Deck 3: Correctional Practice From Ancient to Contemporary Times

Question 1

By the end of this time period in England, punishment had become less cruel and moved toward exhibitory punishments such as stocks and pillories.

A) William the Conqueror's reign.
B) Mosaic.
C) Middle Ages.
D) King Hammurabi's reign.

Answer 1

Middle Ages.

Question 2

A system of royal courts that had a primary interest in settling disputes of landholders was established in England by

A) King Hammurabi.
B) Napoleon.
C) the Romans.
D) William the Conqueror

Answer 2

William the Conqueror

Question 3

Two themes important in the development of imprisonment as punishment were

A) isolation and labor.
B) inclusion and work.
C) capital and corporal punishment.
D) assembly and idleness.

Answer 3

isolation and labor.

Question 4

What goal was to be achieved by separating prisoners from each other?

A) They would be deterred from future crime.
B) Prisons could be built more economically.
C) Penitence would be encouraged and cross-contamination of evil ideas prevented.
D) All the above were stated goals of separating prisoners.
E) None of the above were stated goals of separating prisoners.

Question 5

This person is often considered the greatest prison reformer of modern times.

A) Moses.
B) William the Conqueror.
C) Howard Johnson.
D) John Howard.

Question 6

The first state prison in the sense of a facility housing only convicted offenders (not those simply accused of crime) from all over the state was

A) Boston Prison.
B) Newgate Prison (Simsbury, CT).
C) Walnut Street Jail (Philadelphia).
D) Castle Island (Boston).

Question 7

Which of the following was NOT a feature of the Penitentiary Act of 1779?

A) Facilities will undergo systematic inspection.
B) Fees for basic services, such as food, can be charged to persons arrested for felonies, but not to persons arrested for misdemeanors.
C) Discipline at the facilities will follow a reformatory regimen.
D) Persons being held should be kept in solitary confinement.

Question 8

Which of the following is LEAST true of the Pennsylvania System?

A) It employed a "separate and silent" strategy.
B) It improved a prisoner's physical, moral, and mental health.
C) It was designed with seven cell blocks radiating from a hublike center.
D) It was more expensive to build and operate than the Auburn System.

Question 9

Which of the following is LEAST true of the Auburn System?

A) It was also referred to as the "congregate and silent" system.
B) It relied on lockstep marching for prisoner movement.
C) Cells were built back-to-back on five tiers.
D) It often resulted in the mental breakdown of prisoners due to the constant solitary confinement.

Question 10

In comparing the merits of the Pennsylvania and Auburn models, proponents of the Auburn system claimed it

A) was easier to control prisoners.
B) provided more opportunity for mediation and repentance.
C) was cheaper to construct and run.
D) avoided cross-contamination of prisoners through strict solitary confinement.

Question 11

In comparing the merits of the Pennsylvania and Auburn models, proponents of the Pennsylvania system claimed it

A) provided more opportunity for mediation and repentance.
B) was less damaging to prisoners' mental health.
C) produced more money for the state.
D) provided better vocational training.

Question 12

Which statement is LEAST true of the Elmira Reformatory?

A) It accepted offenders from ages 16 to 30.
B) It placed offenders into three classes depending on their achievement and conduct.
C) It provided extensive trade (vocational) training.
D) It used determinate sentencing strategies.

Question 13

In which of the following did the new women's reformatories of the late nineteenth century differ from those for men?

A) Women's reformatories were built in a cottage plan with the women living in small individual units (cottages).
B) Women's reformatories relied on solitary confinement whereas the men's prisons of the same time period had moved away from solitary confinement.
C) Women's reformatories held felons only, whereas the men's prisons of the time housed misdemeanants as well as felons.
D) Women's reformatories provided vocational training that would result in higher paying jobs than did the men's prisons.

Question 14

Prisons in the agricultural South made use of a ________ that provided labor to plantation owners and other farmers who needed help with crops.

A) credit system
B) payment system
C) lease system
D) fee system

Question 15

Prisons developed differently in the South and North. Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of the differences?

A) There was a preference in the South to have justice dispensed at the state rather than local level.
B) Religious groups in the North promoted penitentiaries, whereas religious groups in the South preferred the application of corporal and capital punishment.
C) Destruction brought by the Civil War meant Southerners directed their attention toward rebuilding their homes and communities rather than at philanthropic endeavors aimed at criminals.
D) The South's agricultural economy made prison farms and work camps more viable than large penitentiaries where inmates produced a product.

Question 16

Progressive reformers argued that antisocial behavior occurs less because of free will and more as a result of

A) race.
B) illness.
C) gender.
D) stupidity.

Question 17

Prison programs in the late twentieth century were more likely to emphasize

A) educational training.
B) vocational training.
C) diagnosis.
D) restorative justice procedures.

Question 18

The steps of examination, diagnosis, and treatment exemplify the

A) reformatory movement.
B) medical model.
C) principal of decentralization.
D) corrections system in the nineteenth-century South.

Question 19

The declining U.S. crime rate from 2007 through 2014 can be attributed to

A) having put so many criminals in prison.
B) better policing.
C) increased us of anticrime technology.
D) All the above played some role in the declining crime rate.
E) None of the above contributed to the declining crime rate.

Question 20

Based on a meta-analysis of public opinion research regarding criminal justice reform, we can conclude that the public

A) supports harsh sentencing policies, especially for all types of drug convictions.
B) is willing to have a halfway house in their neighborhood if it helps support offenders who are trying to change.
C) is more likely today to favor rehabilitation, treatment, and support efforts than to support harsh sentencing policies.
D) express similar views on criminal justice issues regardless of race.

Question 21

According to a 2012 public opinion survey, American voters believe

A) too few people are in prison.
B) more nonviolent offenders need to be imprisoned.
C) too little money is being spent on imprisonment.
D) too many people are in prison.

Question 22

Public opinion surveys indicate that respondents believe about ________ percent of the current prison population could be released from prison and not pose a threat to overall public safety.

A) 5
B) 20
C) 60
D) 80

Question 23

The Code of Hammurabi provided the basis for criminal and civil law.

Question 24

The Hebrew legal system is also referred to as the Roman Law.

Question 25

When the townsfolk expelled Jane from the village, she was banished, but when Joe was sent to a remote location to be used as a laborer, he was transported.

Question 26

Men, but not women, were transported from England to the British colonies in Australia.

Question 27

Old merchant and naval ships that were converted into floating prisons were called chunks.

Question 28

London's Bridewell House provided an especially good example of the idea that prisoners should be required to work hard at disagreeable tasks.

Question 29

The first completely independent and physically separate prison for women in the United States was the Indiana Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls.

Question 30

Silence under the Auburn System was enforced through lockstep marching and downcast eyes.

Question 31

The reformatory movement was notable for its equal treatment of both white and black women offenders since race played no role in who was placed in reformatories rather than custodial prisons.

Question 32

Western states that were able to develop stable prison systems in the nineteenth century likely did so because they kept open the channels of influence from states in the East.

Question 33

As reformers, Progressives differed from those in earlier decades by being professional experts rather than amateur volunteers.

Question 34

The medical approach argued that society's response to the criminal should be guided by physicians and should rely on medication.

Question 35

The approach taken to women offenders in the late twentieth century argued that since women present low risk to public safety they should receive greater consideration for community-based sentences that do men.

Question 36

By the late twentieth century, the disproportionately high presence of African-Americans in the nation's prisons had been significantly reduced and the prison population of African-Americans was essentially the same as it was in the general population.

Question 37

The declining crime rate in the United States can be attributed in part to the increased use of such anticrime technologies as car theft prevention devices.

Question 38

The decline in prison admissions has been driven in part by a realization that taxpayers can get a better return on their public safety dollars by investing in diversion programs than in increased reliance on prisons.

Question 39

The ________ Tables, which provided the basis for private rights of Roman citizens, consisted mainly of ancient custom and concerned procedural more than substantive laws.

Question 40

Transportation was used by England primarily for ________ purposes.

Question 41

When the American Revolution stopped transportation of criminals from England, the British began transporting to their new colony of ________.

Question 42

For a period of 80 years, England kept convicts imprisoned on old merchant and naval ships called prison ________.

Question 43

Hospice facilities gave rise to the idea that prisoners should be isolated whereas houses of correction gave rise to the idea that prisoners should be required to ________.

Question 44

Eastern State Penitentiary exemplified use of the ________ system.

Question 45

When reviewing the history of penal institutions, the term ________ refers to a system of prison discipline that incorporates a more humanitarian approach to confinement.

Question 46

Features of the ________ movement included an emphasis on education and trade training, indeterminate sentences, and early release from prison.

Question 47

One explanation for California's overcrowded prisons in the late Nineteenth Century was the lack of satisfactory ________ procedures that meant more non-serious offenders went into the prisons.

Question 48

________ were reformers who collected and analyzed data using social science methods and made treatment decisions based on scientific understanding of the time.

Question 49

The ________ model approach argued that society's response to the criminal should include examination, diagnosis, and treatment.

Question 50

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Banishment

A) A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community.
B) Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas.
C) Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons
D) The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.
E) Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system.

Question 51

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Hospice of St. Michael

A) A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community.
B) Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas.
C) Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons
D) The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.
E) Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system.

Question 52

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Reformatory

A) A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community.
B) Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas.
C) Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons
D) The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.
E) Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system.

Question 53

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Prison hulks

A) A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community.
B) Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas.
C) Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons
D) The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.
E) Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system.

Question 54

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Auburn Prison

A) A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community.
B) Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas.
C) Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons
D) The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.
E) Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system.

Question 55

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Progressivism

A) Prison officials provide inmates to a private contractor to do labor for a specified sum and for a fixed time.
B) Reform movement that resulted in widespread, significant political and social reforms in many social institutions, including prisons.
C) A proposed plan allowing offenders to return to the community as a law-abiding citizen.
D) Administration of justice is left to local authorities rather than the state level.
E) A case history is developed to identify causes or sources of illness.

Question 56

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Lease system

A) Prison officials provide inmates to a private contractor to do labor for a specified sum and for a fixed time.
B) Reform movement that resulted in widespread, significant political and social reforms in many social institutions, including prisons.
C) A proposed plan allowing offenders to return to the community as a law-abiding citizen.
D) Administration of justice is left to local authorities rather than the state level.
E) A case history is developed to identify causes or sources of illness.

Question 57

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Treatment

A) Prison officials provide inmates to a private contractor to do labor for a specified sum and for a fixed time.
B) Reform movement that resulted in widespread, significant political and social reforms in many social institutions, including prisons.
C) A proposed plan allowing offenders to return to the community as a law-abiding citizen.
D) Administration of justice is left to local authorities rather than the state level.
E) A case history is developed to identify causes or sources of illness.

Question 58

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Decentralization

A) Prison officials provide inmates to a private contractor to do labor for a specified sum and for a fixed time.
B) Reform movement that resulted in widespread, significant political and social reforms in many social institutions, including prisons.
C) A proposed plan allowing offenders to return to the community as a law-abiding citizen.
D) Administration of justice is left to local authorities rather than the state level.
E) A case history is developed to identify causes or sources of illness.

Question 59

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Examination

A) Prison officials provide inmates to a private contractor to do labor for a specified sum and for a fixed time.
B) Reform movement that resulted in widespread, significant political and social reforms in many social institutions, including prisons.
C) A proposed plan allowing offenders to return to the community as a law-abiding citizen.
D) Administration of justice is left to local authorities rather than the state level.
E) A case history is developed to identify causes or sources of illness.

Question 60

Early on, women were transported to Australia in the hope that they would act as a moralizing influence over Australia's coarse masculine society of settlers and ex-convicts. Explain how that idea worked out.

Question 61

The chapter describes two important themes in the development of imprisonment as punishment. Identify those two themes and explain the role each had.

Question 62

Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems and explain why the Auburn system became the more widely adopted in the United States.

Question 63

How did progressivism affect corrections in the United States during the twentieth century?

Question 64

The "separate and silent" system used at Eastern State Penitentiary seemed based on sound principles such as avoiding cross-contamination of evil ideas, but suffered from implementation problems such as being able to maintain silence among the prisoners and not having work tasks that could be completed in a small cell. How might contemporary technology and craft labor be used to overcome those Nineteenth Century problems? Would it be worthwhile to try the "separate and silent"
again?

Question 65

The chapter points out that support for sentencing and corrections reform is strong across geographical regions, age, gender and from all political perspectives (it is more polarized around race). Discuss why you think these issues of sentencing and corrections reform have such widespread support. Why might change still be difficult to achieve despite that support?