Deck 2: Theories of Morality and Business Ethics

Question 1

According to English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, humankind is governed by

A) pain and pleasure
B) night and day
C) light and dark
D) hunger and thirst

Answer 1

pain and pleasure

Question 2

What term describes the extreme end of morally bad or wrong behavior?

A) hedonism
B) evil
C) unethical actions
D) Leviathan

Answer 2

evil

Question 3

Which English philosopher believed that ethical behavior required an all-powerful government?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) John Locke
C) Thomas Hobbes
D) Francis Bacon

Answer 3

Thomas Hobbes

Question 4

Based on your reading, which conclusion can you accurately draw?

A) Evil is a societal construct.
B) Pursuing pleasure typically leads to unethical actions.
C) Hedonism results in lifelong euphoria.
D) Our human nature tends toward ethical actions.

Question 5

Which of the following is the best example of hedonism?

A) Though cancer has spread throughout her body, Addison fights to live as long as she can.
B) Bianca dutifully eats her mother's homemade lasagna, though it is her least favorite food.
C) As the last racer in the relay, Carson runs as fast as he can on his fractured ankle.
D) Deshawn drives as fast as he can, but he slows to the speed limit when he spots a police car.

Question 6

You invite Evelyn to join your group at an all-you-can-eat buffet. Evelyn says, "Isn't that hedonistic?" Your best and most accurate response is: "Not if we only

A) eat healthy portions."
B) eat there once a week."
C) make one trip through the buffet line."
D) eat our money's worth."

Question 7

Franco drinks one glass of red wine every night because research shows it can protect against dementia and heart disease. When would Franco's action be considered hedonism?

A) every night that he drinks
B) if he enjoys the wine
C) if his drinking begins to cause harm to himself and others
D) if he develops dementia or heart issues

Question 8

Which of the following statements most accurately describes human nature and the need for ethics?

A) Hedonism is the most extreme immoral behavior.
B) What is considered unethical in one part of the world might be considered ethical in another.
C) Inexplicably, human nature tends to seek out painful experiences.
D) The study of ethics and morals is relatively new.

Question 9

Which of the following phrases best describes the hedonistic philosophy?

A) Actions speak louder than words.
B) A rolling stone gathers no moss.
C) Enough is as good as a feast.
D) Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we may die.

Question 10

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes?

A) People have a natural tendency toward fighting.
B) Human nature is inherently good.
C) Societal control is a more powerful tool than government intervention.
D) When people all want the same things, it creates a world of beauty.

Question 11

How does our human nature give rise to the need for ethics?

Question 12

Which term best describes the thoughts, actions, and outcomes that one considers to be correct, just, and right?

A) morals
B) valor
C) integrity
D) respect

Question 13

Moral goods

A) lead to moral actions
B) are determined by sociologists
C) are instrumentally valuable
D) are intrinsically valuable

Question 14

Goods with instrumental value

A) are valuable in and of themselves
B) bring out other goods
C) are inherently moral
D) are inherently immoral

Question 15

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Moral action produces moral outcomes for individuals, which lead to moral goods for others.
B) Moral goods produce moral actions for individuals, which lead to moral outcomes for others.
C) Moral action produces moral goods for individuals, which lead to moral outcomes for others.
D) Moral goods produce moral outcomes for individuals, which lead to moral actions for others.

Question 16

Which of the following is the best example of an intrinsic good?

A) housing
B) health
C) vacation
D) schooling

Question 17

Which of the following is the best example of an instrumental good?

A) contentment
B) peace
C) security
D) marriage

Question 18

During a conversation with your friends, Gabrielle says she goes to college to learn the skills she needs to secure a good career. Heath says he values learning and would attend college even if he did not get a good job afterward. What is your best response?

A) Some things, like education, may be considered both intrinsically and instrumentally valuable.
B) Some people, like Heath, do not understand the instrumentality of goods and actions.
C) Some people, like Gabrielle, do not understand the intrinsicality of goods and actions.
D) Some things, like education, are neither intrinsically nor instrumentally valuable.

Question 19

Ivan has begun operating a food truck business on campus. His customers have offered suggestions for menu items and stop locations-some of them interesting but impossible at this early stage of business. What is the best way for Ivan to increase his customer base and improve his business?

A) Demonstrate that he listens to his customers and understands what they want.
B) Price his items as high as he can to generate income, which will advance the business.
C) Diligently add items to the menu as soon as he receives the suggestions.
D) Consider the suggestions a "trade secret" between himself and the customer.

Question 20

A reasonable person would consider all of the following moral good dyads EXCEPT

A) knowledge versus ignorance
B) health versus sickness
C) integrity versus trust
D) respect versus contempt

Question 21

To be considered a moral good, it must

A) be globally considered morally correct
B) be valued by a reasonable person
C) be valued for its ability to bring out other goods
D) lead to moral action

Question 22

What is the best similarity between intrinsic and instrumental goods?

A) They result in moral outcomes.
B) They are the result of moral goods.
C) They lead to other goods.
D) They are things people perceive as desirable.

Question 23

Until she read chapter 2, Jessica would have told you she works a part-time job because she values money. Now she is contemplating what intrinsic goods are meaningful to her. What is the best way for her to develop an understanding?

A) Ask herself a series of "why" questions (e.g., Why do I want money?).
B) Ask a reasonable person what he or she considers intrinsically valuable about work.
C) Consider the opposite of working and earning money.
D) Investigate philosophical teachings on intrinsic value.

Question 24

Describe the relationship between moral actions and moral outcomes.

Question 25

For every person who does not hold a faith tradition, there are about how many others who do?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15

Question 26

Which religious tradition currently has the highest affiliation?

A) Christianity
B) Islam
C) Buddhism
D) atheism

Question 27

Which is the oldest of the Abrahamic faiths?

A) Hinduism
B) Islam
C) Judaism
D) Christianity

Question 28

Which of the following religions uses the Vedas as foundational texts?

A) atheism
B) Judaism
C) Islam
D) Buddhism

Question 29

Kellen is studying for a business ethics exam and says, "I can't believe I have to understand all of this information about world religions. I'm a business major." What is your best response?

A) Many business and societal laws are grounded in religious teachings about morals and ethics.
B) Many businesses are owned and managed by religiously affiliated groups.
C) Though Americans are increasingly agnostic, the majority of others throughout the world are religiously affiliated.
D) Understanding philosophy and theology increases your breadth of knowledge, which is useful in business.

Question 30

What is the best similarity between the Abrahamic and Vedic traditions?

A) the Six Perfections
B) the Power of Love
C) the Golden Rule
D) the rule of thumb

Question 31

What best differentiates the Abrahamic and Vedic traditions?

A) the need to adhere to a moral code
B) the use of a foundational text as a source for moral action
C) the notion of positive conduct toward others
D) the hoped-for moral outcome

Question 32

Leah proudly practices the oldest of the Abrahamic faith traditions. She dutifully attempts to obey God's commandments and to live a life of justice, mercy, and humility. With which religion does Leah most likely affiliate?

A) Judaism
B) Christianity
C) Islam
D) Hinduism

Question 33

Marcus strives to emulate Jesus by living a life of kindness, forgiveness, and love toward all others. In doing so, he expects to receive grace. With which religion does Marcus most likely affiliate?

A) Judaism
B) Christianity
C) Islam
D) Hinduism

Question 34

What is the best similarity between Judaism and Christianity in teachings on moral actions and outcomes?

A) the moral outcome of freedom from suffering
B) the desire for Jesus's grace
C) the duty to obey God and his commandments
D) the use of the Five Precepts

Question 35

For Ginny, the goal of ethics is developing right conduct. To be considered a cultivated person, she must possess a disposition of proper knowledge and etiquette. With which religion does Ginny most likely affiliate?

A) Judaism
B) Christianity
C) Islam
D) Hinduism

Question 36

What is the best similarity between Islam and Christianity in teachings on moral actions and outcomes?

A) the hoped-for moral outcome of salvation in the next life
B) the desire for Jesus's grace
C) the emphasis on unconditional love for the human family
D) the use of the Quran in establishing business ethics

Question 37

Oscar strives to live a life of dharma via his caring kindness toward others. His patience and inner peace allow him to calmly think through which of his duties is most important and act accordingly. With which religion does Oscar most likely affiliate?

A) Buddhism
B) Christianity
C) Islam
D) Hinduism

Question 38

Penelope's new friend Quincy practices Hinduism and Penelope is learning as much as she can about Quincy's beliefs. When Quincy says he tries to be friendly for the welfare of everyone, Penelope knows this means Quincy wants to live a life of

A) moska
B) dharma
C) sila
D) prajna

Question 39

Regine follows the Five Precepts to ensure a rebirth that avoids suffering. To find enlightenment, she actively seeks the Six Perfections. With which religion does Regine most likely affiliate?

A) Buddhism
B) Christianity
C) Islam
D) Hinduism

Question 40

What is the best similarity between Hinduism and Buddhism?

A) the moral outcome of salvation in the next life
B) foundation in the wisdom of the ancient Indo-Aryan civilization
C) the duty to obey God and his commandments
D) the use of the Quran in establishing business ethics

Question 41

Compare and contrast the way the Abrahamic and Vedic faiths view moral actions and moral outcomes.

Question 42

The moral outcome sought by any philosophical system is

A) an optimal society
B) religious freedom
C) a flourishing economy
D) wisdom

Question 43

What term did Immanuel Kant use to describe a moral rule that applies to all situations without conditions?

A) eudemonia
B) categorial imperative
C) Xiao
D) deontology

Question 44

Adam Smith was a moral philosopher and a/an

A) physician
B) architect
C) economist
D) musician

Question 45

Which philosopher believed that proper relationships exist in a reciprocal balance of two opposing interconnected forces, yin and yang?

A) Socrates
B) Lao Tzu
C) Aristotle
D) Confucius

Question 46

Shweta believes that people should judge their actions as morally right or wrong based on their intentions, without regard to the impact of those actions on others. Which philosophical system does Shweta most likely embody?

A) deontology
B) utilitarianism
C) justice
D) virtue theory

Question 47

Trevon, a purchasing agent, agrees to buy 500 units of product from ABC Company. Though the agreement is not legally binding, Trevon feels obligated by his promise. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

A) moral sense theory
B) utilitarianism
C) deontology
D) justice

Question 48

Vincenzo thinks that morality means doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. He believes actions should be judged as right or wrong based on their consequences. Which philosophical system does Vincent most likely embody?

A) deontology
B) utilitarianism
C) moral sense theory
D) Confucian virtue theory

Question 49

Wei, CEO of a pharmaceutical company, decides to release an FDA-approved medication because it helps more people than are affected by its side effects. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

A) moral sense theory
B) Aristotelian virtue theory
C) deontology
D) utilitarianism

Question 50

Based on your reading, which conclusion can you accurately draw?

A) Utilitarianism is based on the idea of hedonism.
B) Utilitarianism opposes hedonism.
C) Deontology is the least useful philosophy for business.
D) Moral sense theory is the most useful philosophy for business.

Question 51

Xander strives to create a world that ensures fair outcomes-one where everyone has equal access to education and legal rights. Which philosophical system does Xander most likely embody?

A) Aristotelian virtue theory
B) Confucian virtue theory
C) moral sense theory
D) justice

Question 52

Hiring manager Yael believes that employing a diverse workforce is both fair and beneficial to the organization. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

A) moral sense theory
B) Aristotelian virtue theory
C) justice
D) utilitarianism

Question 53

Zoe believes that a morally good society is driven by sympathy and concern for others. She holds steadfast to the notion that this society also can be prosperous. Which philosophical system does Zoe most likely embody?

A) Aristotelian virtue theory
B) moral sense theory
C) Confucian virtue theory
D) justice

Question 54

Adonis is creating a small business that designs, manufactures, and sells eco-friendly clothing for the outdoor adventurer. He plans to donate part of his proceeds to children in need.
Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

A) moral sense theory
B) Aristotelian virtue theory
C) Confucian virtue theory
D) deontology

Question 55

Brooklyn believes that, to act morally and flourish, she must develop her personal character. Which philosophical system does Brooklyn most likely embody?

A) Aristotelian virtue theory
B) moral sense theory
C) Confucian virtue theory
D) justice

Question 56

Carlos is the CEO of a company that manufactures health and beauty aids for the consumer market. Through advertisements, public relations, and other communications, Carlos strives to create a company reputation of trustworthiness. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

A) moral sense theory
B) Aristotelian virtue theory
C) Confucian virtue theory
D) deontology

Question 57

Aristotle considered all of the following to be virtues of the "mean" EXCEPT

A) courage
B) temperance
C) humble-mindedness
D) sincerity

Question 58

Desmond believes that moral conduct should be viewed in the context of social and societal relationships. He values benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, trustworthiness, and loyalty. Which philosophical system does Desmond most likely embody?

A) Aristotelian virtue theory
B) utilitarianism
C) Confucian virtue theory
D) justice

Question 59

As newly appointed CEO, Eloise restructured the company into cross-functional work teams so everyone would have a better chance of voicing concerns and offering suggestions. She believed that this design would foster company loyalty. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

A) moral sense theory
B) Aristotelian virtue theory
C) Confucian virtue theory
D) deontology

Question 60

Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Question 61

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg began his study of the development of moral reasoning with a group of

A) males aged 9 to 16.
B) males aged 12 to 32
C) females aged 9 to 16
D) females aged 12 to 32

Question 62

Faruk is an adult man who is faced occasionally with moral dilemmas. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, Faruk likely has reached which step of moral reasoning?

A) step 3
B) step 4
C) step 5
D) step 6

Question 63

Psychologist Carol Gilligan proposed that masculinity was defined through separation and femininity was defined through

A) justice
B) obligation
C) attachment
D) privilege

Question 64

A prominent feminist approach to ethics is also known as the ethic of

A) equality
B) superiority
C) inferiority
D) care

Question 65

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, only about one in six adults reaches

A) a punishment and obedience orientation
B) a good boy/girl morality
C) naïve hedonism
D) an emphasis on individual rights

Question 66

Gwen is five years old. She believes that taking a toy away from another child is bad because when she does so, she is scolded. Gwen is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) good boy/girl morality
C) naïve hedonism
D) emphasis on individual rights

Question 67

Hunter is in high school. He endeavors to be honest at all times because he wants his classmates and teachers to approve of him. Hunter is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) good boy/girl morality
C) naïve hedonism
D) individual principles of conscience

Question 68

Ivy is the rare adult with her own set of moral guidelines. She does not let what others think affect her moral outlook. Ivy is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) good boy/girl morality
C) naïve hedonism
D) individual principles of conscience

Question 69

What best differentiates Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development from that of Carol Gilligan?

A) the notion that moral advancement depends on how one was socialized
B) the idea that moral development happens in stages
C) the importance of justice on morality
D) the understanding of what constitutes a moral person

Question 70

Which of the following accurately describes the results of Carol Gilligan's research?

A) Women exhibited more advanced moral reasoning.
B) Men exhibited more advanced moral reasoning.
C) When making decisions, women tended to prioritize empathy over logic.
D) When making decisions, women tended to prioritize rewards over approval.

Question 71

You arrive at a flooded area where four people are drowning. You can only save one person and have to choose between your sibling, a doctor, a scientist, and a bartender. If you act strictly based on the ethic of care perspective, which person will you save?

A) sibling
B) doctor
C) scientist
D) bartender

Question 72

All of the following are similar to the ethic of care EXCEPT

A) philosophy of justice
B) deontology
C) Confucian virtue theory
D) utilitarianism

Question 73

What is the best similarity between the ethic of care and the justice perspective?

A) the notion that everyone has inalienable rights
B) that moral outcomes involve equal opportunity
C) the idea that morally right actions involve heartfelt communications
D) the promotion of a strong social order

Question 74

You already know that many have criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's exclusion of women in his study. Your professor tells you that many critics have found flaws in the studies of Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan and asks you to name one. Based on your reading, which is your best response?

A) The dilemmas facing the participants were all hypothetical. People might have reacted differently if the situations were real.
B) The demographics of the participants were too diverse. Different groups may react differently depending on their socialization.
C) The participants were studied for a moment in time. Moral reasoning likely changes over a period of decades.
D) The study did not consider the behavioral effects of both nature and nurture on participants.

Question 75

Describe the differing views of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan on the development of moral reasoning.