Deck 7: Pathophysiology

Question 1

Pathophysiology is defined as the study of

A) how communicable diseases are transmitted through large populations over time.
B) mechanical, chemical, and physical processes caused by disease or injury.
C) how the body reacts to varying environmental stimuli and conditions.
D) all normal cellular processes within the human body.

Answer 1

mechanical, chemical, and physical processes caused by disease or injury.

Question 2

Our bodies use the minerals in our diet to form new bone matrix. This is an example of

A) anaerobic metabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) glycolysis.
D) anabolism.

Answer 2

anabolism.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is true?

A) Insulin is needed to convert glucose from the digestive system into glycogen for storage.
B) Glucose is a small molecule that can easily pass through the cellular membrane.
C) Glucose absorbed from the digestive system must be converted to glycogen before it can be used by cells.
D) During anaerobic metabolism, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid.

Answer 3

During anaerobic metabolism, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid.

Question 4

A cancerous growth is referred to as a

A) malignant tumor.
B) polyp.
C) lypoma.
D) benign tumor.

Question 5

In which patient would you expect the most significant cellular injury?

A) A patient with chronic hypertension
B) A patient with a two-inch laceration on his palm
C) A patient who has been vomiting for the past 24 hours
D) A patient who was submerged in a lake for 15 minutes

Question 6

Which of the following substances can block the production of free radicals?

A) Calcium and thiamine
B) Omega fatty acids
C) Vitamins C and E
D) Corticosteroids

Question 7

Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause hypoxia?

A) Hypoglycemia
B) Hyperventilation
C) A fractured radius
D) An arterial bleed

Question 8

The tingling, uncomfortable feeling that you experience when a limb has "fallen asleep" is due to

A) ischemia.
B) compartment syndrome.
C) infarct.
D) compression injury.

Question 9

When a patient suffers a myocardial infarction, part or all of the heart muscle

A) loses elasticity.
B) becomes hypoxic.
C) increases.
D) dies.

Question 10

Which of the following patients is most likely to need supplemental oxygen?

A) A man with three broken ribs
B) A woman with a small pen impaled in her hand
C) A child who had bleach splashed in his eye
D) A woman with a sprained ankle

Question 11

Which of the following patients is most likely to develop hypercarbia?

A) A man choking on a hot dog who is unable to speak
B) A man who amputated his finger in a boating accident
C) A woman with an acute cough
D) A woman with a minor concussion

Question 12

You hear a low-pitched whistling sound when your patient exhales through her mouth. You should suspect

A) epiglottitis.
B) fluid in the lower airway.
C) a deviated nasal septum.
D) an upper-airway obstruction.

Question 13

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A) (stroke volume) X (heart rate)
B) (stroke volume) / (heart rate)
C) (heart rate) / (stroke volume)
D) (heart rate) X (stroke volume) X 2

Question 14

The Frank-Starling law of the heart indicates that

A) very strong stimuli to the heart will inhibit physiological responses.
B) the strength of cardiac nerve response is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus.
C) a decreased amount of blood in the atria increases the rate of contraction.
D) an increased amount of blood in the ventricles results in a more forceful contraction.

Question 15

Where in the body are gases exchanged between the circulatory system and the body tissue?

A) Veins
B) Arteries
C) Capillaries
D) Arterioles

Question 16

Which of the following changes is likely to increase blood pressure?

A) Increased heart rate
B) Decreased ventilation rate
C) Elevating the head
D) Warming of the extremities

Question 17

Severe dehydration can lead to which type of shock?

A) Obstructive
B) Compensated
C) Cardiogenic
D) Hypovolemic

Question 18

Myocardial infarction can lead to which type of shock?

A) Hypovolemic
B) Cardiogenic
C) Compensated
D) Obstructive

Question 19

Peripheral vascular resistance is highest in

A) arterioles.
B) arteries.
C) veins.
D) venules.

Question 20

Which of the following is a modifiable disease risk factor?

A) Youth
B) Obesity
C) Congenital disease
D) Gender

Question 21

Etiology is defined as

A) the study of regular body processes.
B) the mechanism by which a disease develops.
C) the study of the causes of disease.
D) the time between exposure to a disease and onset of symptoms.

Question 22

Which of the following is considered a "symptom"?

A) Cough
B) Hypertension
C) Nausea
D) Bleeding

Question 23

Which of the following is considered a "sign"?

A) Dizziness
B) Abdominal pain
C) Wheezing
D) Itchiness

Question 24

Which of the following is considered a "physical agent" that can cause disease or injury?

A) Carbon Monoxide
B) Heroin
C) Extreme cold
D) Lead

Question 25

You note that the tissue around your patient's wound is red and warm to the touch. You should document this finding as

A) jaundice.
B) inflammation.
C) hypoxia.
D) infarction.

Question 26

What is an antigen?

A) A foreign substance that causes the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction
B) A substance produced by white blood cells to defend the body against bacteria and viruses
C) An allergic reaction that affects multiple body systems
D) Any substance that is foreign to an individual and causes antibody production

Question 27

To function at its best, a healthy cell requires

A) proteins and oxygen.
B) water and oxygen.
C) glucose and lipids.
D) oxygen and glucose.

Question 28

When somebody experiences prolonged ischemia,

A) he cannot breathe without mechanical assistance.
B) his body cells become injured and ultimately die.
C) he has a permanent loss of vision in one eye.
D) his liver cannot break down chemicals and toxins.

Question 29

A cerebrovascular accident is more commonly referred to as a(n)

A) brain tumor.
B) infarct.
C) head injury.
D) stroke.

Question 30

Perfusion depends on

A) blood pressure, cardiac output, and oxygen transportation.
B) peripheral vascular resistance, oxygen transportation, and stroke volume.
C) oxygen transportation, heart rate, and blood pressure.
D) cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and oxygen transportation.

Question 31

Why is it important that the tunica media is made of smooth muscle?

A) It allows the intestines to contract for peristalsis.
B) It allows a blood vessel to constrict and dilate.
C) It allows the heart to contract and expand.
D) It allows the lens of the eye to open and close.

Question 32

Sitting on a long car ride would most likely cause what reaction in the circulatory system?

A) A decrease in cell metabolism and energy production
B) A decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood
C) A decrease in the amount of blood returning to the heart
D) A decrease in the amount of gas exchange in the capillaries

Question 33

What is the major cause of peripheral vascular resistance?

A) The movement of blood across the capillaries
B) The dilation and constriction of major veins
C) When blood passes from a venule to a vein
D) Blood leaving an artery and entering an arteriole

Question 34

What is the correct equation for blood pressure?

A) Blood pressure = cardiac output X peripheral vascular resistance
B) Blood pressure = vein capacity X perfusion rate
C) Blood pressure = peripheral vascular resistance X perfusion rate
D) Blood pressure = cardiac output X vein capacity

Question 35

What is the definition of shock?

A) An inadequate perfusion to an organ or body part.
B) An inadequate amount of oxygen delivered to the brain due to a blood clot.
C) A massive loss of blood from a major blood vessel.
D) A traumatic impact that physically destroys body cells.

Question 36

What type of shock can occur when blood collects in the sac surrounding the heart?

A) Cardiogenic shock
B) Distributive shock
C) Obstructive shock
D) Hypovolemic shock

Question 37

Which of the following activities is most likely to increase the risk of disease?

A) Being sexually promiscuous
B) Playing high-impact sports
C) Working with homeless people
D) Having no health insurance for a long period of time

Question 38

Which is an example of a "sign"?

A) Pain down the left arm
B) Dizziness when standing
C) Trouble with breathing
D) Swelling in the abdomen

Question 39

Pain, heat, redness, and swelling indicate

A) hypoxia.
B) inflammation.
C) ischemia.
D) anaphylaxis.

Question 40

Most diseases begin with

A) an increased heart rate.
B) damage to the cells.
C) inflammation of the organs.
D) increased venous return.

Question 41

What is the definition of cell metabolism?

A) The use of energy within cells that allow them to move
B) The chemical and gas exchanges between blood and body cells
C) The chemical reactions within cells that enable them to live
D) The production of heat energy by each individual cell

Question 42

A friend of yours has been smoking since he was a teenager. He says that his dad smoked for 30 years and never got lung cancer. You should

A) ask how his father maintained health despite smoking.
B) explain that he is still raising his risk for a number of diseases.
C) explain that some people are immune to the smoking diseases.
D) tell him that his father might have cancer and not know about it.

Question 43

When an artery undergoes vasodilation or vasoconstriction, what is responsible for the change in size?

A) Skeletal muscle
B) Smooth muscle
C) Blood plasma
D) Red blood cells