Deck 11: Applications of Biotechnology

Question 1

Gene-splicing procedures may be performed with small loops of bacterial DNA that are not part of the main chromosome. These small DNA loops are called

A) nucleotides.
B) plasmids.
C) translators.
D) anticodons.

Answer 1

plasmids.

Question 2

A eukaryotic cell that has had a prokaryotic gene inserted is called

A) a genetically engineered cell.
B) a GMO.
C) a genetic recombinant.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

All of the choices are correct.

Question 3

Using this technique it is possible to show the nucleotide sequence differences among individuals since no two people have the same nucleotide sequences.

A) mutagenesis
B) polymerase chain reaction
C) genetic fingerprinting
D) translocation

Answer 3

genetic fingerprinting

Question 4

Recombinant DNA directly produces changes in

A) cell wall.
B) DNA.
C) links between organisms.
D) All of these answers are true.

Question 5

Recombinant DNA is

A) new nuclei.
B) spliced DNA.
C) a disease.
D) All of these answers are true.

Question 6

The laboratory procedure for copying selected segments of DNA is

A) the polymerase chain reaction.
B) translation.
C) jumping genes.
D) a point mutation.

Question 7

DNA that contains "foreign" genes from another organism

A) is called RNA.
B) is called recombinant DNA.
C) has experienced a point mutation.
D) can no longer function as a genetic blueprint.

Question 8

Genetic recombination involves the use of ____ enzymes to cut out segments of DNA.

A) restriction endonuclease
B) snurp
C) ligase
D) DNA polymerase

Question 9

The term "recombinant DNA technology" refers to

A) deliberately moving genes from one type of cell into another so that the new cell synthesizes that specific gene product.
B) selective breeding.
C) ensuring that a specific gene will be replicated over-and-over.
D) synthesizing DNA from scratch.

Question 10

Biotechnology expects to provide the following benefits:

A) Improved agricultural crops.
B) Control of human breeding.
C) Cheaper medicines.
D) Improved agricultural crops and cheaper medicines.

Question 11

The structure of DNA was discovered in

A) 1921.
B) 1953.
C) 1999.
D) 2003.

Question 12

This field is a collection of techniques that result in the ability to directly manipulate the genetic information of an organism.

A) proteonomics.
B) genomics.
C) genetics.
D) biotechnology.

Question 13

Scientists don't look at all the possible fragments when performing this technique but focus on differences found in pieces of DNA that form repeating patterns in the DNA.

A) DNA fingerprinting
B) RNA sequencing
C) amino acid sequencing
D) protein fingerprinting

Question 14

By focusing on these regions when doing DNA fingerprinting, it is possible to determine whether samples from two individuals have the same number of repeating segments.

A) DNA fragments
B) repeating nucleotide sequences
C) nucleotide tandem clusters
D) chain sequences

Question 15

This procedure is a technique used to generate large quantities of DNA from minute amounts for analysis.

A) variable number tandem repeat reaction (VNTR)
B) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
C) DNA fingerprinting
D) polymerization reaction

Question 16

This enzyme drives the DNA replication process during the PCR.

A) helicases
B) ligase
C) phosphorylase
D) DNA polymerase

Question 17

These are used as the basis of comparison when two samples of DNA are suspected of being from the same person.

A) fingernail samples
B) restriction enzymes
C) variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
D) restriction fragments

Question 18

When these enzymes bind to a restriction site, they cut the DNA molecule into two molecules.

A) polymerases
B) ligases
C) restriction enzymes
D) helicases

Question 19

In DNA fingerprinting, scientists look for different lengths of these DNA pieces as an indicator of differences in VNTRs.

A) primer molecules
B) point mutation
C) Eco RI Restriction Sites
D) restriction fragments

Question 20

This process uses an electrical current to move DNA through a gel matrix based on size.

A) gel electrophoresis
B) PCR
C) translocation
D) gel transformation

Question 21

When scientists work with small areas of DNA, this process allows them to isolate specific stretches of DNA for other applications.

A) transformation
B) electrophoresis
C) DNA fingerprinting
D) restriction enzyme analysis

Question 22

These enzymes have the ability to cut DNA at places where specific sequences of nucleotides occur.

A) restriction
B) ligases
C) helicases
D) polymerases

Question 23

In criminal cases, if 100% of the banding pattern matches a DNA fingerprint, it is

A) unlikely that the suspect was at the scene of the crime and may be the guilty party.
B) highly probable that the suspect was at the scene of the crime but unlikely that he/she is the guilty party.
C) unlikely that the suspect was at the scene of the crime.
D) highly probable that the suspect was at the scene of the crime and may be the guilty party.

Question 24

In a paternity case, bands from DNA fingerprinting that are common to both the biological mother and the child are identified and eliminated from further consideration. If the remaining bands can be matched to the presumed father,

A) it is extremely likely that he is the father.
B) it is extremely unlikely that he is the father.
C) there is no doubt, he is the father.
D) DNA fingerprinting cannot be used to determine paternity.

Question 25

This was a 13-year effort to determine the normal or human DNA sequence.

A) Embryo Cloning Project (ECP)
B) Human Genome Project (HGP)
C) Stem Cell Research Project (SRP)
D) Gene Therapy Project (GTP)

Question 26

DNA sequencing data from the Human Genome Project indicates that there are about ________ protein-coding genes.

A) 100,000
B) 140,000
C) 20,000
D) 30,000

Question 27

From an evolutionary perspective, the advantage to the cell of having these is the ability to quickly create large amounts of gene product from these repeating genes.

A) replication mutations
B) tandem clusters
C) repeating segments
D) repeating clusters

Question 28

These types of repeating genes are copied from one chromosome and moved as a set to another chromosome and allow for genetic back-ups of information.

A) segmental duplications
B) tandem clusters
C) repeating clusters
D) translocation mutations

Question 29

Which is not true?

A) Eukaryotic genomes are more complex than prokaryotic genomes.
B) Humans possess roughly 100,000 genes.
C) Genes found in humans and other eukaryotic organisms appear to have resulted from transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes.
D) Genes are equally distributed between chromosomes and equally distributed along the length of a chromosome.

Question 30

Many noncoding sequences are involved with

A) intron formation.
B) regulation of gene expression.
C) coding for antibody formation.
D) tRNA synthesis.

Question 31

This study involves the comparison of the genomes of different organisms and can help determine the relatedness and genes of different species.

A) genomics
B) transcriptomics
C) proteomics
D) cloning technology

Question 32

This emerging field looks at when, where, and how much mRNA is expressed from a gene.

A) genomics
B) transcriptomics
C) proteomics
D) cloning technology

Question 33

This field of biotechnology examines the proteins that are predicted from the DNA sequence from which scientists can identify gene families and how humans may have evolved at a molecular level.

A) genomics
B) transcriptomics
C) proteomics
D) cloning technology

Question 34

This occurs when a cell gains new genetic information from its environment.

A) genetic transformation
B) translocation
C) conjugation
D) replication

Question 35

When a DNA sequence is transferred into a host cell from another cell, the resulting new form of DNA is called

A) a clone.
B) GM organism.
C) recombinant DNA.
D) plasmid.

Question 36

This term refers to the outcome, not the way that the results are achieved, when exact copies of biological entities such as genes, organisms, or cells are produced.

A) GM organism
B) plasmid
C) plastid
D) clone

Question 37

This process reproduces many varieties of fruit trees and other plants by making cuttings of the plant and rooting the cuttings.

A) cloning
B) sexual reproduction
C) meiosis
D) somatic cell transfer

Question 38

This is the more technical term used by scientists to describe the carrier DNA molecule used when cloning genes.

A) plasmid
B) vector
C) plastic
D) restriction fragment

Question 39

This circular piece of DNA is an example of a vector that is used to carry DNA into bacterial cells.

A) restriction fragment
B) library
C) variable number tandem repeat
D) plasmid

Question 40

Bacterial cells pick up a recombinant DNA by taking it in through their outer cell boundaries using a process called

A) transformation.
B) transduction.
C) cloning.
D) plasmid transfer.

Question 41

This procedure makes possible the synthesis of large quantities of proteins.

A) recombinant DNA technology
B) stem cell transfer
C) somatic cell transfer
D) proteomics

Question 42

There has been great success in using genetically modified bacteria to clean up oil spills and toxic waste dumps called

A) gene cloning.
B) biological amplification.
C) transcriptomics.
D) bioremediation.

Question 43

Researchers have shown that turnips can produce interferon (an antiviral agent) and tobacco plants can create antibodies to fight human disease as a result of controlled genetic alteration. Such plants are known as

A) Genetically Manipulated (GM) organisms.
B) cloned organisms.
C) Genetically Modified (GM) organisms.
D) vector organisms.

Question 44

This field of biotechnology involves inserting genes, deleting genes, or manipulating the action of genes in order to cure or lessen the effect of genetic diseases.

A) gene therapy
B) DNA librarian
C) genetic counseling
D) genetic therapeutic medicine

Question 45

The technique used to accomplish cloning in vertebrates is called

A) gametic cell nuclear transfer.
B) somatic cell nuclear transfer.
C) recombinant technology.
D) in vitro fertilization.

Question 46

This is the process a cell goes through to select which genes it will express.

A) differentiation
B) somatic cell transfer
C) discrimination
D) determination

Question 47

This is the process a cell goes through to become a particular cell type, based on the proteins that it expresses and is more-or-less a permanent condition.

A) differentiation
B) somatic cell transfer
C) discrimination
D) determination

Question 48

These cells have not yet completed determination or differentiation. They have the potential to develop into many different cell types.

A) germinal cells
B) core cells
C) stem cells
D) red marrow cells

Question 49

The ability to control these processes may allow manipulation of an organism's cells or insertion of cells into an organism to allow the regrowth of damaged tissues and organs in humans.

A) vector and somatic cell transformation
B) mitosis and meiosis
C) determination and differentiation
D) transformation and transduction

Question 50

These stem cells are able to become the many different types of cells found in our blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

A) hematopoietic
B) RBC/WBC
C) germinal
D) omnipototential

Question 51

The first goal of the Human Genome Project was to

A) construct chromosome maps for the entire human genome.
B) understand the meiotic process.
C) cure all human genetic diseases.
D) determine the structure of DNA.

Question 52

A process of making exact copies of the cells of animals such as cats in the laboratory is technically known as

A) somatic cell nuclear transfer.
B) artificial insemination.
C) in vitro fertilization.
D) co-mingling.

Question 53

New bacterial characteristics are being produced by splicing strands of

A) mRNA.
B) carbohydrates.
C) tRNA.
D) DNA.

Question 54

The most important applications of this technology involves the insertion of genes the make a crop plant

A) resistant to herbicides.
B) generate more cells.
C) produce medicines.
D) produce alcohol for fuel.

Question 55

The primary application of this technology is to put herbicide resistance genes into crop plants.

A) Somatic cell transfer
B) GM
C) PCR
D) Electrophoresis

Question 56

Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti) produces a protein that causes the destruction of the lining of the gut of insects that eat it and is therefore

A) a natural insecticide.
B) a GM organism.
C) the result of somatic cell transfer.
D) all the above are true.

Question 57

Embryonic stem cells reach an intermediary level of determination at which they are committed to becoming a particular ______ type, but not necessarily a particular ____ type.

A) cell/tissue
B) tissue/organ
C) tissue/cell
D) organ/tissue

Question 58

The procedure provides the most detailed look that we are able to have of the organism's genetic information.

A) PCR
B) cloning
C) genetic modification of organisms
D) DNA sequencing