Deck 7: Deriving Energy From Food

Question 1

Each ADP molecule contains ________ phosphates, and each ATP molecule contains ________ phosphates.

A) one; two
B) three; three
C) one; three
D) two; two
E) two; three

Answer 1

two; three

Question 2

Refer to the figure above and then answer the question that follows.

-ATP powers reactions in cells when:

A) ATP gives up two of its phosphate groups to become AMP.
B) ATP gives up all three of its phosphate groups.
C) ATP gives up one phosphate group to become ADP.
D) ADP adds a phosphate group to become ATP.

Answer 2

ATP gives up one phosphate group to become ADP.

Question 3

Which of the following statements concerning oxidation and reduction reactions is false?

A) If one molecule is oxidized, another must be reduced.
B) A molecule that has gained an electron has been reduced.
C) Oxygen is required for all oxidation reactions.
D) NADH is the reduced form of NAD⁺.

Answer 3

Oxygen is required for all oxidation reactions.

Question 4

In which of the following reactions is the molecule in BOLD reduced?

A) NAD^{+ ? NADH}
B) FADH ? FAD⁺
C) NADH ? NAD⁺

Question 5

-How many ATP molecules are invested to start glycolysis?

A) zero
B) four
C) two
D) three
E) one

Question 6

Which of the following is true of fermentation?

A) Animals can produce alcohol by fermentation.
B) Animals produce lactic acid by fermentation.
C) Humans can survive for long periods of time on fermentation.
D) Humans cannot ever perform fermentation.

Question 7

Which of the following explains why your muscles burn when you go running?

A) Your muscles can't digest food, so the food is accumulating in your muscles.
B) Your muscles start carrying out fermentation, and lactic acid is accumulating in your muscles.
C) Your muscles start carrying out fermentation, and alcohol is accumulating in your muscles.
D) Your muscles have no oxygen, so they can't digest food and are starving.
E) Your muscles are running out of food, so your muscles are being digested to get energy.

Question 8

Consider a bacterial cell that performs anaerobic respiration. If that bacterial cell had access to six molecules of glucose to use, how many ATP molecules would it be able to produce?

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 32
E) 36

Question 9

A required component for glycolysis is:

A) mitochondria.
B) NAD⁺.
C) electron transport.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) oxygen.

Question 10

Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is due to:

A) the production of alcohol during anaerobic respiration.
B) an excessive amount of ATP that builds up during exercise.
C) the large amounts of CO₂ building up in the muscles.
D) a buildup of lactic acid.

Question 11

What is released as a by-product of cellular respiration during the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA?

A) oxygen
B) glucose
C) carbon dioxide
D) water
E) pyruvic acid

Question 12

Which of the following is false?

A) Pyruvic acid contains three carbons.
B) There are intermediates of the Krebs cycle that have four, five, and six carbons.
C) Glucose contains six carbons.
D) Acetyl CoA contains three carbons.

Question 13

NADH is produced in all of the following except:

A) the Krebs cycle.
B) glycolysis.
C) the electron transport chain.

Question 14

FADH₂ is produced during:

A) glycolysis.
B) the electron transport chain.
C) the Krebs cycle.

Question 15

What is the most important part of the first three steps of aerobic cellular respiration?

A) Glucose is broken down into smaller pieces.
B) Carbon dioxide is produced.
C) Some ATP is made.
D) NAD⁺ and FAD collect electrons and hydrogen ions for the electron transport chain.

Question 16

During aerobic cellular respiration, the primary items needed from glucose are ________, and the waste product created from glucose will be ________.

A) oxygen and electrons; water
B) electrons and hydrogen ions; carbon dioxide
C) oxygen and carbon dioxide; pyruvate
D) electrons and carbon dioxide; water

Question 17

Which of the following statements concerning aerobic respiration is false?

A) No ATP is made in pyruvate decarboxylation.
B) The most ATP is made in the electron transport chain.
C) Some ATP from glycolysis is spent to move pyruvic acid into the mitochondria.
D) Glycolysis utilizes the electron carrier FAD.
E) The Krebs cycle utilizes more NAD⁺ than any other steps.

Question 18

A total of four ATP molecules are used to fuel aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells. Where are these four ATP molecules used?

A) One molecule is used to start glycolysis, and three are used to move NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria.
B) Three molecules are used to start glycolysis, and one is used to move NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria.
C) Two molecules are used to start glycolysis, and two are used to move NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria.
D) All four molecules are used to start glycolysis.
E) All four molecules are used to move NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria.

Question 19

Certain drugs destroy the H⁺ gradient that forms in the electron transport chain. What is the most likely consequence?

A) The cells will be forced to perform fermentation.
B) ATP production will increase.
C) Glycolysis will stop.
D) Oxidative phosphorylation will increase.

Question 20

Oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain) is carried out during:

A) lactate fermentation.
B) aerobic respiration.
C) glycolysis.
D) alcoholic fermentation

Question 21

How many ATP molecules does a eukaryotic cell gain during aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?

A) 36
B) 4
C) 8
D) 2
E) 38

Question 22

What role do hydrogen ions (H⁺) play in the electron transport chain?

A) They are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane against their concentration gradient (to where their concentration is high); as the H⁺ ions flow back to where their concentrations are low, they drive ATP synthase to form ATP.
B) They are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane against their concentration gradient (to where their concentration is low); as the H⁺ ions flow back to where their concentrations are high, they drive ATP synthase to form ATP.
C) They add phosphate groups on ADP to form ATP.

Question 23

During aerobic respiration, how many ATP molecules come from the electron transport chain directly?

A) 38
B) 20
C) 32
D) 8
E) 36

Question 24

You just went to a party, where you ate five pieces of cake. You have eaten much more food than you require for making ATP. Which of the following will happen?

A) Fats will be built.
B) Glycolysis will speed up.
C) Proteins will be broken down.

Question 25

How many ATP molecules does a cell gain from one glucose molecule if no oxygen is available and anaerobic respiration occurs?

A) 8
B) 36
C) 4
D) 2
E) 1

Question 26

What accepts the electrons from NADH during fermentation in animals?

A) NAD⁺
B) CO₂
C) pyruvic acid
D) NADP
E) O₂

Question 27

Which of the following pathways are used during fermentation?

A) electron transport chain only
B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
C) glycolysis and Krebs cycle
D) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
E) glycolysis only

Question 28

Given that only some fermentation pathways generate ATP for use by an organism, what is the main purpose of fermentation reactions?

A) to produce carbon skeletons for the Krebs cycle
B) to produce lactic acid for the cells to use for energy
C) to recycle NADH to NAD⁺ so that the NAD⁺ pool is not tied up
D) to recycle FADH₂ to FAD⁺ so that the FAD⁺ pool is not tied up
E) to synthesize NADH for use in the electron transport chain

Question 29

Which of the following choices concerning your cells preferred fuel for cellular respiration is correct?

A) Your cells prefer to use proteins to fuel this process.
B) Your cells prefer to use glucose to fuel this process.
C) Your cells prefer to use lipids (fats) to fuel this process.
D) Any of the above (glucose, lipids, or proteins) can be used at any time to fuel this process.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is false concerning our energy use over time when exercising?

A) When you first start exercising, most of the ATP comes from small stores of ATP in your muscles.
B) By 10 minutes into a workout, aerobic respiration is providing 85 percent of the ATP.
C) You have enough ATP stored to sprint for about 20 minutes.
D) Lactate fermentation can occur only for short periods of time.

Question 31

Only yeast can carry out fermentation.

Question 32

During aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule, there are how many turns of the Krebs cycle?

Question 33

During fermentation in humans, the final electron acceptor, which oxidizes NADH to NAD⁺, is ________.

Question 34

You find a rusty nail. Your friend, who has taken no biology or chemistry, wonders why metal gets rusty. Explain why, using your knowledge of chemistry.

Question 35

During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose is completely broken down. Where do the original components of glucose go when you get rid of them (that is, as what molecule(s) do they leave)?

Question 36

Humans can perform fermentation for a little while, but we cannot survive forever on fermentation. Why do you think this is?

Question 37

The fermentation step of anaerobic respiration creates toxins and is not good for the cell. What is the only reason that cells need to carry out this process? Be specific and complete in your answer.

Question 38

Explain why your muscles get sore when you run a long distance.

Question 39

Consider organisms that typically perform aerobic respiration. Provide a specific example of a time when an organism might need to perform anaerobic respiration.

Question 40

Assume you are performing strenuous activity. At some point, the oxygen you inhale might not be able to keep up with the demands of your cells. ∙ At this point, which step of aerobic respiration will be affected by the lack of oxygen? ∙ Explain (very specifically) how this lack of oxygen will cause a problem. ∙ What do your cells resort to at this time?