Deck 6: Jails and Pretrial Release

Question 1

When authorities arrest a person suspected of having committed a crime, two conflicting goals are put in motion. Which of the following best reflects the community goal?

A) Ensuring the suspect will appear for trial.
B) Preparing a defense.
C) Avoiding damage to family life.
D) Maintaining employment.

Answer 1

Ensuring the suspect will appear for trial.

Question 2

The most frequent non-financial release procedure for a criminal is

A) conditional release.
B) unsecured bond.
C) release on recognizance (ROR).
D) bail bond.

Answer 2

release on recognizance (ROR).

Question 3

A written agreement presented by the defendant, who agrees to pay cash or surrender property to the court if he or she fails to attend required court appearances is called a

A) surety of peace.
B) bail bond.
C) writ of mandamus.
D) controle judiciare.

Answer 3

bail bond.

Question 4

________ is a type of pretrial release in which defendants are placed at liberty in the community without having to make a payment but are still responsible for the full bail amount if they fail to meet required court appearances.

A) Conditional release
B) Unsecured bond
C) Release on recognizance
D) Bail bond

Question 5

Under which type of pretrial release is the defendant allowed to remain at liberty in the community solely on his or her promise to appear for trial at the required time.

A) Release on recognizance.
B) Promissory note.
C) Conditional release.
D) Bail bond.

Question 6

Data from a sample of state court felony cases found what percentage of defendants who were released prior to case disposition made all scheduled court appearances and had not pretrial misconduct.

A) 20%.
B) 40%.
C) 70%.
D) 90%.

Question 7

In those states with integrated jail-prison systems, responsibility for the administration and operation of jails located throughout the state lies with

A) city government.
B) county government.
C) state government.
D) federal government.

Question 8

Most accurately, the two functions of jails are

A) detaining persons awaiting trial and holding persons awaiting execution.
B) providing short-term confinement for misdemeanants and long-term confinement for felons.
C) detaining persons awaiting trial and punishing convicted persons awaiting sentencing.
D) providing short term confinement for non-felon convictions and detaining persons awaiting trial, sentencing, or transfer.

Question 9

Jails, but not prisons, usually

A) are operated by state governments.
B) hold convicted felons.
C) house males and females in separate facilities.
D) detain persons not yet convicted of a crime.

Question 10

Jail inmates are predominantly

A) male.
B) juveniles.
C) Black/African-American and non-Hispanic.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 11

From 2000 to 2014, the percentage of jail inmates who were white, non-Hispanic ________, whereas the percentage of jail inmates who were non-Hispanic African-Americans ________.

A) decreased / increased
B) stayed constant / increased
C) increased / decreased
D) decreased / stayed constant

Question 12

In 1990, women were 9 percent of the jail population. By 2014 that percentage had grown to

A) 15%.
B) 27%.
C) 33%.
D) 47%.

Question 13

As more research is conducted on women involved in the criminal justice system, it becomes increasingly clear that

A) there are no, or at least minimal, differences in the paths to criminality taken by males and females.
B) there are no, or at least minimal, differences in how men and women respond to custody and supervision.
C) when differences between men and women are accounted for in jail and prison management, such gender-informed responses can actually enhance the safety and security of jails and prisons.
D) All the above are supported by the research.
E) None of the above is supported by the research.

Question 14

In order to provide secure and humane confinement conditions for female inmates, the jail environment and procedures should be modified in which of the following ways?

A) Information regarding what child-care arrangements have been made for the inmate's children should be provided.
B) Cell doors should be kept unlocked or open so greater interaction among women inmates can occur.
C) Female-only group treatment activities should be provided.
D) All the above are needed modifications.
E) None of the above is a needed modification.

Question 15

According to the box "Ten Things We Know About Women in Jails"

A) women entering jails are less likely than men entering jails to have experienced poverty and various forms of victimization.
B) most jail classification systems are used to guide decisions about housing and security for women even though those systems have not been validated specifically for women.
C) when women released from incarceration are rearrested and returned to confinement, it is most often for having committed new crimes rather than for technical violations.
D) All the above are accurate statements.
E) None of the above is an accurate statement.

Question 16

Of the inmates in Indian Country jails who were confined for a violent offense, most were there for assault and

A) domestic violence.
B) arson.
C) murder.
D) explosives.

Question 17

The percentage of jail inmates identified as having a mental health problem is especially high for

A) non-Hispanic African-Americans.
B) males.
C) persons age 24 or younger.
D) adults who had been living with their parents.

Question 18

One explanation for the disproportionate number of mentally ill people in jail and prison is that many

A) were mistakenly categorized as mentally ill by a criminal justice system that doesn't have enough qualified professionals to diagnose them.
B) people diagnosed as mentally ill have died or left the system but were not removed from the jail and prisoner count.
C) newly admitted offenders are uneducated and are mistakenly counted as mentally ill.
D) mentally ill people are susceptible to being arrested because they have no shelter and treatment on the streets.

Question 19

Jails configured as ________ facilities are designed with single- or multiple-occupancy cells aligned along corridors.

A) podular
B) linear
C) elliptical
D) continuous

Question 20

Two key ingredients incorporated into new generation jails are

A) linear facility design and intermittent surveillance.
B) linear facility design and direct supervision.
C) podular design and intermittent supervision.
D) podular design and direct supervision.

Question 21

Podular direct supervision places the custodial staff, for their entire shift, in the inmate's living area. As a result

A) a safer environment for both inmates and staff has been created.
B) verbal, but not physical assaults, by inmates against staff have increased.
C) intermittent supervision is more easily achieved.
D) both verbal and physical assaults by inmates against staff have increased.

Question 22

The living area and cells of new-generation jails typically have comfortable furniture, tiled or carpeted floors, and basically a normalized living environment. This is done in an attempt to make prisoners feel

A) calm and thus reduce the violent tendencies that may lead to property destruction.
B) ownership toward their surroundings and thus provide incentive for prisoners to behave.
C) guilty for destroying any of the surroundings because they are aesthetically beautiful.
D) artistic and want to contribute to the design of the jail.

Question 23

A defendant's promise to appear for trial without paying any money is referred to as a release on recognizance or ROR.

Question 24

When a team of workers gather information from and about a defendant for purposes of evaluating the risk he or she poses to the community during the pretrial stage, that team is conducting a pretrial assessment.

Question 25

About 80 percent of defendants are kept in jail while awaiting disposition of their case.

Question 26

Defendants who are detained in jail are more likely to be convicted than are defendants who receive pretrial release to the community.

Question 27

Six states have integrated jail-prison systems rather than the more typical local jail systems.

Question 28

In addition to holding persons awaiting trial or serving a short-term sentence to confinement, jails may also detain juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities.

Question 29

Jails are restricted in size so that none can house more than 300 people.

Question 30

After declining between 2009 and 2013, the jail population showed an increase in 2014.

Question 31

In order to better accommodate the needs of women in jail, one suggested modification to the jail environment is to keep the women in locked cells and to reduce interaction among the inmates.

Question 32

Jails in Indian Country are among the best in the nation.

Question 33

Law enforcement services in Indian Country are provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Question 34

American Indian and Alaska Native women are more than twice as likely to be victims of violent crime compared to other women in the U.S. general population.

Question 35

The rate of mental illness in America's state prisons and local jails is at least three times the rate in the general population.

Question 36

As jails increasingly serve as mental health facilities, treatment programs geared toward the mentally ill have become more common than programs designed for inmates without mental health problems.

Question 37

Most mentally ill jail inmates are picked up for serious violent crimes.

Question 38

Most jail inmates with mental illness also suffer from drug or alcohol addiction.

Question 39

Correctional officers observing and interacting with inmates on an irregular or sporadic basis is referred to intermittent supervision.

Question 40

A(n) ________ release is a nonfinancial pretrial release wherein the defendant is released on a promise to fulfill some requirement such as staying employed or participating in a treatment program.

Question 41

A(n) ________ bond is required when a defendant is released without having to make any payment but is liable for the full bail amount if they fail to appear.

Question 42

A bail ________ secures a defendant's release by telling the court that he or she will pay the required sum if the defendant fails to attend required court hearings.

Question 43

The two goals of pretrial service programs are pretrial ________ and pretrial supervision.

Question 44

Jails holding more than 1,000 people, such as those in Los Angeles County and New York City, are called ________ jails.

Question 45

The ________ Law and Order Act works with other legislative efforts to enhances the authority of American Indians to prosecute and punish criminals on Indian reservations.

Question 46

Two types of Indian offenders are detained in Indian Country jails-those who have committed crimes under ________ law (the more serious crimes) and those who have committed crimes under tribal law (the less serious acts).

Question 47

The two key ingredients of the new-generation approach to jails are ________ design and inmate supervision.

Question 48

________ supervision refers to a method wherein custodial staff members are able to observe or interact with inmates only on an irregular or sporadic basis.

Question 49

________ facilities are jails and prisons designed with single- or multiple occupancy cells aligned along corridors.

Question 50

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Bail bond

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 51

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Unsecured bond

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 52

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Conditional release

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 53

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Release on recognizance

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 54

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Mental health disorder

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 55

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Serious mental illness

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 56

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Jails

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 57

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-Prisons

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 58

Match the following terms with their meanings.

-State jail system

A) A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.
B) Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.
C) Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.
D) A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.
E) Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Question 59

List the two conflicting goals that are put in motion when authorities arrest a suspect of having committed a crime and explain how each goal is best achieved.

Question 60

Explain the difference between jails and prisons.

Question 61

Why are there more mentally ill people in prisons or jails?

Question 62

What are some consequences of awaiting trial in jail versus being out on bail? Are those consequences important enough to be concerned about the fairness of jail?

Question 63

Do you think that the mentally ill should be incarcerated with the general population in jails? If not, what should be done with them?

Question 64

As pointed out in this chapter's "Think About It . . ."
box, modern-day jails are designed to be more accommodating with comfortable furnishings and ample lighting. This strategy is thought to encourage good behavior and caretaking by the inmates. Discuss the potential benefits and possible problems when placing inmates in such an environment.