Deck 14: Transcription Translation and Regulation

Question 1

What is the most critical feature in a protein that determines its function?

A) size
B) number of amino acids it contains
C) three-dimensional shape
D) temperature

Answer 1

three-dimensional shape

Question 2

Why is the three-dimensional shape of a protein important for its function?

A) It cannot function as a chromosome if it doesn't have the correct shape.
B) Shape determines how it functions and binds to other molecules.
C) An incorrectly shaped protein can't be made in translation.
D) If it isn't shaped correctly, it cannot leave the nucleus after translation.
E) Proteins contain the genetic information of the cell in their three-dimensional shape.

Answer 2

Shape determines how it functions and binds to other molecules.

Question 3

________ is/are to proteins as nucleotides are to DNA.

A) RNA
B) Genes
C) Codons
D) Ribosomes
E) Amino acids

Answer 3

Amino acids

Question 4

Where do mRNA, tRNAs, and amino acids come together to make a protein in a eukaryotic cell?

A) in the nucleus
B) in the cytoplasm
C) at the ribosomes
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 5

Refer to the figure above and then answer the question that follows.

-What is one of the ways that RNA is different from DNA?

A) DNA translates, but RNA does not participate in translation.
B) RNA nucleotides do not have the base U (uracil).
C) RNA is found in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus, whereas DNA is present in the nucleus.
D) RNA is made of amino acids, not nucleotides.
E) RNA nucleotides do not have the base A (adenine).

Question 6

Refer to the figure above and then answer the question that follows.

-Which of the following is involved in both transcription and translation?

A) amino acids
B) DNA
C) messenger RNA
D) ribosomes

Question 7

Refer to the figure above and then answer the question that follows.

-If the cells in Sharon's liver began to have problems producing tRNAs, which process, specifically, would be inhibited?

A) translation
B) replication
C) transcription
D) duplication
E) meiosis

Question 8

Use this chart of an analysis of three molecules to answer the questions that follow.

-Which statement about the molecules above is TRUE in an eukaryotic cell?

A) Molecule C would move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
B) Molecule C is a double-stranded molecule.
C) Molecule B would move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
D) Molecule A would be found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
E) Molecules A and B are single-stranded molecules.

Question 9

Use this chart of an analysis of three molecules to answer the questions that follow.

-Referring to the table above: The production of two molecule A's would indicate the cell has undergone ________, whereas the production of molecule C would indicate the cell has gone through ________.

A) translation, DNA replication
B) DNA replication, translation
C) DNA replication, transcription
D) translation, transcription
E) transcription, translation

Question 10

Use this chart of an analysis of three molecules to answer the questions that follow.

-Referring to the table above: In a functional comparison between the molecules, which statement is TRUE?

A) Molecule A would be produced from molecule C.
B) Molecule B would be produced from molecule C.
C) Molecule B and molecule A are complementary.
D) Molecule C and molecule B are complementary.
E) Molecule C would be produced from molecule A.

Question 11

The STOP codons in the genetic code are:

A) AUG, UGA, and CAC.
B) UAU, AAU, and GAU.
C) UAA, UAG, and UGA.
D) CAA, AGA, and AUG.

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT participate in translation?

A) codon
B) ribosome
C) intron
D) mRNA
E) tRNA

Question 13

Use this list of events in translation to answer the questions that follow.
1. A tRNA molecule enters the A site of a ribosome and binds to an mRNA codon.
2. A tRNA with the amino acid methionine binds mRNA, and the large ribosomal subunit becomes part of the ribosome.
3. mRNA binds the ribosome's small subunit.
4. An amino acid from a tRNA in the P site is attached to the tRNA in the A site.
5. A tRNA with an amino acid is released from the A site.

-Which step is not part of translation?

A) 3
B) 1
C) 4
D) 2
E) 5

Question 14

Use this list of events in translation to answer the questions that follow.
1. A tRNA molecule enters the A site of a ribosome and binds to an mRNA codon.
2. A tRNA with the amino acid methionine binds mRNA, and the large ribosomal subunit becomes part of the ribosome.
3. mRNA binds the ribosome's small subunit.
4. An amino acid from a tRNA in the P site is attached to the tRNA in the A site.
5. A tRNA with an amino acid is released from the A site.

-What is the order of events in the beginning of translation?

A) 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 1, 2, 5
C) 1, 3, 2, 5
D) 3, 2, 1, 4
E) 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 15

Use this list of events in translation to answer the questions that follow.
1. A tRNA molecule enters the A site of a ribosome and binds to an mRNA codon.
2. A tRNA with the amino acid methionine binds mRNA, and the large ribosomal subunit becomes part of the ribosome.
3. mRNA binds the ribosome's small subunit.
4. An amino acid from a tRNA in the P site is attached to the tRNA in the A site.
5. A tRNA with an amino acid is released from the A site.

-Which step is first in translation, in which the ribosome is still not completely assembled?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 16

What cell component is made of both RNAs and proteins and is found as large and small subunits in the cytoplasm?

A) exons
B) operons
C) chromosomes
D) ribosomes
E) gene regulation repressors

Question 17

Which process occurs in the nucleolus?

A) translation
B) translation of rRNA genes
C) DNA replication
D) attachment of amino acids to tRNAs
E) transcription of rRNA genes

Question 18

Which of the following is the best definition of a gene based on its chemical structure?

A) a sequence of three base pairs that codes for an amino acid
B) a segment of DNA that produces one enzyme
C) a segment of DNA that is functional in the nucleolus
D) a length of DNA that codes for a regulatory protein
E) a segment of DNA that produces an RNA

Question 19

The non-coding segments of the human genome have:

A) no function at all.
B) enabling function, that is, make the organism complex.
C) regulatory function.
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 20

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about micro RNAs?

A) They are about 22 base pairs long.
B) They have regulatory function.
C) They regulate the amount of protein in a cell by interfering with mRNAs.
D) About 1,500 have been discovered.
E) All the above are true.

Question 21

What molecules are the agents for carrying out chemical reactions, synthesis of nucleic acids, and genetic regulation, and are also structural components of tissues?

A) proteins
B) ribosomes
C) genes
D) chromosomes
E) operons

Question 22

Your dog, Socks, is a terrier with short black hair. When you pick him up, you notice that Socks does not have hair on the bottom of his paws; rather, he has sharp claws. Which statement below best explains the difference between the cells that produce Socks's hair from those that produce his claws?

A) Because these two cells are completely different, they have completely different genomes; therefore, they make different proteins.
B) Both cell types contain the entire genome, but certain cells will express only certain genes.
C) The cells that produce the hair do not have the chromosomes that carry the claw genes, and the cells that produce the claws do not have the chromosomes that carry the hair genes.
D) The cells that produce Socks's hair contain only the genes necessary for hair production. Likewise, the cells that produce Socks's claws contain only the genes necessary for producing claws.
E) Socks's claws are produced from a mutation in the hair gene that produces hair in all other cells on Socks's skin.

Question 23

The human genome codes for 50,000 to over 100,000 proteins, but any given cell might produce only 5,000 to 20,000 different proteins. How is this possible?

A) Every cell contains a different fraction of the genome.
B) All possible proteins are made in all cells, but those that are not needed are degraded.
C) Some cells use introns to produce proteins, and some cells use exons.
D) Genes are regulated so that not all genes are transcribed in all cells.
E) Not every cell has the machinery for transcription and translation.

Question 24

The human and the chimp genome are 98.8% similar. What is the cause of the difference between them?

A) Variance of the genes accounts for the difference.
B) The chimp cell has fewer ribosomes.
C) The chimp cell has fewer tRNAs.
D) The difference between the chimp and the human genome is the regulatory sequences.

Question 25

Proteins are polypeptide chains of amino acids, folded into specific three-dimensional shapes.

Question 26

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all synthesized in transcription.

Question 27

It seems like a mix-up of terms when exons are left in messenger RNA while introns are taken out.

Question 28

Introns are removed from DNA before it is transcribed.

Question 29

The presence of the same genetic code in all organisms that have been examined indicates that all living things share a common ancestor.

Question 30

Genes from one organism can function in any other organism.

Question 31

What principle is common to DNA replication and the passing of information from DNA to RNA?

Question 32

Describe one of the practical consequences (good or bad) of the universality of the genetic code.

Question 33

If you were given a DNA sequence, how would you analyze it to see whether it encodes a protein?