Deck 6: The Formation of Subcultures

Question 1

According to Cohen, delinquent subcultures are rooted in all but which of the following?

A) acceptance of violence as normal
B) class differentials in parental aspirations
C) child-rearing practices
D) classroom standards

Answer 1

acceptance of violence as normal

Question 2

Cohen argues that __________ band together to form a subculture in which they can define status in ways that seem attainable to them.

A) street boys
B) delinquent boys
C) corner boys
D) college boys

Answer 2

delinquent boys

Question 3

_________ boys try to make the best of bad situations, according to Cohen.

A) Street
B) Delinquent
C) Corner
D) College

Answer 3

Corner

Question 4

Which of the following does Cohen's theory not explain?

A) the origin of delinquent behavior
B) why some youths raised in the same neighborhoods and attending the same schools do not become involved in delinquent subcultures
C) types of roles that lower-class boys adopt in response to status frustration and strain
D) why most delinquents become law-abiding individuals even though their position in the class structure remains relatively fixed

Question 5

According to Cloward and Ohlin, which type of gang emerges in areas where conventional and illegitimate values and behavior are integrated by a close connection of illegitimate and legitimate businesses?

A) conflict gangs
B) criminal gangs
C) innovation gangs
D) retreatist gangs

Question 6

The goal of _________ gangs is to gain a reputation for toughness and destructive violence.

A) conflict
B) criminal
C) innovation
D) retreatist

Question 7

Members of ___________ gangs are described as double failures because they have not been successful in the legitimate world and have been equally unsuccessful in the illegitimate worlds of organized criminal activity and violence-oriented gangs.

A) conflict
B) criminal
C) innovation
D) retreatist

Question 8

Cloward and Ohlin's assumption that blocked opportunities are related to delinquency has received

A) strong empirical support.
B) no empirical support.
C) mixed empirical support.
D) To date, no one has tested this assumption.

Question 9

One of the main criticisms of differential opportunity theory is that

A) it is class-oriented.
B) it only identifies three types of gangs.
C) it overlooks the fact that most delinquents become law-abiding adults.
D) it ignores differential parental aspirations.

Question 10

Who introduced the subculture of violence theory?

A) Shaw and Miller
B) Wolfgang and Ferracuti
C) Cloward and Ohlin
D) Cohen

Question 11

According to Wolfgang and Ferracuti, the perception about violence in subcultures of violence is that _____.

A) it is frequently an expected response
B) it is antisocial
C) it is used in all situations
D) it is condemnable

Question 12

Which region of the United States has the highest homicide rate?

A) North
B) West
C) Midwest
D) South

Question 13

Walter Miller identified _____ as one of the six focal concerns, or areas, to which lower-class males give persistent attention.

A) self-confidence
B) wealth
C) industriousness
D) excitement

Question 14

A lower-class person's resentment of external controls, whether parents, teachers, or police, is related to what focal concern?

A) toughness
B) autonomy
C) self-esteem
D) trouble

Question 15

In studying attachment to lower-class focal concerns, Cernovich found that toughness, excitement, trouble, and ___________ were related to self-reported delinquency in all classes.

A) fate
B) autonomy
C) pleasure-seeking
D) self-esteem

Question 16

Stephen Cernovich concluded that it is ______ rather than class that is/are associated with delinquency.

A) races
B) status
C) goals
D) values

Question 17

What is the primary source of financial equity for gangs?

A) arms trafficking
B) drug trafficking
C) migrant smuggling
D) money laundering

Question 18

Who published the first major work on the lifestyle of female gang members in New York?

A) Meda Chesney-Lind
B) Albert Cohen
C) Anne Campbell
D) Freda Adler

Question 19

According to Albert Cohen, the term _____ refers to a mechanism that relieves anxiety through the process of rejecting with abnormal intensity what one wants but cannot obtain.

A) atavistic stigmata
B) differential association
C) reaction formation
D) victim precipitation

Question 20

Mobilization for Youth (MOBY) was based on what theory?

A) opportunity
B) cultural deviance
C) learning
D) social control

Question 21

Subcultures exist apart from a larger society.

Question 22

Cloward and Ohlin maintain that the types of subcultures and of juvenile gangs that flourish within them depend on the type of neighborhood in which they develop.

Question 23

According to Miller, juvenile delinquency stems from the frustration of not meeting teachers' expectations in school.

Question 24

Wolfgang and Ferracuti argue that in some subcultures behavior norms are dictated by a value system that demands the use of force or violence.

Question 25

"Walked in"is a gang initiation method saved for girls who are at least second-generation gang members, who have an immediate family member in good gang standing, or who have grown up in their "hood"and have established themselves and proved their loyalty.

Question 26

Albert Cohen's theory is responsible for major advances in research on delinquency. Discuss Cohen's theory and then evaluate it.

Question 27

Discuss and evaluate Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory.

Question 28

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti developed the subculture of violence theory to explain criminal behavior among young, lower-class, urban males. Discuss the subculture of violence, and then discuss tests of this theory.

Question 29

Miller posited that juvenile delinquency stems from lower-class culture and its value system. Discuss the theory and concerns regarding its implications.

Question 30

Traditionally, gang membership has been limited primarily to young, inner-city males. However, gang membership has been changing. Discuss what recent studies reveal about female gang members and middle-class gangs and gang membership.