Deck 8: Physical Development in the Preschool Years

Question 1

Physical growth during the preschool years is characterized by __________.

A) steady growth in height and weight
B) an increasingly chubby and roundish shape
C) growth in arms and legs and a more childlike body proportion
D) growth in height but little change in weight

Answer 1

steady growth in height and weight

Question 2

The right hemisphere of the brain is involved with __________.

A) speaking
B) reading
C) thinking
D) emotional expression

Answer 2

emotional expression

Question 3

About 2 A.M., Sammi awoke from a deep sleep with a scream. He was confused and not easily calmed. After some time, Sammi went back to his regular sleep, but in the morning he reported that he remembered none of this incident. Sammi most likely experienced __________.

A) difficulty is falling asleep
B) night terrors
C) a nightmare
D) a bad dream

Answer 3

night terrors

Question 4

Obesity is defined as a body mass index at or above the __________ for children of the same age and sex.

A) 65th percentile
B) 75th percentile
C) 85th percentile
D) 95th percentile

Question 5

Although minor illnesses may be somewhat distressing, they also bring benefits, including __________.

A) decreasing a child's immunity
B) weight gain
C) allowing the child to develop empathy
D) weight loss

Question 6

Which of the following is the greatest threat to wellness in preschool children?

A) injuries
B) minor illness
C) nutritional problems
D) major illness

Question 7

Anna's parents are concerned because their daughter accidentally drank water tainted with lead. Based on the research on lead poisoning, they are that their daughter will develop __________.

A) hyperactivity
B) AIDS
C) a minor cold
D) leukemia

Question 8

During the preschool years, gender differences in motor skills become more evident. Boys tend to have greater __________ while girls tend to have greater __________.

A) strength; coordination
B) coordination; flexibility
C) flexibility; agility
D) agility; strength

Question 9

Children's artwork progresses through a series of stages during the preschool years. Those stages are __________, __________, and __________.

A) scribbling; design; shape; pictorial
B) scribbling; shape; design; pictorial
C) pictorial; scribbling; shape; design
D) scribbling; shape; pictorial; design

Question 10

Trevor is almost 36 inches tall and weighs 27 pounds; he is probably __________ years old.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 11

On average, 6-year-old children weigh about __________ pounds and stand __________ inches tall.

A) 36; 36
B) 40; 40
C) 46; 46
D) 50; 50

Question 12

Henry weighs about 46 pounds and stands 46 inches tall. Henry is about __________ years old.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 13

On average, during the preschool years, boys start becoming __________ and __________ than girls.

A) shorter; quicker
B) shorter; heavier
C) taller; heavier
D) taller; slower

Question 14

Approximately __________ percent of 6-year-olds weigh 36 pounds or less.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 15

The average Swedish 4-year-old is as tall as the average 6-year-old in Bangladesh. The difference in height is accounted for by better __________ and __________.

A) nutrition; health care
B) eating habits; exercise
C) nutrition; physical fitness
D) nutrition; vitamins

Question 16

Patrick has lost his chubby baby look. His stomach is flat and the size of his head in relation to his body has become more adult-like. Patrick is likely __________ years of age.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

Question 17

The __________ grow(s) at a faster rate than any other part of the body.

A) legs
B) brain
C) arms
D) trunk

Question 18

Cognitive skills, as well as motor skills, increase because neural pathways become more connected and __________ increases.

A) lateralization
B) hemisphere specialization
C) myelination
D) plasticity

Question 19

By the end of the preschool period, the __________, a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain, becomes considerably thicker.

A) myelin
B) eustachian tube
C) corpus callosum
D) neuron

Question 20

For the majority of individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain concentrates on tasks that necessitate __________.

A) comprehension of spatial relationships
B) recognition of patterns
C) emotional expression
D) verbal competence

Question 21

For the majority of individuals, the right hemisphere is responsible for an individual's ability to __________.

A) draw
B) read
C) speak
D) reason

Question 22

Each of the two hemispheres begins to process information in a slightly different manner. Whereas the __________ hemisphere considers information sequentially, one piece of data at a time, the __________ hemisphere processes information in a more global manner, reflecting on it as a whole.

A) right; left
B) left; right
C) left; middle
D) right; middle

Question 23

Left-handed or ambidextrous individuals often have language centered in their __________ hemispheres or have no specific language center.

A) left
B) front
C) right
D) rear

Question 24

Males tend to show greater lateralization of language in the __________.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) corpus callosum
C) left hemisphere
D) right hemisphere

Question 25

Girls tend to process language in __________.

A) both hemispheres
B) the right hemisphere
C) the left hemisphere
D) the corpus callosum

Question 26

Females' language development proceeds at a faster rate in comparison to males' language development, because females use __________ for this task.

A) the right hemisphere and males use the left hemisphere
B) the left hemisphere and males use the right hemisphere
C) both the left and right hemispheres, and males use the left hemisphere
D) both the left and right hemispheres, and males use the right hemisphere

Question 27

One explanation for differences in language processing based on gender suggests that the brain may be structured differently in boys and girls. This would suggest that gender differences in brain lateralization are the result of __________ factors.

A) genetic
B) environmental
C) cultural
D) parenting

Question 28

One explanation for differences in language processing based on gender suggests that parents tend to provide greater encouragement for verbalization in girls than in boys. This would suggest that gender differences in brain lateralization are the result of __________ factors.

A) environmental
B) cultural
C) genetic
D) biological

Question 29

Researchers have found that spurts in electrical activity in the brain are related to __________ development.

A) social
B) cognitive
C) physical
D) motor

Question 30

Between 1½ and 2 years of age, there is an increased level of brain activity. This spurt in brain electrical activity is likely due to __________ development.

A) motor
B) social
C) language
D) physical

Question 31

Advances in cognitive development and the rapid increase in the weight of the brain may both result, in part, from greater __________.

A) physical development
B) myelination
C) lateralization
D) sensory development

Question 32

Conner and his father went to an art museum. When they got back, Conner told his mother about his favorite picture. Conner described in detail every single aspect of the picture. He gave so many details that his mother could not begin to guess what the picture was. Conner's descriptive style is the result of young children __________.

A) processing information with only the right hemisphere
B) processing information with only the left hemisphere
C) being unable to focus on overall organization and instead seeing only parts
D) seeing things globally but breaking them apart to make them interesting to adults

Question 33

The difficulty in detecting changes in visual stimuli is known as __________.

A) sensory development
B) visual perception
C) change blindness
D) auditory acuity

Question 34

Research on developmental changes in visual perception suggests that __________.

A) young children are highly susceptible to change blindness
B) young children as less susceptible to change blindness than adults are
C) adults are not susceptible to change blindness
D) adults are less susceptible to change blindness than young children are

Question 35

As many as __________ of preschool age children have difficulty getting to and staying asleep.

A) 20 to 30 percent
B) 30 to 40 percent
C) 40 to 50 percent
D) 50 to 60 percent

Question 36

Cassidy, a 4-year-old girl, is struggling to fall asleep at night. Which of the following may reduce Cassidy's sleep disturbance?

A) eliminating media exposure close to bedtime
B) watching a favorite television show before bedtime
C) having an inconsistent bedtime routine
D) being told that it is time to sleep

Question 37

Nightmares are more frequent in boys than in girls, and they usually occur __________.

A) at the beginning of the night
B) toward morning
C) at various times during the night
D) in the middle of the night

Question 38

Intense physiological arousals that cause a child to wake up in a severe state of panic are __________.

A) night terrors
B) nightmares
C) bad dreams
D) vivid dreams

Question 39

Three-year-old Trent woke one night screaming and shaking with fright. It took his parents a great deal of time to calm him down. The next morning, he could not recall the event. Trent experienced a __________.

A) night terror
B) nightmare
C) bad dream
D) vivid dream

Question 40

Night terrors occur in __________ of children.

A) 1 to 5 percent
B) 6 to 10 percent
C) 11 to 15 percent
D) 16 to 20 percent

Question 41

A decline in appetite during the preschool years __________.

A) suggests that children are staying up too late and do not have the energy to eat
B) suggests that children are not active and should spend more time running around
C) indicates that children's growth rate has slowed
D) indicates that the children may be ill

Question 42

Isaac's parents are concerned that their son does not eat enough. They often tell him that he ate more as a baby than he does at the age of 6. You can reassure Isaac's parents by telling them that Isaac does not eat as much as he did when he was a baby because he __________.

A) has become a picky eater
B) would rather be out playing with his friends
C) is not growing as fast and does not require so many calories
D) does not have the desire to eat

Question 43

Gayle's body mass index (BMI) is in the 97th percentile of children her age and sex, whereas Jeremy's BMI is at the 87th percentile. Gayle has become __________, and Jeremy has become __________.

A) overweight; underweight
B) underweight; overweight
C) obese; overweight
D) overweight; obese

Question 44

Brooke's parents want to ensure that she eats the right foods, so they schedule an appointment with Brooke's pediatrician to discuss her eating habits. Which of the following recommendations would Brooke's pediatrician likely provide?

A) Brooke should eat foods that are high in fat content.
B) Brooke should eat foods that have a lower iron content.
C) Brooke should eat foods that are high in sodium content.
D) Brooke should eat foods that have a high iron content.

Question 45

According to the just-right phenomenon, some preschool children __________.

A) eat too much meat
B) consume too many high-iron foods
C) develop strong rituals and routines about the kinds of foods they will eat
D) avoid foods with high sodium content

Question 46

Although being sick is unpleasant, it may have some unexpected benefits as well. Which of the following is a benefit to being ill?

A) Illness may teach children to be less sympathetic to others.
B) Illness decreases children's immunity to more severe illnesses.
C) Illness enables children to better understand how others feel when they are sick.
D) Illnesses build antibodies that attack the body, making it weaker.

Question 47

The ability to put oneself in another's shoes is known as __________.

A) empathy
B) sympathy
C) self-awareness
D) coping

Question 48

The most frequent major illness to strike preschoolers is __________.

A) AIDS
B) depression
C) lead poisoning
D) cancer

Question 49

In the United States, many children lack adequate health care. This is in part due to __________.

A) the lack of vaccines and routine immunizations
B) the cultural tradition that children are the complete responsibility of their parents, not of the government or of other individuals in the culture
C) attitudes toward medical care
D) the belief that children are healthy and do not need such services

Question 50

In the United States people feel that it is up to the family to provide for its own; however, in other cultures childrearing is regarded as a __________.

A) burden, thus only people with children should share in the responsibility
B) government responsibility, not a family issue
C) shared collective responsibility
D) shared responsibility between groups of children

Question 51

An excessive production of white blood cells that leads to severe anemia, and potentially to death, is called __________.

A) leukemia
B) depression
C) phobia
D) AIDS

Question 52

Children with __________ are often shunned even though there is virtually no risk of spreading the disease through everyday contact.

A) AIDS
B) leukemia
C) depressive disorders
D) cancer

Question 53

The most frequent reaction of 2- to 4-year-old children who spend time in the hospital is __________.

A) anxiety
B) joy
C) fear
D) sadness

Question 54

The leading cause of death among preschoolers is __________.

A) illness
B) poor nutrition
C) accidental injuries
D) lack of immunizations

Question 55

Before the age of 10, children are __________ times more likely to die from an accidental injury than from an illness.

A) five
B) four
C) three
D) two

Question 56

Gavin is a 5-year-old boy. The greatest threat to Gavin's health and wellness comes from __________.

A) minor illnesses
B) major illnesses
C) accidental injuries
D) psychological disorders

Question 57

Exposure to lead has been linked to __________.

A) increased susceptibility to colds
B) problems in verbal and auditory processing
C) depressive disorders
D) leukemia

Question 58

Each year more than __________ children in the United States are the victims of child abuse, the physical or psychological maltreatment or neglect of children.

A) 3,000
B) 30,000
C) 3,000,000
D) 3,000,000,000

Question 59

Abused children are more likely to __________.

A) be fussy and resistant to control
B) do well in school
C) be accepting of controlling parents
D) seek out new situations

Question 60

According to the cycle-of-violence hypothesis, victims of abuse __________.

A) view violence as unacceptable and inappropriate
B) are unlikely to become abusers in the future
C) have learned that violence is an appropriate and acceptable form of discipline
D) view neglect as more acceptable than abuse

Question 61

Statistics show that __________ of the people abused as children turn out to be child abusers.

A) 25 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 66 percent

Question 62

Which of the following would be considered physical abuse?

A) hitting
B) name calling
C) threatening
D) neglect

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of child neglect?

A) intimidating and harassing a child
B) spanking a child
C) abandoning a child
D) humiliating a child

Question 64

Marsha's father often tells her he wishes she had never been born. His comments would be considered __________.

A) medical neglect
B) psychological maltreatment
C) neglect
D) physical abuse

Question 65

The brains of victims of physical abuse and psychological maltreatment may undergo permanent changes to the __________ and __________, both part of the limbic system.

A) thalamus; amygdala
B) amygdala; hippocampus
C) hippocampus; corpus callosum
D) corpus callosum; cerebellum

Question 66

The __________ is involved in the regulation of memory and emotion.

A) corpus callosum
B) limbic system
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus

Question 67

According to psychologist Emmy Werner, resilient children tend to be __________.

A) affectionate and easygoing
B) socially unpleasant
C) less outgoing
D) dependent

Question 68

Resilient school-age children have which of the following attributes?

A) low general intelligence
B) low emotional intelligence
C) good communication skills
D) dependence on others

Question 69

James is a resilient school-age child who has overcome significant stress and trauma during his childhood. Which of the following might describe James?

A) James is intelligent and independent.
B) James has poor communication skills.
C) James is overly dependent on others.
D) James is aggressive and uncaring.

Question 70

Advances in gross motor skills are related to brain development and the __________ of neurons in areas of the brain related to balance and coordination.

A) number
B) myelination
C) size
D) organization

Question 71

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill?

A) cutting paper
B) drawing faces
C) jumping
D) stringing beads

Question 72

Ruby can make a running jump of 34 inches and can hop a distance of 16 feet. According to the timeline of gross motor skills in early childhood, how old is Ruby?

A) 2 years of age
B) 3 years of age
C) 4 years of age
D) 5 years of age

Question 73

Which of the following describes a real gender difference in gross motor coordination?

A) Girls can throw a ball better and jump higher than boys can.
B) Girls' activity levels are higher than those of boys.
C) At age 5, boys are better than girls at balancing on one foot.
D) At age 5, girls are better than boys at performing jumping jacks.

Question 74

Which is a fine motor skill?

A) running
B) jumping
C) tying one's shoelaces
D) crawling

Question 75

Three-year-old Zoe can perform which of the following tasks?

A) folding paper into halves
B) copying written letters
C) cutting paper
D) creating clay objects

Question 76

Recently, Zander started to print his name, fold paper into triangles, and string beads. Zander is most likely __________ years of age.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 77

The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that toilet training should be put off until the child shows signs of readiness. Which of the following is a sign of readiness?

A) staying dry for two-hour periods during the day
B) waking up wet from naps
C) resisting sitting on a potty chair
D) the desire to continue using diapers

Question 78

Most children develop a clear tendency to use one hand over the other by age __________.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 79

Approximately __________ percent of children are right-handed, whereas __________ percent of children are left-handed.

A) 90; 10
B) 75; 25
C) 25; 75
D) 10; 90

Question 80

Waverly has reached the shape stage of art. She is drawing various shapes, such as circles and squares. Waverly is approximately __________ years of age.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5