Deck 1: What Is Lifespan Development

Question 1

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children often were valued for their contributions to the home.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Behaviorism is the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of humans.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Negative reinforcers decrease the frequency of behaviors when they are removed.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In social cognitive theory, the people after whom we pattern our own behavior are termed models.

Question 5

Social cognitive theorists focus on people's mental processes.

Question 6

The exosystem involves the interaction of children with beliefs, values, expectations, and lifestyles of their cultural settings.

Question 7

When learning with other people, children externalize the conversations and explanation that help them gain the necessary skills.

Question 8

Researchers are continually trying to sort out the extent to which human behavior is the result of nature and of nurture.

Question 9

Correlational information can reveal relationships between variables, but it does not show cause and effect.

Question 10

Experiments are usually undertaken to test a hypothesis.

Question 11

The dependent variable is a variable whose presence is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects can be determined.

Question 12

Participants should not be offered information about the results of the study.

Question 13

The identities of the participants in a study are to remain confidential.

Question 14

A Skinner box uses the reinforcement of water.

Question 15

The Skinner box teaches pigeons to learn and alter behavior.

Question 16

How long has scientific inquiry into human development existed?

A) Since the Middle Ages
B) A little more than a century
C) In the last twenty years
D) Since the 1600s

Question 17

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as innately evil and ____.

A) family social functions excluded them
B) school was mandatory
C) discipline was harsh
D) free time was often used as a punishment

Question 18

In the Middle Ages, children could be sent to the monastery against their will because they were ____.

A) legally considered property
B) considered to be divine
C) not needed at home
D) in need of discipline

Question 19

In the Middle Ages children who turned 7 years old were expected to work with the adults in the home and field because they ____.

A) had reached legal age
B) had reached puberty
C) had reached an age of adulthood
D) had reached an age of reason

Question 20

Eddie came into this world without either good or evil. Anything he became was a result of the experiences he had as a child. What is this an example of?

A) the age of reason
B) tabula rasa
C) inherent traits
D) environmental development

Question 21

Fred developed based on what he experienced in life and learned to behave based on whether his parents approved or disapproved of his actions. Which theorist would agree with this developmental proposal?

A) Locke
B) Piaget
C) Hall
D) Rousseau

Question 22

The twentieth century saw many changes in how children were viewed and treated. They were no longer property or sources of labor. What is one development that prompted a change in how children were viewed during this time?

A) The Industrial Revolution
B) The theories of Locke
C) The founding of child development as an academic discipline
D) The theories of Rousseau

Question 23

Children became more visible in the ____, fostering awareness of childhood as a special time of life.

A) Industrial Revolution
B) Middle Ages
C) twentieth century
D) age of reason

Question 24

A child is exhibiting anxious behaviors and the therapist works to reconcile internal conflicts within the child based on early experiences with parents in order to develop more adaptive behaviors. What is the theory the therapist is working with?

A) maturation
B) psychosexual development
C) psychosocial development
D) behaviorism

Question 25

A theory that sees children as developing through distinct periods of life is called ____.

A) a cognitive theory
B) a social theory
C) a psychosexual theory
D) a stage theory

Question 26

According to Freud, internal processes conflict with one another, causing problems with observable behaviors. Which of the following is one of the main issues that causes internal conflict?

A) basic biological drives versus social expectations
B) basic sexual drives versus parent relationships
C) basic aggressive drives versus relationships with same-sex parents
D) basic biological drives versus emotional development

Question 27

Hailey is a one-year-old baby who is hungry. She begins crying and does not stop until she is fed, regardless of what her parents do to soothe her. Which part of Freud's theory is at work with Hailey?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the conscious

Question 28

Freud's theory includes conflict between parts of the personality. Each part has a function and, according to Freud, there are times when the drive of one is in conflict with the drive of another. One of the functions acts to satisfy and mediate the others. Which one does this?

A) ego
B) superego
C) unconscious
D) id

Question 29

Adele allowed her baby to nurse until she was two years old. At five years old, Adele's child refused to give up sucking his thumb. Adele's mother read about Freudian psychology and learned that the thumb sucking was due to problems during which stage of development?

A) genital
B) phallic
C) latency
D) oral

Question 30

In which psychosexual stage is gratification obtained through control and elimination of waste products?

A) phallic
B) latency
C) oral
D) anal

Question 31

Ed is five years-old and has a crush on his mother. He is resentful of the time his father spends with her and competes for her attention. Which stage is Ed in?

A) latency
B) phallic
C) anal
D) genital

Question 32

Ned begins to experience drives for sexual gratification with someone of the opposite sex. What psychosexual stage is this?

A) phallic
B) oral
C) genital
D) latency

Question 33

Which of the following focuses on how a person's cultural environment influences his or her development?

A) maturation
B) psychosexual development
C) developmental psychology
D) stage theory

Question 34

Which of the following would be an example of how Freud gathered information for his theories?

A) He gathered information by observing children at different ages.
B) He gathered information by interviewing children of different ages.
C) He gathered information from parents about their children.
D) He gathered information from adult clients about their childhood.

Question 35

Which of the following theories would be more of a flexible approach to how early experiences influence development?

A) psychosexual development
B) psychosocial development
C) behavioral development
D) cognitive development

Question 36

Which of the following Erikson stages corresponds to Freud's anal stage?

A) trust vs. mistrust
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) industry vs. inferiority

Question 37

Which of the following psychosexual stages correspond to the identity vs. role diffusion stage of psychosocial development?

A) anal stage
B) phallic stage
C) latency stage
D) genital stage

Question 38

Who argued that a scientific approach to development must focus only on observable behavior?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Watson
D) Skinner

Question 39

Kali automatically gets up and switches classes in school when she hears the second bell. Which theory describes this behavior?

A) psychosexual development
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) cognitive development

Question 40

Which of the following would be a positive reinforcer?

A) Removing the tone when you buckle your seatbelt
B) Allowing you to get out of your room after you clean it
C) Spanking you for not studying for your test
D) Allowing an extra scoop of ice cream for passing the test

Question 41

Which of the following is likely to occur when you remove the bell in school?

A) extinction
B) reinforcement
C) conditioned response
D) consequence

Question 42

What typically happens when a negative reinforcer is removed?

A) The frequency of behavior increases.
B) The frequency of behavior decreases.
C) The behavior ceases.
D) The frequency of behavior does not change.

Question 43

What typically happens when a punishment is presented?

A) The unwanted behavior increases.
B) The unwanted behavior decreases.
C) The desired behavior decreases.
D) The desired behavior increases.

Question 44

Which of the following increases the frequency of a desired behavior?

A) extinction
B) positive reinforcer
C) negative reinforcer
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 45

Which of the following would increase the resumption of an undesired behavior?

A) removal of the reinforcer
B) increasing the reinforcer
C) increasing and decreasing the reinforcer
D) decreasing the reinforcer

Question 46

Mary and Paul are playing house when Paul's friends come over. Paul quickly stops playing house and gets out his trucks. Why is Paul reacting this way?

A) socialization through classical conditioning
B) socialization through operant conditioning
C) socialization through cognitive learning
D) socialization through adaptation

Question 47

Which of the following theorists proposed that learning occurs through observing other people?

A) Bandura
B) Erikson
C) Skinner
D) Piaget

Question 48

Kali watches her mother vacuum and decides to do it herself. Her mother shows her how. What is her mother doing?

A) adapting
B) assimilating
C) accommodating
D) modeling

Question 49

Which theories provides the basis for many educational TV shows?

A) psychosexual
B) psychosocial
C) learning
D) behaviorist

Question 50

Tara moved from the country to the city and is learning to adjust to the faster pace. She has started to learn how navigate the different streets. Which Piaget concept is Tara utilizing?

A) assimilation
B) adaptation
C) accommodation
D) equilibration

Question 51

David is a two year-old who is trying to get the cat to play with her like the dog does. She starts calling "doggie" and runs after the cat. Which of Piaget's concepts is she using?

A) accommodation
B) equilibration
C) assimilation
D) adaptation

Question 52

Which theorist do teachers follow when they actively engage children in solving problems?

A) Bandura
B) Lorenz
C) Piaget
D) Skinner

Question 53

Which of the following theories emphasizes learning by watching others?

A) classical conditioning
B) social cognitive
C) cognitive-developmental
D) biological

Question 54

Which of the following theorists would have been most interested in a child's mental processes when answering a question?

A) Bandura
B) Freud
C) Lorenz
D) Piaget

Question 55

Which of the following would be a mental structure responsible for helping a child determine how to act in a restaurant?

A) scheme
B) adaptation
C) heuristic
D) pattern

Question 56

As infants begin to get teeth, they are introduced to chewable foods and they must add them to their food scheme. Which Piaget concept does this portray?

A) adaptation
B) assimilation
C) accommodation
D) equilibration

Question 57

When teachers use Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following do they practice?

A) They provide instruction appropriate for the current development stage and encourage the child to move on to the next level.
B) They provide instruction appropriate for the current development stage and encourage the child to remain at that level until they achieve complete mastery.
C) They provide instruction appropriate for the next development stage to encourage the child to move on to the next level.
D) They provide instruction appropriate for the next development stage and push them to try harder.

Question 58

Which of the following is one criticism of Piaget?

A) Many cognitive skills develop in distinct stages.
B) Piaget may have overestimated the ages when children are capable of certain tasks.
C) Piaget may have ignored proper ages for certain tasks.
D) Many cognitive skills develop gradually.

Question 59

Which of the following settings utilizes Piaget's work to the highest degree?

A) educational
B) correctional
C) residential
D) clinical

Question 60

During which of the following stages would a child begin to adopt the viewpoint of others?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 61

During which of the following stages would a child acquire the basics of language?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 62

Which of the following areas would be concerned with how instinctive survival occurs?

A) Ecology
B) Ethology
C) Physiology
D) Biology

Question 63

Which of the following would involve a child interacting with the zoo representative on a field trip?

A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 64

Which of the following systems would include programs to help mothers with infants?

A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 65

Which of the following systems would be in place as a child negotiates with her mother over her allowance?

A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 66

What are sudden changes in genetic material that provide differences from parents?

A) reflexes
B) mutations
C) fixed action patterns
D) instinctive patterns

Question 67

Homing pigeons are said to be able to always find their way home based on their instincts. Which of the following concepts explains this?

A) mutations
B) ethology
C) ecology
D) fixed action patterns

Question 68

Which of the following seems to be connected with feelings of self-confidence, high activity, levels and aggressiveness?

A) mutations
B) reflexes
C) testosterone
D) estrogen

Question 69

Which of the following has been implicated in human behavior based on research into the biological perspective?

A) specificity
B) rapid mutations
C) instincts
D) androgyny

Question 70

Which of the following theorists proposed the sociocultural theory?

A) Piaget
B) Vygotsky
C) Bandura
D) Bronfenbrenner

Question 71

Which of the following refers to a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled?

A) scaffolding
B) ethology
C) zone of proximal development
D) zone of natural development

Question 72

Which of the following would concern Vygotsky?

A) Karen is conditioned to respond to the school bell.
B) Karen can distinguish between cake and cupcakes.
C) Karen learns by watching her mother.
D) Karen learns from interacting with her parents and teachers.

Question 73

Which of the following would be Vygotsky's focus?

A) A child's brain capacity
B) A child's biological age
C) A child's genetic makeup
D) A child's social interactions

Question 74

Which of the following is a temporary skeletal structure that enables workers to fabricate a building or other more permanent structure?

A) zone of proximal development
B) maturation
C) scaffolding
D) fixed action patterns

Question 75

Which of the following would be of most interest to a biological theorist?

A) A child's interaction with parents
B) A child's cultural background
C) A child's genetic makeup
D) A child's education

Question 76

Which of the following would be of interest to biological theorists?

A) language development
B) social development
C) personality development
D) cultural development

Question 77

Which of the following is defined as the processes within an organism that guide it to develop according to its genetic code?

A) biology
B) nature
C) nurture
D) instinct

Question 78

Whose theory is the most discontinuous?

A) Erikson
B) Vygotsky
C) Bronfenbrenner
D) Piaget

Question 79

Which of the following would be an example of Locke's theory?

A) Children are born evil.
B) Children are born good.
C) Children are born with inherent knowledge.
D) Children are born with nothing.

Question 80

Which of the following would be an example of the naturalistic-observation method?

A) Watching children play
B) Creating a game for children to play
C) Asking children what they like to play
D) Asking children about their play history