Deck 10: Future Trends and Applications

Question 1

Darrell and Shawn are reviewing the major themes of the text in preparation for their final exam. Darrell asks Shawn, "What do you call Bronfenbrenner's theory that focuses on the reciprocal relationship among children, their parents, family members, and their connection with cultural traditions?" Shawn's reply should be

A) the developmental niche.
B) the ecological model.
C) the cultural syndromes.
D) the sociocultural theory.

Answer 1

the ecological model.

Question 2

In the opening vignettes to Chapter 10, Michel's beliefs about God and religion establish his world views and devotional outlook while Phyllidia's extended family help maintain her social and cultural traditions. Both of these represent examples of Bronfenbrenner's

A) microsystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) exosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Answer 2

macrosystem.

Question 3

Jamal Ismail grew up in a small kompong (village) in Malaysia. His unique social setting, and the quality of child care he received from his extended family, helped to shape his deep devotion to Islam. Jason Marks, on the other hand, was raised in Howell, Michigan. Raised as an only child, his single mother took primary responsibility for instilling into him strong moral values and a genuine love for the arts. In reviewing the two major themes of the text, both Jamal's and Jason's situations represent examples of Super and Harkness' concept of

A) the ecological model.
B) the developmental niche.
C) cultural syndromes.
D) none of the above

Answer 3

the developmental niche.

Question 4

As a behavioral scientist, Byron is monitoring his three-year-old son's development. Of particular interest is the relationship between several contributing variables: family history, social and cultural factors, and his cognitive development. According to the text, Byron is providing a contextual approach to the study of cognitive development. This approach was given prominence by

A) Bronfenbrenner.
B) Super and Harkness.
C) Erikson.
D) Vygotsky.

Question 5

Several researchers have studied concepts considered unique to specific cultures (e.g. amae in Japan). Upon further examination, research suggests that similar behavior has been observed, or may have its equivalent, throughout other countries as well. These findings would provide an example of an________ or culture-specific concept that, with further research, may be shown to be an ___________or universal/culture-general concept.

A) ecocultural; exosystemic
B) assimilation; accommodation
C) emic; etic
D) etic; emic

Question 6

According to Vygotsky, a child's mental abilities develop as a result of participation in collaborative activities with more skilled peers or adults. Consequently, it is the social interaction and___________ that provide the foundation for cognitive development.

A) cultural context
B) family environment
C) quality of care giving
D) macrosystem

Question 7

The text discusses some of the challenges in conducting cross-cultural research. Fons van de Vijver asserts that the field must develop "tailor made" methodologies for cross- cultural research. The following would support advancements in this arena:

A) draw on experiences from various branches of ecology
B) publish guidelines for the appropriate design and carrying out of cross-cultural research
C) encourage closer interdisciplinary cooperation and sharing of ideas with colleagues in sociology and anthropology
D) all of the above

Question 8

In the final chapter of "Lives Across Cultures" Gardiner and Kosmitzki predict that future theories of human development will

A) focus on limited and specific facets of development.
B) describe, explain, understand, and predict all aspects of an individual's development.
C) consider culture simultaneously as a dependent and independent variable.
D) lack consistency in definitions, approaches, and methodology.

Question 9

Kohlberg's definition of moral maturity has been criticized for its basis on general principles of justice. Haan, et al. (1985) instead proposed that moral reasoning is the result of understanding the interdependence of self and others that occurs in social interactions. Haan also suggests that moral reasoning may take on different forms in different cultures due to the wide variations in what is considered a need, desire, strength, or weakness. Thus, Haan's model incorporates the _______________nature of morality.

A) judicial
B) universal
C) discriminatory
D) interactional

Question 10

The emerging field of developmental neuroscience examines how_____ and_______ are linked in the development of human behavior.

A) infancy; adulthood
B) culture; biology
C) art; science
D) psychology; culture

Question 11

Noordin, Richard, and Ibrahim are all fifteen years old and each is experiencing a developmental crisis. Through their family traditions and association with their friends at school, they are trying to answer the same question: "Who am I and what am I supposed to be?" According to Erikson, all three are going through the crisis of

A) trust vs mistrust.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) industry vs. inferiority.
D) identity vs. role confusion.

Question 12

One of the suggestions for future research in culture and psychology presented in Chapter 10 includes the study of those areas of the world that have received little attention. This includes the "MENA" area. MENA stands for:

A) Middle European/North Atlantic.
B) Middle Eastern/North African.
C) Mediterranean/North African.
D) Middle Eastern/North Asian.

Question 13

Hoghughi and Long (2004) assess the current status of parenting around the world and discuss possible trends affecting parents and children in the 21^st century. These include:

A) economic inflation.
B) decreasing divorce rates.
C) advances in genetic engineering.
D) global warming.

Question 14

Research done by Cantor et al. (1985, 1987) uses the concept of "life-tasks" to study lifespan changes among American undergraduates. This concept is useful in cross- cultural studies because

A) it can be easily quantified and statistically analyzed.
B) it is a scientifically-generated theme that is based on universal experiences.
C) it is a self-generated theme based upon people's culture-specific experiences.
D) it makes for a more etic approach to collecting data.

Question 15

A "mental program" as defined by Hofstede (2001) is

A) a value developed within the family during the years of early childhood containing elements of national culture.
B) a schema developed in early childhood which leads to stereotyping.
C) a simple sentence that captures cultural norms from the point of view of natives.
D) none of the above

Question 16

Sharon is seven years old and is in the first grade at Saint Martin's Elementary School inEast Detroit. She is working with her teacher, Ms. Johnson, to put together a puzzle thathelps teach the alphabet. Based on what you have learned in Chapter 10, use the theoriesof Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and Kohlberg to explain the accomplishments Sharonmight make or exhibit with this task in cognitive development.

Question 17

You have been hired to lead a team of researchers to conduct a longitudinal study that will compare the cognitive development of five sets of identical twins from two different cultures. Based on your understanding of Chapter 10, select two cultures and then decide on what questions you will ask that incorporate one or more of the levels in Bronfenbrenner's ecological model and the components of Super and Harkness' developmental niche, to monitor the cognitive changes taking place in the twins over a ten-year period.

Question 18

Suzanne Johnson is a first-year law student at odds with one of her colleagues over a particular case in mock trial. She feels strongly that the Heavy Metals Manufacturing Company, Inc. owes their line employees compensation for ailments that may have resulted from exposure to particular chemicals in their line of work. The opposing counsel in the mock trial argues that, since the workers signed a "no-fault" release when they were hired, the right thing to do is to honor their contract and forego compensation. Based on Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, how might Ms. Johnson best construct an argument in response to her counterpart's defense?