Deck 4: Early Childhood

Question 1

During early childhood, physical growth is faster than in infancy.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Plasticity of the brain is greatest at about 1-2 years of age and then gradually declines.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Rough-and-tumble play helps develop physical and social skills.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The average 4- to 6-year-old needs about 2,000 calories per day.

Question 5

Sleep terrors are more severe than nightmares and occur during non-REM sleep.

Question 6

HOME inventory items are better predictors of young children's later IQ scores than social class, mother's IQ, or infant IQ scores.

Question 7

Verbal reports from preschoolers appear to underestimate their memories.

Question 8

A two year old child typically asks many why and how questions.

Question 9

Children typically do not use the past tense in speech until about 4 years of age.

Question 10

Piaget believed that cognitive development precedes language development.

Question 11

The children of authoritarian parents are the least competent, responsible, and mature.

Question 12

Firstborn children tend to be more cooperative and have higher IQs than later-born children.

Question 13

Parallel play, as characterized by Parten, is a type of nonsocial play.

Question 14

Parents can foster prosocial behavior in preschoolers by using authoritarian techniques.

Question 15

The sense of self does not begin to emerge until toddlerhood.

Question 16

According to Erik Erikson, young children strive to achieve independence from their parents and to master adult behavior during the stage of initiative versus guilt.

Question 17

During the preschool years, boys typically report having more fears than girls.

Question 18

Women typically integrate information from the amygdala of both cerebral hemispheres when navigating routes.

Question 19

According to Freud, gender identification is completed as children resolve the Oedipus or Electra complex.

Question 20

A gender schema is a cluster of concepts about male and female physical traits, behaviors, and personality traits.

Question 21

During early childhood, girls and boys tend to gain about how many inches in height per year?

A) one to two
B) two to three
C) three to four
D) four to five

Question 22

During early childhood, which organ undergoes the most rapid development?

A) heart
B) brain
C) lungs
D) skin

Question 23

Five year old Jake brags to his two year old sister Kayla that his brain is bigger than hers. Jake's mother quickly points out that her brain is even bigger than Jake's. Compared to their mother, what are the relative sizes of Jake's and Kayla's brains?

A) Jake's is 30% smaller; Kayla's is 45% smaller.
B) Jake's is 10% smaller; Kayla's is 45% smaller.
C) Jake's is 30% smaller; Kayla's is 25% smaller.
D) Jake's is 10% smaller; Kayla's is 25% smaller.

Question 24

When Jillian was two years old, her mother was discouraged that she would not sit through story hour. Now that she is in kindergarten, Jillian pays close attention to her teacher. What developmental process of the brain contributed to Jillian's change in behavior?

A) neuronal proliferation
B) increased myelination
C) dendritic arborization
D) neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 25

What brain structure enables the right and left hemispheres to work together to integrate logical and emotional functioning?

A) reticular formation
B) basal ganglia
C) corpus callosum
D) amygdala

Question 26

Following a bicycle accident, four year old Devin suffers damage to his Broca's area and consequently has trouble speaking. He eventually regains the ability to speak because other areas of his brain compensate for the damage. The process that allows one area of the brain to take over for another is referred to as ____.

A) restoration
B) pliability
C) regeneration
D) plasticity

Question 27

In general, preschoolers appear to acquire motor skills by teaching themselves and by ____.

A) observing other children
B) observing adults
C) following parental instructions
D) following a teacher's instructions

Question 28

Miranda's mother watches her daughter run down the street while singing at the top of her lungs. At what developmental stage did Miranda likely start this behavior?

A) toddler
B) early preschooler
C) older preschooler
D) early elementary schooler

Question 29

Daniel sits on the kitchen floor banging on a plastic bowl with a wooden spoon. At what age will this type of motor-activity likely begin to decline?

A) one to two years of age
B) two to three years of age
C) three to four years of age
D) four to five years of age

Question 30

What is true of the relationship between gender and gross motor skill development during the early childhood years?

A) There is a clear relationship; boys tend to outperform girls in most gross motor skill categories.
B) There is a clear relationship; girls tend to outperform boys in most gross motor skill categories.
C) Individual differences are larger than gender differences, but girls tend to be somewhat better at balance and precision and boys at throwing and kicking.
D) Individual differences are larger than gender differences, but boys tend to be somewhat better at balance and precision and girls at throwing and kicking.

Question 31

Jordan and Jesse run around the playground chasing and pushing one another while laughing. This type of behavior ____.

A) signifies aggression
B) represents normal rough-and-tumble play
C) is used to establish a hierarchy amongst children
D) is a sign of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 32

From the list below, which scenario represents the typical drawing style of a three or four year old child?

A) Min scribbles in the middle of the paper.
B) Mariah is trying her best to draw her grandmother's house.
C) Caleb draws several triangles and decides they look like a sailboat.
D) Sama uses only one color while drawing her baby brother.

Question 33

Jodi is perplexed by the fact that her six month old daughter Alexis picks up her food with either her right or left hand. When will Alexis begin to show a preference for using one particular hand when grasping?

A) 7 to 11 months
B) 13 to 17 months
C) 19 to 23 months
D) 25 to 29 months

Question 34

Frank and Magda wonder if their four year old son Noah, who is left-handed, is at risk for any developmental problems. As an expert in early childhood development, you mention to them that being left-handed appears to be connected to ____.

A) dyslexia
B) autism
C) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D) failure to thrive

Question 35

Nala is worried about her three-year-old daughter Cindy's stubborn eating habits. Cindy refuses almost anything that Nala puts on her plate for breakfast or lunch. As Cindy's pediatrician, what do you tell Nala?

A) This may be a sign of gastrointestinal problems.
B) Cindy is likely making up for the lost calories at dinner.
C) Nala should offer any type of food, even sweets, to get Cindy to eat.
D) Cindy is showing signs of failure to thrive.

Question 36

Sophie's three year old son Sam refuses to eat vegetables. According to the text, what would be the best way to get Sam to eat his vegetables?

A) Blend the vegetables together with something sweet.
B) Offer him nothing but vegetables to eat for two days.
C) Use a reward or punishment system.
D) Introduce tiny amounts of vegetables on his plate at several meals.

Question 37

American children between the ages of 1 and 3 average how many minor illnesses per year?

A) two to three
B) four to five
C) six to seven
D) eight to nine

Question 38

What condition is connected with half of the deaths of children under the age of 5 worldwide?

A) malnutrition
B) diarrhea
C) pneumonia
D) measles

Question 39

What has lead to the dramatic reduction in the incidence of serious and potentially fatal childhood diseases in the United States?

A) genetic screening and vaccines
B) genetic screening and safe water
C) antibiotics and vaccines
D) antibiotics and safe water

Question 40

The single most common cause of death in early childhood is ____.

A) pneumonia
B) smoke inhalation
C) motor-vehicle accidents
D) airway obstruction

Question 41

Shortly after falling asleep, five year old Casey wakes up suddenly, thrashing about and talking incoherently. Her mother races to her room and notices that she is breathing heavily and her heart is racing. Casey likely experienced a ____.

A) nightmare
B) dream-induced seizure
C) sleep terror
D) nocturnal disturbance

Question 42

Terri finds her five year old son Omar walking back to his room in the middle of the night with a glass of milk in his hand. She is perplexed by the fact that Omar quietly enters his room, sets the glass on his nightstand, and then goes back to bed. What may Omar be experiencing?

A) cataplexy
B) nocturia
C) bruxism
D) somnambulism

Question 43

Six-year-old Pippa has difficulty controlling her bladder and has "accidents" at least twice per month. Pippa suffers from ____.

A) enuresis
B) proteinuria
C) encopresis
D) dyspepsia

Question 44

Five year old Alan has difficulty controlling his bowels and has had an occasional "accident" at school. Alan suffers from ____.

A) enuresis
B) proteinuria
C) encopresis
D) dyspepsia

Question 45

What are the two words that best characterize Piaget's preoperational stage?

A) logical and emergent
B) curious and empathetic
C) independent and confident
D) inflexible and irreversible

Question 46

Preoperational thought is characterized by the use of ____.

A) symbols to represent objects and relationships among them
B) activities and sensations to navigate one's environment
C) rudimentary logic and concrete ideology
D) abstract and creative problem solving techniques

Question 47

Jodi watches as her son Raj plops down on the rug and pretends to fall asleep before quickly bolting up and smiling. This type of pretend play where children perform activities that are familiar typically commences at the age of ____.

A) 9 to 10 months
B) 12 to 13 months
C) 15 to 17 months
D) 19 to 20 months

Question 48

Li picks her three year old son Min up from daycare and asks, "What did you do today?," Min shouts back, "You know mommy, stop asking!" According to Piaget, Min is demonstrating ____.

A) egocentrism
B) narcissism
C) apathy
D) individualism

Question 49

What test did Piaget use to learn whether children at certain ages are egocentric or can take the viewpoints of others?

A) the four-tiers test
B) the three-mountains test
C) the five-skyscrapers test
D) the six-points test

Question 50

Which child is demonstrating precausal thought?

A) Amy states, "The rain falls out of the sky so I can have a drink of water."
B) Gavin asks, "Daddy, did you build that tree in front of our house?"
C) Timotea states, "Stars shine because they are afraid of the dark."
D) Elvin states, "I swim because it is summer."

Question 51

Which child is demonstrating transductive reasoning?

A) Amy states, "The rain falls out of the sky so I can have a drink of water."
B) Gavin asks "Daddy, did you build that tree in front of our house?"
C) Timotea states, "Stars shine because they are afraid of the dark."
D) Elvin states, "I swim because it is summer."

Question 52

Which child is demonstrating animism?

A) Amy states, "The rain falls out of the sky so I can have a drink of water."
B) Gavin asks "Daddy, did you build that tree in front of our house?"
C) Timotea states, "Stars shine because they are afraid of the dark."
D) Elvin states, "I swim because it is summer."

Question 53

Which child is demonstrating artificialism?

A) Amy states, "The rain falls out of the sky so I can have a drink of water."
B) Gavin asks "Daddy, did you build that tree in front of our house?"
C) Timotea states, "Stars shine because they are afraid of the dark."
D) Elvin states, "I swim because it is summer."

Question 54

Bryan watches as his father pours two cups of water into a wide saucepan and two cups of water into a tall pot. Bryan is unable to understand that the saucepan and pot contain the same amounts of water because he does not understand the law of ____.

A) transference
B) inclusion
C) conservation
D) centration

Question 55

When Bryan watches his father pour two cups of water into a wide saucepan and two cups of water into a tall pot, Bryan fixates on the height of the tall pot and believes that it contains more water. Bryan's fixation on the height of the pot illustrates ____.

A) transference
B) inclusion
C) conservation
D) centration

Question 56

Four-year-old Luis is shown a picture of seven hot dogs and four hamburgers. When asked which there are more hot dogs or more food, Luis answers, "More hot dogs." According to Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development, why does Luis answer the question incorrectly?

A) He does not understand that both hot dogs and hamburgers are types of food.
B) His thought process is very abstract at this stage.
C) He cannot think about subclasses and broader classes simultaneously.
D) He is most likely to pick the choice presented first.

Question 57

Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently is ____.

A) improvising
B) schematizing
C) structuring
D) scaffolding

Question 58

Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled is the ____.

A) region of apt instruction
B) area of structured learning
C) zone of proximal development
D) perimeter of mentored knowledge

Question 59

Three year old Hannah watches Sesame Street every morning. According to research studies, how will this affect her cognitive skills?

A) no effect
B) negative effect
C) positive effect
D) variable effect

Question 60

Moses and Flavell's experiment, in which they show that four-year-olds, but not three-year-olds, tend to understand that people have different perspectives, demonstrates the concept of ____.

A) mental transduction
B) theory of the mind
C) self-awareness discrepancy
D) pivotal mind expansion

Question 61

In a study by Taylor and Hort, three- to five-year-old children were shown an eraser that looked like a cookie. What did the researchers conclude about the working mind of young children from their study?

A) Young children have difficulty with appearance-reality distinction.
B) Young children have a firm grip on concrete-realism.
C) Young children have an immature understanding of objective-relatively.
D) Young children have mastered object permanence.

Question 62

Four-year-old Shante ice skates with her family each winter. Months after she last went ice skating, she gleefully describes to her neighbor what ice skating entails: "You get skates, lace them up, wear your hat and gloves, and slip on the ice." Her ability to give an abstract, generalized account of ice skating demonstrations the formation of a(n) ____.

A) script
B) schema
C) outline
D) sketch

Question 63

The memory of specific episodes or events is referred to as ____ memory.

A) engrained
B) working
C) concrete
D) autobiographical

Question 64

A three- to five-year-old child will most easily remember ____.

A) his or her birthday
B) the days of the week
C) the steps involved in making cookies
D) the colors of the rainbow

Question 65

Word learning, in which a child quickly attaches a new word to its appropriate concept, can be characterized as what type of process?

A) fast-mapping
B) quick-tracking
C) abstract-association
D) mental-matching

Question 66

While visiting the House of Reptiles, four-year-old Montel excitedly shouts out, "Look at that tongue Mommy!" as he points to a snake sticking out its tongue. Montel's two-year-old sister Sage now thinks that snakes are called "tongues." Why does she make this incorrect assumption?

A) whole-object assumption
B) proximity assumption
C) overextension assumption
D) focal assumption

Question 67

While reading his three-year-old daughter Shiloh a book about farm animals, Mark says, "Look at the llama." Since the only other animal on the page is one that Shiloh is familiar with, a horse, she assumes that the other animal must be the llama. Shiloh is demonstrating ____.

A) experience assumption
B) deductive assumption
C) familiarity assumption
D) contrast assumption

Question 68

At two and a half years old, Sam would shout, "Mommy went away!" Now at three years old, he sometimes says, "Mommy goed away!" What does this indicate?

A) Sam is showing signs of developmental regression.
B) Sam is rebelling against conventional rules.
C) Sam is accurately grasping the rules of grammar.
D) Sam is having trouble grasping the rules of grammar.

Question 69

When playing house, four-year-old Janice uses a high-pitched soft voice to talk to her dolls. When she pretends she is a teacher, she uses an authoritative voice. Janice is demonstrating the use of ____.

A) realism
B) pragmatics
C) absolutism
D) relativity

Question 70

According to Vygotsky, what is the ultimate binding of language and thought?

A) intelligence
B) inner speech
C) creativity
D) abstract pairing

Question 71

Dimensions of child rearing can be broken down into two broad categories: ____.

A) warmth-coldness and restrictiveness-permissiveness
B) warmth-coldness and reasonable-demanding
C) sympathy-apathy and restrictiveness-permissiveness
D) sympathy-apathy and reasonable-demanding

Question 72

What type of parenting method aims to teach knowledge that will enable children to generate desirable behavior on their own?

A) exemplative
B) proactive
C) inductive
D) assertive

Question 73

Which parenting type incorporates physical punishment with the denial of privileges?

A) obsessive-controlling
B) aggressive-neglectful
C) dominant-forceful
D) power-assertive

Question 74

As Alec folds laundry, his three year old daughter Delia grabs the clothes and tosses them onto the floor. According to the text, what is the most effective way for Alec to get Delia to stop the destructive behavior?

A) Be stern but do not yell.
B) Explain to Delia the consequences of her actions.
C) Remove Delia from the laundry room.
D) Find an alternative activity for Delia.

Question 75

According to Baumrind's Patterns of Parenting, the parents of the most capable children rate ____.

A) high in restrictiveness and low in warmth
B) high in restrictiveness and high in warmth
C) low in restrictiveness and low in warmth
D) low in restrictiveness and high in warmth

Question 76

The motto of an authoritative parent is likely to be "____."

A) Because I say so
B) Parents have rules because they care
C) Be free, be yourself
D) Children should not be seen nor heard

Question 77

The motto of an authoritarian parent is likely to be "____."

A) Because I say so
B) Parents have rules because they care
C) Be free, be yourself
D) Children should not be seen nor heard

Question 78

The motto of a permissive-indulgent parent is likely to be "____."

A) Because I say so
B) Parents have rules because they care
C) Be free, be yourself
D) Children should not be seen nor heard

Question 79

The motto of a rejecting-neglecting parent is likely to be "____."

A) Because I say so
B) Parents have rules because they care
C) Be free, be yourself
D) Children should not be seen nor heard

Question 80

According to the text, what is an effective method for controlling and guiding the behavior of young children?

A) Permit your child to explore and act with few boundaries.
B) Give clear, simple, realistic rules appropriate to the child's age.
C) Address whining or tantrums immediately.
D) Enforce rules for unacceptable habits, such as thumb sucking.