have lower rates of lone parenthood and experience lengthier periods as single parents, including remaining single parents throughout their lives.
B) Indigenous women have higher rates of lone parenthood and experience shorter periods as single parents.
C) Indigenous women have higher rates of lone parenthood and experience lengthier periods as single parents, including remaining single parents throughout their lives.
D) Indigenous women have lower rates of lone parenthood but remain single parents throughout their lives.

Question 50

What explains the relationship between Indigenous children and poverty?

A) Indigenous children face a lower likelihood of poverty as compared to non-Indigenous children, and this is linked to poorer health outcomes.
B) Indigenous children face a greater likelihood of poverty as compared to non-Indigenous children, and this is linked to poorer health outcomes.
C) Indigenous children face a greater likelihood of poverty as compared to non-Indigenous children, and this is linked to better health outcomes.
D) Indigenous children face a lower likelihood of poverty as compared to non-Indigenous children, and this is linked to better health outcomes.

Question 51

What do we call it when two or more people have and raise a child together?

A) co-parenting
B) parenting
C) shared parenting
D) same-sex parenting

Question 52

Which of the following practices of seeking single parenthood is more accessible to men than women?

A) In vitro fertilization
B) Surrogate motherhood
C) Foreign adoption
D) Foster parenting

Question 53

Senior men (85 and older) tend to live in which residential situation?

A) with a spouse
B) alone
C) with their children
D) in a care facility

Question 54

Which of the family arrangements listed below would be defined as a blended family?

A) Two immediate family members, their spouses and their children.
B) Two families living together.
C) A family where one or both partners already have children.
D) Two people who are both on their second marriage.

Question 55

Why is step mothering more challenging than step fathering?

A) women often don't try hard enough.
B) women have traditionally borne the major responsibilities of child-rearing.
C) men don't share the parental role.
D) stepmothers have been stigmatized as being too easy/sweet.

Question 56

Which family member is at the highest risk for contact loss with children after a divorce?

A) non-custodial fathers
B) custodial grandparents
C) non-custodial stepparents
D) non-custodial grandparents

Question 57

Which relationships experience discontinuity in blended families?

A) mother and father
B) husband and wife
C) grandparent and child
D) parent and child

Question 58

What happens to the relationship between children and their grandparents after a divorce or separation?

A) The relationship grows stronger between both sets of grandparents and the grandchildren.
B) The former daughter-in-law tries to maintain as much contact as possible between her children and their paternal grandparents.
C) Paternal grandparents are most at risk of losing contact with their grandchildren.
D) A continuous relationship with grandparents can have severely negative consequences for children.

Question 59

What, according to Statistics Canada, in 2011, is the percentage of young adults aged 20-24 that lived in their parental house?

A) 12%
B) 30%
C) 42%
D) 75%

Question 60

What, according to the 2011 General Social Survey, is the percentage of Canadians receiving child support that reported receiving the entire amount of child support due to them?

A) 15%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 61

Discuss three reasons that family transitions were more common in the past.

Question 62

Compare the experience of astronaut families and transnational families.

Question 63

Why do so many Canadian young adults (ages 20-30) live with their parents?

Question 64

What is the connection between those Canadians who wish to pursue international adoption and China? Explain.

Question 65

Discuss why stepmothers have a more difficult time than stepfathers in blended marriages

Question 66

What are the main reasons leading to grandparents becoming caregivers to their grandchildren?

Question 67

What role do women's fertility rates play in the shrinkage of number of persons living in a household?

Question 68

Discuss the role of money on familial relationships.

Question 69

Discuss what access Indigenous families to health care and what the consequences of this access are.

Question 70

Discuss two challenges that couple who are infertile face in trying to have children.

Question 71

Discuss the relationship of lone parent families and rates of child poverty.

Question 72

Discuss five challenges that Indigenous family units in Canada face.

Question 73

Second marriages have a higher risk of divorce than first marriages. Why? Elaborate.