Deck 16: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Question 1

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in the __________ stage of striving to become aware of the uniqueness of self.

A) industry-versus-inferiority
B) identity-versus-identity confusion
C) intimacy-versus-isolation
D) generativity-versus-stagnation

Answer 1

identity-versus-identity confusion

Question 2

Erikson suggests that because of the pressures teens face in trying to assume their own unique identity, many teens will pursue a(n) __________ in order to step back from their responsibilities and take some time to explore alternatives.

A) identity achievement
B) identity confusion
C) psychological moratorium
D) adolescent egocentrism

Answer 2

psychological moratorium

Question 3

James Marcia developed a model to understand the process that adolescents take to determine identity. The model includes four categories that are based on two specific characteristics: __________ and ________.

A) crisis; commitment
B) achievement; foreclosure
C) achievement; moratorium
D) foreclosure; diffusion

Answer 3

crisis; commitment

Question 4

Minority adolescents have the additional pressure of forming an ethnic identity. In the past there have been two models for that process: pluralistic society and cultural assimilation. Today there is a third alternative, one that is a middle ground between the other two models, in which the adolescent can embrace both his or her own culture at the same time that he or she integrates into the majority culture. This model is known as __________ identity.

A) multicultural
B) monoculture
C) duo cultural
D) bicultural

Question 5

During adolescence, culture influences the process of forming an identity. In a collectivist society, the well-being of the group is promoted as most important, whereas in the individualistic culture the emphasis is on developing __________.

A) autonomy
B) confidence
C) interdependence
D) balance

Question 6

"When I was a boy I didn't look for help from my parents. If there was something I wanted, I went out and earned it." This perspective from the past suggests a possible divide between a parent and child. That divide is known as a __________.

A) difference of opinion
B) self-esteem conflict
C) parental shift
D) generation gap

Question 7

An interesting phenomenon occurs during adolescence when peer relationships between genders become __________ and relationships between races become __________.

A) more segregated; more segregated
B) less segregated; more segregated
C) more segregated; less segregated
D) less segregated; less segregated

Question 8

The social world of adolescence is divided not just by popular and unpopular, but there are additional categories of both high and low status. In addition to the popular adolescents, another group of teens, categorized as high status, are referred to as __________.

A) cool adolescents
B) controversial adolescents
C) rejected adolescents
D) neglected adolescents

Question 9

Dominic was raised with little supervision. At age 9, he stole a boy's bike and sold it to a friend. Since committing that crime, he has been in trouble with the law multiple times. Dominic is known as a(n) __________.

A) rejected adolescent
B) controversial adolescent
C) undersocialized deliquent
D) socialized delinquent

Question 10

Over the past 30 years, the teenage pregnancy rate has __________, and the rate of sexual intercourse among teenagers has __________.

A) increased; increased
B) decreased; decreased
C) increased; decreased
D) decreased; increased

Question 11

"What am I like?" is an example of the type of question regarding __________.

A) self-esteem
B) self-concept
C) self-direction
D) self-satisfaction

Question 12

Adolescents' understanding of who they are is known as __________.

A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) psychological moratorium
D) identity diffusion

Question 13

Adolescents' realization that they like themselves is known as __________.

A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) psychological moratorium
D) identity diffusion

Question 14

Researchers studying the development of self-esteem have discovered that __________.

A) adolescent girls' self-esteem is higher than adolescent boys' self-esteem
B) adolescent boys' self-esteem is higher than adolescent girls' self-esteem
C) adolescents of lower SES have higher self-esteem than adolescents of higher SES
D) African American adolescents have higher self-esteem than White adolescents do

Question 15

The term ethgender refers to the joint influence of __________.

A) race and gender
B) age and race
C) SES and race
D) age and gender

Question 16

Sondra is 17. She bases everything she does on her own unique capabilities and has developed an accurate sense of who she is. Sondra is prepared to set out on a path that takes full advantage of what her unique strengths permit her to do. According to Erikson, Sondra is in the __________ stage.

A) autonomy-versus-shame and doubt
B) industry-versus-inferiority
C) intimacy-versus-isolation
D) identity-versus-identity confusion

Question 17

The importance of peers in helping adolescents define their identities and learning to form relationships points out a link between Erikson's identity-versus-identity-confusion stage and his __________ stage.

A) autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
B) industry-versus-inferiority
C) intimacy-versus-isolation
D) identity-versus-identity-confusion

Question 18

According to Erikson, the period during which adolescents take time off from the upcoming responsibilities of adulthood and explore various roles and possibilities is known as __________.

A) identity foreclosure
B) physiological moratorium
C) psychological moratorium
D) pseudo-moratorium

Question 19

Nineteen-year-old Shelly has decided that she needed to take a semester off from college to clear her head and decide what she wants to do with her life. During her time off, she plans to work at a YMCA youth camp in the mountains, which has nothing to do with her mathematics major. According to Erikson, Shelly is experiencing a(n) __________.

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) psychological moratorium
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 20

Unlike Erikson, psychologist Carol Gilligan has suggested that women develop identity through the establishment of __________, which are a key component of a woman's identity in building caring networks between herself and others.

A) academic achievements
B) career cornerstones
C) economic successes
D) relationships

Question 21

According to James Marcia, the period of identity development in which an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions is known as a(n) __________.

A) crisis
B) commitment
C) achievement
D) moral belief

Question 22

According to James Marcia, the psychological investment in a course of action or ideology is known as a(n) __________.

A) crisis
B) commitment
C) achievement
D) moral belief

Question 23

When Rita's high school counselor asks her about her career plans, Rita acts indifferent and says that she has not thought about it much. Rita is characterized by what identity status?

A) identity diffusion
B) moratorium
C) identity achievement
D) foreclosure

Question 24

Joaquina, a 17-year-old, has been raised in the Catholic Church. Recently, she has been questioning the Catholic faith and has been going with a group of friends to a Lutheran church youth group. Joaquina's questions about her parents' religious beliefs characterize her as being __________.

A) identity diffused
B) in a state of moratorium
C) identity achieved
D) foreclosed

Question 25

Lola is 18 and it is an election year. Lola comes from a family of Republicans and accepts her family's beliefs without question. She plans to vote Republican in November's presidential election. Which identity status characterizes Lola?

A) identity diffused
B) moratorium
C) identity achieved
D) identity foreclosed

Question 26

Trisha has thought long and hard about becoming a mathematics teacher. When asked whether she would be willing to explore other alternatives that offered better salaries in the field of math, Trisha replies, "I doubt it." Which identity status characterizes Trisha?

A) identity diffused
B) moratorium
C) identity achieved
D) identity foreclosed

Question 27

Research on James Marcia's four categories of adolescent development has shown that __________.

A) once adolescents enter an identity status, they stay there
B) some adolescents cycle between moratorium and identity achievement
C) some adolescents cycle between moratorium and identity confusion
D) some adolescents cycle between identity achievement and identity foreclosure

Question 28

Jonah's view of spirituality has become more abstract, but he does not consider his beliefs in depth or systematically. According to James Fowler's stages of spirituality, how old is Jonah?

A) a young child
B) an adolescent
C) a young adult
D) a middle-age adult

Question 29

According to James Fowler, people in the __________ stage of faith believe that multiple views of God are possible.

A) literal
B) abstract
C) individuative-reflective
D) conjunctive

Question 30

In the conjunctive stage of James Fowler's theory, people __________.

A) stop believing in God
B) hold a literal view of God
C) believe that multiple views of God are possible
D) develop a broad, inclusive view of religion and all humanity

Question 31

A traditional __________ view holds that individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified culture in the United States-the proverbial "melting pot" model.

A) bicultural identity
B) monocultural identity
C) cultural assimilation model
D) pluralistic society model

Question 32

The __________ suggests that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features. According to this view, racial and ethnic factors become a central part of adolescents' identity and are not submerged in an attempt to assimilate into the majority culture.

A) bicultural identity
B) monocultural identity
C) cultural assimilation model
D) pluralistic society model

Question 33

Some observers suggest that identity in minority adolescents is facilitated by the formation of a __________ in which adolescents draw from their own cultural identity while integrating themselves into the dominant culture.

A) bicultural identity
B) monocultural identity
C) cultural assimilation model
D) pluralistic society model

Question 34

Lynda Santiago is a 17-year-old who came to the United States from Puerto Rico when she was a young girl. She has always thought of herself as an American and a Puerto Rican and lives with two cultural identities, without choosing one over the other. Lynda has formed a __________.

A) bicultural identity
B) monocultural identity
C) cultural assimilation model
D) pluralistic society model

Question 35

Research on depression rates reveals that __________.

A) adolescent boys experience major depressive disorder more often than adolescent girls do
B) adolescent girls experience major depressive disorder more often than adolescent boys do
C) White adolescents experience major depressive disorder more often than African Americans
D) White adolescents experience major depressive disorder more often than Native Americans

Question 36

Psychologists speculate that the gender difference in the rate of depressive disorders is associated with __________.

A) hormonal differences
B) specific genes
C) parenting styles
D) stress

Question 37

The rate of adolescent suicide in the United States has __________ in the past 30 years.

A) declined
B) doubled
C) tripled
D) quadrupled

Question 38

One teenage suicide occurs every __________ minutes.

A) 90
B) 120
C) 160
D) 180

Question 39

The rate of suicide is __________ for boys than girls, although girls __________ suicide more frequently.

A) lower; succeed at
B) higher; contemplate
C) lower; attempt
D) higher; attempt

Question 40

Estimates suggest that there are as many as __________ attempted suicides for every successful one.

A) 20
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

Question 41

If someone is suspected of considering committing suicide, the best thing to do is to __________.

A) leave them alone
B) try to help but respect the person's privacy
C) challenge, date, and use verbal shock treatment to get the person's attention
D) intervene as much as possible

Question 42

Adolescents increasingly seek __________, or independence and a sense of control, over their lives.

A) superiority
B) generativity
C) autonomy
D) integrity

Question 43

Cedric's parents have noticed that he is coming home later and later in the evenings after basketball practice. However, they do not say anything to Cedric about his behavior because they know that they must foster his sense of __________.

A) egocentrism
B) individualism
C) autonomy
D) maturity

Question 44

Seiko's mother is from Okinawa and came to America when she married his father. Although his father is an American, the children are being raised with a more Asian viewpoint, in which the idea that the well-being of the family group is highly important. Seiko's family has a(n) __________ societal viewpoint.

A) collectivistic
B) individualistic
C) diversified
D) codependent

Question 45

Parents and their teenagers often do not see things the same way because of __________, a deep divide between parents and children in attitudes, values, aspirations, and worldviews.

A) different opinions
B) a varying of important tasks of life
C) a generation gap
D) a self-esteem conflict

Question 46

Positive adolescent relationships with parents help adolescents __________.

A) keep from having disagreements with their parents
B) avoid peer pressure
C) learn more about who their parents are
D) focus more academically

Question 47

Although the majority of teenagers maintain stable relations with their parents throughout adolescence, as many as __________ percent pass through a fairly rough time.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 48

In more __________ societies, the value of individualism is typically high and independence is an expected component in adolescence.

A) democratic
B) traditional
C) industrialized
D) collectivist

Question 49

Liz is an 18-year-old and her parents have noticed that her dependence on adults has declined. She is developing an increasing dependence on the __________ group and is forging close relationships in this group, which seem to help Liz find her own identity as she is comparing herself to others.

A) family
B) church
C) peer
D) academic study

Question 50

As soon as 16-year-old Mia comes home from school, she is on the phone talking to friends, and her parents have to pull her off of the phone to get her to come to dinner and go to bed. This shows that Mia has a common adolescent need for __________ relationships.

A) peer
B) societal
C) family-oriented
D) same-sex

Question 51

Leslie is the new girl in her high school sophomore class, and she has noticed that certain people seem to set the standard for her school. Her other high school was so small that everyone hung out together, but the larger school she now attends definitely has cliques. The group of people that Leslie notices as setting the norms for "popular" is known as a __________.

A) popular crowd
B) best-dressed group
C) reference group
D) social group

Question 52

Brad's parents knew that if they wanted to find their son at the county fair, they just had to find one of the 10 or so boys that were hanging out together often. Brad's parents are referring to a __________.

A) crowd
B) friendship circle
C) clique
D) peer group

Question 53

Choice of membership in particular cliques and crowds is often determined by __________ in members of the group.

A) the degree of difference
B) interests
C) the degree of similarity
D) moral ideals

Question 54

Sex segregation in which boys interact primarily with boys and girls interact primarily with girls is called ___________.

A) cliques
B) crowds
C) reference groups
D) sex cleavage

Question 55

Toward the end of adolescence, rather than the clique being the center of adolescents' social lives, __________ becomes the focus.

A) social activity
B) pairing off
C) career pursuits
D) family interaction

Question 56

Jackson was voted prom king during his senior year. In the yearbook, he was voted as most liked in his class. Jackson is likely considered a __________ adolescent in his high school.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) rejected
D) neglected

Question 57

Lillith has friends in the band and is really well liked by the other students in her honors classes. However, Lillith does not have many of those students to talk with because she got stuck in the lunch period with all the athletes who do not associate with her. Lillith is a __________ adolescent in her high school.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) rejected
D) neglected

Question 58

Parker comes from a very high SES (socioeconomic status) family. Both his mother and father work until very late in the evening as lawyers. He is very independent and takes care of himself at home, as he is an only child. At school, no one really knows much about Parker because he keeps to himself. Parker is a __________ adolescent in his high school.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) rejected
D) neglected

Question 59

From early on, Nate was small for his age and labeled as a nose picker. He gets really hyper in the classroom and everyone gets annoyed with him for his obnoxious behavior. Nate does not have any friends at school because no one likes him. He is a __________ adolescent in his high school.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) rejected
D) neglected

Question 60

Adolescents who are actively disliked, and whose peers may react to them in an obviously negative manner are called __________.

A) controversial adolescents
B) rejected adolescents
C) neglected adolescents
D) popular adolescents

Question 61

Admundo is 18 years old and loves to hang out with his friends after school to play baseball. His parents are concerned about Admundo because he seems to be easily persuaded by his friends to do things out of concern to fit in with them. This persuasion is known as __________.

A) collectivism
B) peer reliance
C) peer pressure
D) individualism

Question 62

Joey is 17 and became involved at an early age in property crimes involving theft, robbery, and arson. His mother never disciplined him and his father reacts with severe verbal abuse. Joey has never been appropriately socialized or taught standards of conduct to regulate his behavior and is a(n) __________.

A) socialized delinquent
B) socialized adolescent
C) undersocialized delinquent
D) undersocialized adolescent

Question 63

Lisa was raised in the Baptist Church with her mother, who always taught her right from wrong, yet when Lisa became an adolescent, she began experimenting with friends who liked to shoplift from the mall. Lisa is passing through a period during adolescence where she is engaging in some petty crimes and is considered a(n) __________.

A) socialized delinquent
B) socialized adolescent
C) undersocialized delinquent
D) undersocialized adolescent

Question 64

A method for preventing delinquency that involves getting adolescents engaged in community and school events is known as __________.

A) socializing adolescents
B) positive youth development
C) peer pressure
D) juvenile delinquency prevention

Question 65

Dating is a way to learn how to establish __________ with other individuals and can be used to develop a sense of one's own identity.

A) sympathy
B) sexual partnerships
C) intimacy
D) empathy

Question 66

One physician, __________, believed that certain grains would be less likely to provoke sexual excitation-leading to his invention of corn flakes.

A) J. W. Kellogg
B) Dr. Doolittle
C) Isaac Newton
D) Albert Einstein

Question 67

About __________ percent of high school students have had intercourse before the age of 15.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 13
D) 20

Question 68

Several decades ago, the prevailing norm was the __________, in which premarital sex was considered permissible for males but not for females.

A) permissiveness with love
B) permissiveness with affection
C) double standard
D) sanctity of marriage

Question 69

The new norm for premarital sex, called the __________, views premarital intercourse as permissible for both men and women if it occurs in the context of a long-term, committed, or loving relationship.

A) permissiveness with love
B) permissiveness with affection
C) double standard
D) sanctity of marriage

Question 70

At one time or another, around __________ percent of adolescent boys and __________ percent of adolescent girls have at least one same-sex sexual encounter.

A) 2 to 5; 5
B) 10 to 15; 10
C) 20 to 25; 10
D) 1; 1

Question 71

An individual born with an atypical combination of sexual organs is called __________.

A) homosexual
B) bisexual
C) transsexual
D) intersex

Question 72

The teen pregnancy rate has dropped significantly over the past 20 years, but teen birth rates are more than two times higher for __________.

A) Whites than non-Hispanic Blacks
B) Whites than Hispanics
C) Whites than American Indians/Alaska Natives
D) non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics than Whites

Question 73

Research on virginity pledges shows that the effectiveness of pledging depends on age. Specifically, virginity pledges were successful for __________.

A) 18-year-old adolescents
B) 16- and 17-year-old adolescents
C) 15- and 16-year-old adolescents
D) 14- and 15-year-old adolescents

Question 74

Describe how self-concept changes during the adolescent period.

Question 75

Identify two reasons why girls' self-esteem tends to be more vulnerable than boys' self-esteem during the period of adolescence.

Question 76

Describe Marcia's four categories of adolescent development.

Question 77

What role do religion and spirituality play in identity formation?

Question 78

What are some things to do and some things not to do when a person you know or care about is at risk for committing suicide?

Question 79

Fifteen-year-old Steven's relationship with his parents has changed over the past year. How might a typical adolescent's relationship with parents change during this time period?

Question 80

What is the relationship between the emergence of cliques and crowds and the cognitive abilities of teenagers?