Deck 3: Schools of Thought Throughout History

Question 1

The classical school of criminology is based on the assumption that

A) criminals are born, not made.
B) individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions.
C) body build is related to various mental disorders.
D) criminals are distinguishable from noncriminals by atavistic stigmata.

Answer 1

individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions.

Question 2

The positivist school of criminology posits that

A) human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control.
B) individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions.
C) all human actions are determined in accordance with the felicific calculus.
D) anomie is a breakdown of social order, which causes people to commit crimes.

Answer 2

human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control.

Question 3

Who wrote On Crimes and Punishment?

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Cesare Beccaria

Answer 3

Cesare Beccaria

Question 4

Who is known as the "father of modern criminology"?

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 5

Whose work was governed by utilitarian principles?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) Raffaele Garofalo
D) Emile Durkheim

Question 6

What provided the next generation of criminologists with the tools they needed to challenge classical criminology?

A) Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishment
B) Bentham's utilitarianism
C) Lombroso's The Criminal Man
D) Darwin's Origin of Species

Question 7

Physiognomy is the study of ___________ and their relation to human behavior.

A) bumps on the head
B) body types
C) facial features
D) ear types

Question 8

____________ posited that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities.

A) Physiognomy
B) Phrenology
C) Atavistic stigmata
D) The somatotypes school

Question 9

Cesare Lombroso's The Criminal Man replaced the concept of free will with the concept of ____________.

A) determinism
B) rationality
C) science
D) utilitarianism

Question 10

Cesare Lombroso argued that the "born criminal" was distinguishable by

A) bumps on the head.
B) small jaws and teeth.
C) atavistic stigmata.
D) a large nose.

Question 11

The theory of the born criminal by Cesare Lombroso defines atavistic stigmata as

A) psychological anomalies that drive an individual to commit acts that offend the basic moral sentiments of probity and piety.
B) inherited delinquent behavioral traits that are passed on in the genes.
C) physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development, before they became fully human.
D) changes in the brains that interfere with people's ability to distinguish between right and wrong.

Question 12

The major challenge to Lombrosian theory came from the work of

A) Emile Durkheim.
B) Enrico Ferri.
C) Charles Goring.
D) Cesare Beccaria.

Question 13

The somatotype school of criminology differentiated three principle types of physiques. Which of the following is not one of those types?

A) the asthenic
B) the athletic
C) the pyknic
D) the ascetic

Question 14

William Sheldon brought the somatotype school to the United States. Which one of the following is not one of the three somatotypes Sheldon formulated?

A) andromorph
B) ectomorph
C) endomorph
D) mesomorph

Question 15

According to William Sheldon, which one of the somatotypes is most likely to be involved in illegal behavior?

A) andromorph
B) ectomorph
C) endomorph
D) mesomorph

Question 16

After World War II, somatotyping fell into disfavor because

A) the approach was based on the grounds that genetic and environmental influences could not be separated.
B) the approach seemed too close to eugenics.
C) the approach focused exclusively on the psychological characteristics of criminals.
D) the approach contradicted the concept of moral insanity.

Question 17

The science of controlled reproduction to improve hereditary qualities is called

A) genetics.
B) physiognomy.
C) phrenology.
D) eugenics.

Question 18

Who is acknowledged as America's first forensic psychiatrist?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Philippe Pinel
C) Isaac Ray
D) Henry Maudsley

Question 19

Who first described the concept of moral insanity?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Philippe Pinel
C) Isaac Ray
D) Henry Maudsley

Question 20

Among the first scholars to disclaim the free-will doctrine of the classical school of thought were

A) Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
B) Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck.
C) Gabriel Tarde and Emile Durkheim.
D) Adolphe Quetelet and Michel Guerry.

Question 21

One of the earliest sociological theories of criminal behavior was formulated by

A) Michel Guerry.
B) Cesare Beccaria.
C) Gabriel Tarde.
D) Jeremy Bentham.

Question 22

Gabriel Tarde formulated his theory of criminal behavior in terms of _____, principles that governed the process by which people became criminals.

A) laws of imitation
B) eugenics
C) utilitarian values
D) laws of phrenology

Question 23

The most important of Emile Durkheim's numerous contributions to contemporary sociology is his concept of

A) anomie.
B) moral insanity.
C) utilitarianism.
D) the laws of imitation.

Question 24

Classical criminologists argued that society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains.

Question 25

Cesare Beccaria's work was governed by utilitarian principles.

Question 26

Jeremy Bentham proposed the "felicific calculus"to explain how people decide whether to commit a crime or not.

Question 27

According to Lombroso, criminal women are the same as criminal men.

Question 28

One of Emile Durkheim's most important contributions to contemporary criminology is the laws of imitation.

Question 29

Discuss the principles of classical criminology, making reference to the works of both Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

Question 30

Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools of thought.

Question 31

Differentiate between psychological determinism and sociological determinism, including the scholars associated with each perspective.

Question 32

Discuss the various forms that biological determinism has taken, from the earliest belief that criminals are born to the discovery of an extra sex chromosome in some criminal samples in the 1960s.

Question 33

Emile Durkheim had a powerful influence on contemporary criminology. Discuss Durkheim's influence on criminology, making sure to discuss his most important contribution.