Deck 7: Work and Family Life

Question 1

What do we call any work done to care for family members and maintain a household?

A) domestic labour
B) unpaid labour
C) caregiving
D) social reproduction

Answer 1

domestic labour

Question 2

What do we call all the work involved in maintaining a home, including caring for family members?

A) domestic labour
B) unpaid labour
C) caregiving
D) social reproduction

Answer 2

unpaid labour

Question 3

Which type of work involves the tending and nurturing of children or ill, disabled, injured, elderly, or dying family members?

A) domestic labour
B) unpaid labour
C) caregiving
D) social reproduction

Answer 3

caregiving

Question 4

What has been used by sociologists to describe the varied facets of caring work that entail the intergenerational care of family members?

A) domestic labour
B) unpaid labour
C) caregiving
D) social reproduction

Question 5

How many couples in Canada are considered dual earner couples?

A) 9 out of 10
B) 7 out of 10
C) 6 out of 10
D) 5 out of 10

Question 6

What is the relationship between men and unpaid labour?

A) Men spend less time in paid labour and more time in unpaid labour.
B) Men spend more time in paid labour and more time in unpaid labour.
C) Men spend less time in paid labour and less time in unpaid labour.
D) Men spend more time in paid labour and less time in unpaid labour.

Question 7

What occurs when domestic labour is outsourced?

A) The work ends up being done by women who come from more marginalized backgrounds, including newcomers, migrant labour and women of color.
B) Family members, especially grandmothers are drawn in to perform additional unpaid domestic labour so their adult daughters can work.
C) The wages paid to the women for domestic labour are slightly lower than the average wage earned by Canadian women.
D) The wages paid to the women for domestic labour are slightly higher to than the average wage earned by Canadian women.

Question 8

How many Canadians will provide care for an elderly family member in their lifetime?

A) 9 out of 10
B) 7 out of 10
C) 6 out of 10
D) 5 out of 10

Question 9

What is true about the experience of unpaid labour?

A) It can be physically and emotionally taxing, unpleasant, monotonous, repetitive.
B) It can be physically and emotionally satisfying, pleasant, and interesting.
C) It can be physically rewarding but emotionally taxing.
D) It can be physically taxing but and emotionally satisfying.

Question 10

Which of the following describes the relationship between time spent on domestic labour and the age of children?

A) It is most time consuming when children are young and increases as children get older.
B) It is least time consuming when children are young and increases as children get older.
C) It is most time consuming when children are young and declines as children get older.
D) It is least time consuming when children are young and declines as children get older.

Question 11

What challenge do Canadians who are providing caregiving to older family members face?

A) Caregivers are often in part-time with inflexible employment schedules.
B) Caregivers are often in full-time with inflexible employment schedules.
C) Caregivers are often in full-time with flexible employment schedules.
D) Caregivers are often in part-time with flexible employment schedules.

Question 12

What negatively impacts Canadian women who are providing caregiving to older family members?

A) Some women must increase their hours of paid work to pay someone to provide higher levels of elder care.
B) Some women must increase their hours of paid work to pay someone to perform child care, while caregiver is providing elder care.
C) Some women must reduce their hours of paid work to perform child care while they perform elder care.
D) Some women must reduce their hours of paid work to perform elder care.

Question 13

What is the "sandwich generation"?

A) middle-aged adults who find themselves caring for ill spouse, dependent children and elderly parents at the same time
B) middle-aged adults who find themselves caring for elderly parents
C) middle-aged adults who find themselves caring for dependent children and elderly parents at the same time
D) middle-aged adults who find themselves caring for dependent children

Question 14

What happens when Canadians who lack formal workplace support care for sick children?

A) They use their own vacation days or sick days to care for sick children.
B) They increase their hours of paid work to pay someone to care for their sick children.
C) They quit their job and find employment that can be done from home.
D) They quit their job to find more flexible employment.

Question 15

How is unpaid labour valued in Canadian society?

A) It is neither valued and devalued.
B) It is simultaneously valued and devalued.
C) It is highly valued.
D) It is highly devalued.

Question 16

Why is unpaid labour a source of stress in Canadian families?

A) Individuals must balance the amount of unpleasant or unfulfilling housework that must be done.
B) Conflict arises as individuals struggle to complete doing unpleasant or unfulfilling housework.
C) Conflict is managed as housework is shared.
D) Conflict arises as individuals avoid doing unpleasant or unfulfilling housework and housework is not shared.

Question 17

How do gender differences in unpaid labour produce tension in Canadian families?

A) Husbands leave their work and return home for rest and leisure.
B) Husbands feel preoccupied with housework as when they get home from as they found the house too dirty or disorganized to relax in.
C) Wives feel preoccupied with housework and found it difficult to relax or pursue sexual intimacy with husbands because of their worries about children's needs and unfinished housework.
D) Wives leave their work and returned home for rest and leisure.

Question 18

What is the relationship between caregiving and health?

A) As caregiving intensity increases, psychological and physical health declines.
B) As caregiving intensity decreases, psychological and physical health declines.
C) As caregiving intensity increases, psychological and physical health increases.
D) Caregiving intensity, psychological and physical health are unrelated.

Question 19

Which describes the relationship between unpaid labour and employment status of partners?

A) Women in dual-earner families who work full time do more unpaid labour than women in dual-earner families who work full time.
B) Men in dual-earner families do less unpaid labour than men in male-breadwinner families where women are not employed outside the home.
C) Women in dual-earner families who work part time do more unpaid labour than women in dual-earner families who work full time.
D) Men in dual-earner families do the same level of unpaid labour as men in male-breadwinner families where women are not employed outside the home.

Question 20

Why are husbands more satisfied than wives with the arrangement of household tasks?

A) Husbands tend to do chores that do not require physical strength.
B) Husbands are more interested in household chores than women.
C) Men have a wider variety of tasks to choose from.
D) Wives continue to do most household tasks.

Question 21

What is the relationship between unpaid labour and the social class of partners?

A) Low income families where wives earn more than husbands are more likely to outsource housework and child care than high-income families led by male breadwinners.
B) High income families where wives earn more than husbands are more likely to outsource housework and child care than high-income families led by male breadwinners.
C) Low income families where wives earn less than husbands are more likely to outsource housework and child care than high-income families led by male breadwinners.
D) High income families where wives earn more than husbands are less likely to outsource housework and child care than high-income families led by male breadwinners.

Question 22

Why is it that even when both members of a couple say that division of unpaid labour is fair, women report doing more unpaid labour?

A) Men are doing more housework than they have historically.
B) Conflict avoidance by husbands.
C) Conflict avoidance by wives.
D) Conformity to patriarchal gender roles by husbands.

Question 23

What does research show about the organization of unpaid labour in same-sex couples?

A) It finds greater sharing of unpaid labour as compared to opposite-sex couples.
B) It finds lesser sharing of unpaid labour as compared to opposite-sex couples.
C) It finds no difference in levels of sharing of unpaid labour as compared to opposite-sex couples.
D) It finds equal division sharing of unpaid labour as in same-sex couples only when the family unit has children.

Question 24

What is the relationship between paid and unpaid labour?

A) Low earnings or blocked job opportunities may result in men taking on more unpaid labour than their male partners
B) Low earnings or blocked job opportunities may result in women taking on more unpaid labour than their male partners .
C) Low earnings or blocked job opportunities may result in men taking on less unpaid labour than their male partners.
D) Low earnings or blocked job opportunities may result in women taking on more unpaid labour than their male partners.

Question 25

What is the relationship between gender, earnings, and caregiving?

A) Women with children earn more, on average, than women without children.
B) Women with children earn less, on average, than women without children.
C) Women with children earn the same, on average, then women without children.
D) Women overall earn less than men when the woman has no children.

Question 26

In which system are highly skilled and well-educated worker employed in large companies where job security, good wages, benefits, opportunities for advancement, and unionization are more common?

A) standard employment
B) non-standard work
C) primary labour market
D) secondary labour market

Question 27

In which system are unskilled workers employed in smaller companies where wages are low, employment is precarious, few opportunities for promotion exist, and workers do not often have medical benefits or the protection of unionization?

A) standard employment
B) non-standard work
C) primary labour market
D) secondary labour market

Question 28

How do we describe part-time employment that includes working multiple jobs, temporary and seasonal work, contract employment, and self-employment?

A) standard employment
B) non-standard work
C) primary labour market
D) secondary labour market

Question 29

In which system are people working full time year-round for the same company and enjoying health and other benefits?

A) standard employment
B) non-standard work
C) primary labour market
D) secondary labour market

Question 30

People who work in traditionally female-dominated fields earn less money because these jobs are less valued and receive less financial compensation than jobs that were traditionally held by men. What is this phenomenon called?

A) occupational sex-segregation
B) horizontal occupational sex-segregation
C) vertical occupational sex-segregation
D) wage penalty

Question 31

Men and women tend to work in different jobs; some fields are male dominated, such as trucking and skilled trades, and some are female dominated, such as nursing and social work. What is this phenomenon called?

A) occupational sex-segregation
B) horizontal occupational sex-segregation
C) vertical occupational sex-segregation
D) wage penalty

Question 32

What do we call the gender disparity in pay benefits and working conditions that exists within the same occupational field?

A) occupational sex-segregation
B) horizontal occupational sex-segregation
C) vertical occupational sex-segregation
D) wage penalty

Question 33

What challenge do parents of disabled children face in caring for children?

A) The greater need of care from parents reduces hours in paid employment and household income.
B) The lesser need of care from parents enhances hours in paid employment and household income.
C) The greater care from parents reduces hours in paid employment and household income.
D) The lesser care from parents reduces hours in paid employment and household income.

Question 34

What is the relationship between household children and caring for a disabled child?

A) These families are much less likely to live below Canada's low-income cut-off.
B) These families are much more likely to above below Canada's low-income cut-off.
C) These families are just as likely to live below Canada's low-income cut-off as households with no disabled children.
D) These families are much more likely to live below Canada's low-income cut-off.

Question 35

What term describes the fact that men in female-dominated professions such as teaching and social work are disproportionately overrepresented in upper-level management or supervisory positions?

A) glass ceiling
B) maternal wall
C) motherhood barrier
D) glass escalator

Question 36

What term describes the fact that are very few women in senior management and executive positions and a barrier exists to women accessing these positions?

A) glass ceiling
B) maternal wall
C) motherhood barrier
D) glass escalator

Question 37

What term describes the obstacles to career advancement that women face once they become pregnant or have children?

A) glass ceiling
B) maternal wall
C) motherhood barrier
D) glass escalator

Question 38

What term was coined by Hochschild (1997) to describe the mental and emotional energy involved in dealing with the challenges of severe time shortages experienced by contemporary working parents?

A) the Managed Heart
B) the Second Shift
C) the Third Shift
D) the Time Bind

Question 39

What book written by Hochschild (1997) argued that sometimes working parents prefer being at work because their home life is perceived to be more stressful than the workplace?

A) The Managed Heart
B) The Second Shift
C) The Third Shift
D) The Time Bind

Question 40

Which political trend has led to less state support for families, which are viewed as being responsible for their own welfare?

A) neoliberalism
B) neoconservatism
C) socialism
D) the "welfare state"

Question 41

What is the result of changes in social policy during the last thirty years?

A) The burden of care and responsibility has shifted toward the state from individual family members, especially men.
B) The burden of care and responsibility has shifted toward the state from individual family members, especially women.
C) The burden of care and responsibility has shifted away from the state and toward individual family members, especially women.
D) The burden of care and responsibility has shifted away from the state and toward individual family members, especially men.

Question 42

Which aspect of the Canadian Compassionate Care Program makes it more difficult to provide care to ill or dying family members?

A) It provides financial benefits to family members who took time off work to care for a terminally ill family member.
B) The eligibility criteria permit Canadians to care for anyone they consider to be a family member.
C) It shifts the economic burden to state-supported hospitals, palliative care and home care from family members.
D) It requires recent labour force participation to receive benefits, excluding women who do not have recent labour force participation because they have been at home caring for children.

Question 43

What kind of social program requires participation in employment training or volunteerism as a condition of eligibility for financial benefits?

A) welfare
B) workfare
C) employment insurance
D) unemployment insurance

Question 44

What is a common criticism of social programs that require employment training or volunteerism as a condition of eligibility for financial benefits?

A) They offer benefit levels that are below Statistics Canada's low-income cut-offs.
B) They offer benefit levels that are above Statistics Canada's low-income cut-offs, creating dependency on the government.
C) They assume that people on welfare are lazy and do not want to work for a living.
D) They shift resources away from providing enough income to live to subsidizing activities that may or may not help people get off welfare.

Question 45

What is true of Canada's social programs, compared with international social welfare provisions?

A) Canada provides a more generous level of income than international comparisons.
B) Canada's eligibility criteria for benefits are more generous than international comparisons.
C) Canada's eligibility criteria for benefits are more strict or restrictive than international comparisons.
D) Canada's social welfare results in lower levels of poverty than international comparisons.

Question 46

How do we categorize the systems in countries like Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which intervene heavily to achieve desired social outcomes?

A) private family
B) family-oriented
C) state-based
D) "non-interventionist"

Question 47

How do we categorize the systems in countries like the UK and the United States, where the state offers very little because the family is viewed as being able to take care of itself?

A) private family
B) family-oriented
C) state-based
D) "work-family balance,"

Question 48

How do we categorize the system in a country like France, where the government has a public interest in families and provides generous benefits?

A) private family
B) family-oriented
C) state-based
D) "work-family alternating"

Question 49

How do we describe the systems in countries like Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Iceland that have policies to help parents remain in the labour force, even if they have young children?

A) "work-family balance,"
B) family-oriented
C) "work-family alternating"
D) "non-interventionist"

Question 50

How do we describe the systems in countries like Germany, France, and the Netherlands, which have developed policies to support women staying at home to raise young children but then also to support them as they re-enter the labour market?

A) "work-family balance,"
B) family-oriented
C) "work-family alternating"
D) "non-interventionist"

Question 51

How do we describe the system in a country like the United States, which does not have policies for parental leave or child care?

A) "work-family balance,"
B) family-oriented
C) "work-family alternating"
D) "non-interventionist"

Question 52

Which categories does Canada fit into?

A) "work-family balance,"
B) family-oriented
C) "work-family alternating"
D) "non-interventionist"

Question 53

Which type of family use home-based daycare?

A) middle-income families with household incomes between $40 000 and $100 000
B) low-income families that receive government subsidies
C) high-income families with household incomes above $100 000
D) families on social assistance making less than $10 000 a year

Question 54

Which type of family uses licensed daycare centers?

A) middle-income families with household incomes between $40 000 and $100 000
B) low-income families that do not receive government subsidies
C) families on social assistance making less than $10 000 a year
D) low-income families that receive government subsidies

Question 55

How did the number of stay at home fathers change between the 2001 and 2011 Census?

A) The number was unchanged.
B) The number increased
C) The number decreased
D) The change was minimal.

Question 56

Which best describes the care fathers give to their children?

A) They provide adequate care.
B) They provide higher quality care than stay at home mothers.
C) They provide lower quality care than stay at home mothers.
D) The quality of care provided is like that of stay at home mothers.

Question 57

What do we call it when mothers leave behind young children in their country of origin to care for Canadian children?

A) International mothering
B) Transnational mothering
C) National mothering
D) Mothering

Question 58

What aspect of the Live-in Caregiver Program causes social inequality?

A) It provides women from foreign countries such as the Philippines to work in Canada as nannies.
B) It provides women from foreign countries such as the Philippines the opportunity to receive permanent resident status after two years of caregiving.
C) It can leave workers to be exploited and abused by their employers but unable to do anything about their situation because of their immigration and economic status.
D) It prevents workers from being exploited and abused by their employers as, after two years, their nanny would leave if exploited or abused.

Question 59

Discuss how the division of unpaid labour occurs in families with same-sex couples.

Question 60

Explain the relationship between caregiving and health.

Question 61

Discuss how the stress of unpaid labour create stress and conflict in families.

Question 62

Discuss how social policy and workplace policies make it difficult for parents to take "sick days" to care for their children.

Question 63

What is the relationship between the "glass ceiling" and women's income relative to that of men?

Question 64

Discuss challenges faced by families in providing elder care.

Question 65

What is the "sandwich generation"? Who today in Canada is predominantly included in this generation?

Question 66

Discuss the challenges parents face in providing care for disabled children.

Question 67

Distinguish any two of the following concepts: horizontal occupational sex segregation, vertical occupational sex segregation, "wage penalty"

Question 68

Define non-standard employment and precarious work and discuss how it impacts family life?

Question 69

Discuss two ways that social policy is based on specific assumptions about the role of men and women in the household.

Question 70

Discuss challenges parents face in establishing a work-life balance.

Question 71

Discuss how women experience gender inequalities in unpaid labour in the home?