Deck 6: Parenting: Child-Bearing, Socialization, and Parenting Challenges

Question 1

What factors have led to delayed child birth or having no children?

A) increased life longevity
B) changes in women's roles
C) changes in men's roles
D) decreased life longevity

Answer 1

changes in women's roles

Question 2

What statements explains changes in child-bearing patterns?

A) It is much less common than it was in the past.
B) It is much more common today than it was in the past.
C) It is much less rewarding than it was in the past.
D) It is much less costly than it was in the past.

Answer 2

It is much less common than it was in the past.

Question 3

Which factor was responsible for Canada's declining birth rate over the past century?

A) It was less expensive to raise children in cities than in rural areas.
B) Industrialization meant more children were needed to work on farms.
C) Children shifted from being a family burden to a family resource.
D) Changing views about the value of children.

Answer 3

Changing views about the value of children.

Question 4

How has Canada's fertility rate changed?

A) There was an increase in birth rates in Canada from mid-twentieth to twenty-first centuries.
B) The birth rates in Canada from nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries were unchanged.
C) There was a decline in birth rates in Canada from nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries.
D) There was an increase in birth rates in Canada from nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries.

Question 5

Which statement explains contraceptive use in Canada?

A) The mass availability of contraceptives was the cause of the decline in birthrate
B) Widespread use of contraception has been the means of the decline in birthrate.
C) Canadians have the highest rate of contraceptive use in the world.
D) Americans have the lowest rate of contraceptive use in the world.

Question 6

What proportion of Canadian women use birth control?

A) 10%
B) 23%
C) 53%
D) 73%

Question 7

How has the rate of teenage pregnancies in Canada changed since the 1970s?

A) It has increased slightly.
B) It has not changed.
C) It has increased dramatically.
D) It has dropped dramatically.

Question 8

Which statement describes the experience of many women who enter parenthood as teenagers?

A) They had family and societal support.
B) They had half the average family income than the national average.
C) They were no more stressed about parenting than older mothers.
D) They did not receive support from society for child care.

Question 9

Which behaviour is associated with increased risk of teenage pregnancy?

A) absence of alcohol abuse of a family member
B) physical assault by a family member
C) getting drunk for the first time as an adult
D) having sex for the first time as an adult

Question 10

Which of the following is a public health concern regarding teenage pregnancy and its relationship to poor infant health and mortality?

A) low birth weight babies
B) heavy birth weight babies
C) underweight mothers
D) obese mothers

Question 11

Which statement describes the experience of mothers?

A) They are still forming their own identities which further aggravate the stress of parenting.
B) Outside support often hinders a teen mother handle the demands of the baby.
C) Those who enter parenthood expectedly find the role stressful and their children difficult.
D) Children born to adolescent mothers are less likely to have behavioral disorders.

Question 12

What of the following factors influence fathers to stay or leave a pregnant teenager partner?

A) employment opportunities
B) familial support
C) pressure to get married
D) educational opportunities

Question 13

Which types of men are most teen mothers involved with?

A) Men who were 2 to 5 years younger than the teenage woman they impregnated.
B) Men who were 4 to 6 years older than the teenage woman they impregnated.
C) Men who were 10 to 12 years older than the teenage mother.
D) Men who were 1 to 3 years younger than the teenage mother.

Question 14

Which micro-level arguments explains teen pregnancy?

A) inadequate educational opportunities
B) lack of access to birth control
C) poor parenting
D) strict abortion laws

Question 15

Which statement about the social experience of single mothers is correct?

A) Most lone-parent families are a result of the dissolution of a relationship.
B) The proportion of Canadian families led by single mothers has been decreasing over the past 25 years.
C) Single mothers do not face any increased risk of physical or mental health problems.
D) As many single mothers, as married mothers have children who are well adjusted, smart and sociable.

Question 16

Which statement regarding voluntary childless couples is correct?

A) They feel less fulfilled than parents.
B) They experience more stress than couples with children.
C) They experience more stress than couples with children
D) They feel just as fulfilled than parents.

Question 17

How are modern family adoption patterns categorized?

A) homogamy
B) endogamy
C) exogamy
D) heterogamy

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of a pro-natalist society?

A) People view children as a liability rather than an asset to the family.
B) People expect all women to bear children and stigmatize those who fail to produce children.
C) People view parenthood as a rite of passage into adulthood.
D) People believe that no child households do not really constitute a family.

Question 19

Which statement best explains changes in the rates of assisted reproduction in Canada?

A) They are high and rising rapidly.
B) They are high and falling rapidly.
C) They are low and rising slowly.
D) They are low and falling slowly.

Question 20

What increases women's satisfaction with assisted fertility treatments?

A) If they find the clinic experience humbling.
B) If they resent the experience of male domination in fertility clinics
C) If they appreciate the importance of medical skills, respect, coordination, accessibility, information, comfort, support of fertility clinic staff.
D) If they dislike the importance of medical skills, respect, coordination, accessibility, information, comfort, support of fertility clinic staff.

Question 21

Which statement explains the relationship between parenthood and satisfaction?

A) Childless couples report lower marital satisfaction than parents do.
B) New mothers report the highest level of marital satisfaction among any other women.
C) As number of children increases, marital satisfaction decreases.
D) Younger parents reported higher marital satisfaction than older parents.

Question 22

Which statement explains circumstances regarding Canadian parenting?

A) Moms in their 40's are more likely to be raising toddlers today.
B) More teens today than in the past live with married parents.
C) There is a decline in the number of boomerang children.
D) Lone father families make up the majority of lone parent families.

Question 23

Which statement explains the experience of becoming an adoptive parent or step-parent?

A) It is more complicated than becoming a biological parent.
B) It is less stressful than the adjustment to biological parenthood.
C) It is less joyous than the birth of a biological child.
D) It is more stressful than the adjustment to biological parenthood.

Question 24

Which statements describes the socialization process?

A) It is the process an individual goes through to develop into a functioning member of society.
B) It has an individual goes through with siblings to develop closer bonds.
C) It helps an individual develop good social skills.
D) It indoctrinates an individual into a larger collective organization.

Question 25

Which statement describes the process of primary socialization?

A) It is usually conducted by the child's teachers.
B) It impacts children's future values, aspirations, personality.
C) It is the responsibility of the state.
D) It is limited to reading, writing and mathematics.

Question 26

Which statement describes the process of gender socialization?

A) It is a social interaction between men and women.
B) It is the learning of gender-based norms of behaviour.
C) It is the development of gender stereotypes.
D) It is the development of a positive attitude towards the other sex.

Question 27

What is the first major socialization agent(s) in North American society that children experience?

A) family
B) peer groups
C) schools
D) the mass media

Question 28

Which elements produce the least effective and nurturing parenting conditions?

A) Love and attachment
B) Emotional stability
C) Protection and control
D) Economic and financial support

Question 29

Which of the following would be considered an attachment figure?

A) Custodial grandparents.
B) Someone who is biologically related to the baby.
C) Someone who is paid by the parental units to baby sit the child.
D) Someone who provides support, protection, care upon which an infant depends.

Question 30

What happens when a child feels that their attachment figure is nearby?

A) The child is likely to feel anxiety and distressed.
B) The child will feel despair and depression.
C) The child feels loved, secure and confident.
D) The child feels unsafe, insecure and frightened.

Question 31

Which type of child could be labeled as feeling "secure"?

A) Those that become upset when the parent leaves the room, but are seek out and are comforted when the parent returns.
B) Those that do not become upset when the parent leaves the room and continue to play with other children.
C) Those who become upset when the parent leaves the room and are inconsolable even after the parent returns.
D) Those who do not become upset when the parent leaves the room who later seek the parent when he or she returns.

Question 32

Which statement explains the importance of parental support?

A) Children with kind, encouraging parents usually get lower grades in school
B) Children with kind, encouraging parents have less social competence.
C) Children with kind, encouraging parents get into more trouble with teachers.
D) Children with kind, encouraging parents have learned that people in authority positions are there to help them.

Question 33

What occurs with children who live in families that have sit-down meals together at least three times a week?

A) They are less likely to become delinquents in their adolescence.
B) They communicate more effectively with parents and siblings.
C) They have fewer emotional problems as adults.
D) They are at a higher risk of becoming obese.

Question 34

Which parenting style is characterized by high acceptance/low control?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) unengaged
D) permissive

Question 35

Which parenting style is most closely linked to high levels of academic performance and mental well-being?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) unengaged

Question 36

Which parenting style is most closely linked to the underdevelopment of expressiveness and independence in children?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) unengaged

Question 37

Which parenting style is characterized by low acceptance/low control?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) unengaged

Question 38

What occurs in instances of power assertions?

A) The caregiver threatens a child with punishment for compliance.
B) The child continues behaviour to avoid punishment.
C) The child's sense of morality is externally driven.
D) The child's sense of morality is internally driven.

Question 39

What is the most effective and positive form of disciplining?

A) affectionate persuasion
B) induction
C) love withdrawal
D) power assertions

Question 40

Which statement explains public opinion regarding corporal punishment?

A) Most people reported that they have never spanked their child before.
B) Most people support spanking if done by parents but oppose it if done by others.
C) Most people in Canada believe that spanking should be made illegal.
D) Most parents who use physical punishment were never spanked as a child.

Question 41

What occurs with children who are disciplined using inductive techniques?

A) They have more difficulty making independent decisions.
B) They are more aware of contributing to another's distress.
C) They are likely to develop interpersonal problems in adulthood.
D) They require more supervision and attention from parents.

Question 42

What is a result of a child experiencing feelings of guilt?

A) a guilty conscience
B) external moral control
C) internal moral control
D) conventional morality

Question 43

What do parents who use physical punishment usually want to achieve?

A) obedience to simple demands
B) respect
C) to convey feelings of love
D) to instill feelings of guilt

Question 44

Which statement describes the impact of corporal punishment?

A) No evidence has been found to suggest that harsh childhood discipline produces long-term negative consequences.
B) Surveys suggest parents infrequently use physical punishment.
C) Physical punishment, such as spanking, is usually an effective technique.
D) Children who were physically punished are more likely to use physical punishment when they are parents themselves.

Question 45

What did a study of parenting styles by Egypt, Dwairy and Menshar (2006) discover?

A) Parents are more likely to use the authoritative style of parenting with females.
B) Parents tended to use the permissive style of parenting with males in rural communities.
C) In rural communities, the authoritarian style of parenting was more common, especially for the parenting of male adolescents.
D) The authoritative style of parenting was more common in rural communities than urban ones.

Question 46

What is true about the cultural differences in authoritarian parenting?

A) Authoritarian parenting has negative effects on children in all cultures.
B) Authoritarian parenting may only be harmful when the child perceives it as unusual, abusive, or malevolent.
C) Authoritarian parenting is more common in North American culture than other cultures around the world.
D) Authoritarian parenting is generally practiced among parents of female children, rather than male.

Question 47

What can occur when parents are caring for a chronically ill child?

A) emotional repletion
B) estrangement between family members
C) physical neglect of the sick child's healthy siblings
D) enhancement of relationships between family members

Question 48

What describes the level of gay, lesbian, bisexual, trans-gendered youth in the homeless youth population?

A) They are overrepresented in.
B) They are underrepresented in.
C) They are influenced by regional populations.
D) They are just as represented as other types of youth.

Question 49

What increases children's internalization of problems?

A) single parent families
B) two parent families
C) lesbian parents
D) gay parents

Question 50

What explains the capabilities of gay and lesbian families correctly?

A) The lack of a father figure in lesbian families leads to psychological problems for male children.
B) Children of same-sex couples are more likely to grow up gay or lesbian than children of heterosexual couples.
C) The lack of clear, gendered "mother" and "father" roles often confuses and disturbs young children.
D) Most of studies support the finding that same-sex parents are just as capable in childrearing as heterosexual parents.

Question 51

What difference(s) exist between children raised by same-sex parents and children raised by heterosexual parents?

A) Children raised by heterosexual parents tend to adapt more easily to change.
B) No significant differences have been found between children raised in the two environments.
C) Children raised by homosexual parents are more skill-oriented, but tend to be more introverted.
D) Children raised by homosexual parents tend to suffer more psychological problems.

Question 52

Why does immigration to North America pose a challenge for cross-cultural parenting attitudes?

A) Cultural differences may arise between the parent and their more acculturated child.
B) Economic difficulties upon arrival to the new country lowers stress in the family.
C) There are similar ideas about parenting between their new country and their country of origin.
D) Cultural differences may arise between siblings that are acculturated than their parents.

Question 53

What explains the incidence of low income for many single mothers?

A) ethnicity
B) sexual orientation
C) divorce
D) place of residence

Question 54

How has the number of common law couples changed from 2006 to 2011?

A) It is unchanged.
B) It has increased.
C) It has decreased.
D) It has increased dramatically.

Question 55

How has the number of same sex couples changed from 2006 to 2011? ?

A) It is unchanged.
B) It has increased.
C) It has decreased.
D) It has increased dramatically.

Question 56

Which of the following best describes early adoption practices?

A) Officials handled adoption in secrecy.
B) Official disclosed records only to the child and adoptive parents.
C) Official disclosed records only to the biological parents.
D) Children were told that they had been adopted.

Question 57

What number of children is show to increase the rate of parental dissatisfaction?

A) 4
B) 3
C) 2
D) 1

Question 58

What explains the impact of communication technology on the parent-child relationship?

A) It serves as a way for children to socialize their parents by teaching them how to use technology.
B) Parents and children easily reach agreements about the use of these devices.
C) Parents and children have trouble reaching agreements about the use of these devices.
D) There is minimal or no impact of technology on parent-child relationships.

Question 59

Describe any significant changes to the trends in the Canadian birth rate between the mid 1800's and the beginning of the 21^st century.

Question 60

Identify and explain three factors that research has found to be associated with teenage pregnancies.

Question 61

Discuss gender differences in parents' levels of happiness after having children.

Question 62

Discuss how having children affects couples' level of martial satisfaction.

Question 63

Discuss how poverty impacts parenting.

Question 64

Discuss reasons why mothers are more held responsible than fathers for a child's obesity.

Question 65

Discuss the prevalence of corporal (physical) punishment and its impact on children?

Question 66

Contrast any two types of parenting styles in terms of acceptance, control and potential outcomes

Question 67

Explain the historical reasons that impacted negatively on Indigenous families.

Question 68

Discuss the social outcomes for teen mothers compared to older mothers.

Question 69

The authors of the text have argued that fair and moderate discipline toward children with produce the most beneficial results in terms of control. Explain what exactly they mean by this.

Question 70

Discuss how caring for a sick or disabled child affects parents, the sick/disabled child and non-disabled siblings.