Deck 3: The Start of Life: Genetics and Prenatal Development

Question 1

The one cell that develops when two gametes fuse during fertilization is the beginning of a new person. This one cell is known as a(n) __________.

A) ova
B) sperm
C) zygote
D) embryo

Answer 1

zygote

Question 2

David and Daniel are twins who are genetically identical and are known as __________ twins. Annabelle and Timothy are also twins, but they are __________ twins.

A) monozygotic; identical
B) dizygotic; fraternal
C) monozygotic; dizygotic
D) dizygotic; monozygotic

Answer 2

monozygotic; dizygotic

Question 3

When examining the transmission of phenylketonuria (PKU), a recessive trait, we can clearly identify the __________ when a child is afflicted with PKU. For the child not afflicted with PKU, we can only identify the __________, as the child may or may not be a carrier.

A) genotype; phenotype
B) phenotype; genotype
C) X-linked genes; Y-linked genes
D) Y-linked genes; X-linked genes

Answer 3

genotype; phenotype

Question 4

If there are two dissimilar chromosomes in the 23rd pair, we can say that this infant __________.

A) has Down syndrome
B) will not survive
C) is a girl
D) is a boy

Question 5

A prenatal test that involves taking samples of hair-like fibers that surround the embryo is called __________.

A) amniocentesis
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) fetal blood sampling
D) ultrasound sonography

Question 6

A psychologist who is measuring an infant's __________ could examine the infant's physiological response to a novel stimulus.

A) multifactorial transmission
B) genotype
C) phenotype
D) temperament

Question 7

Ben's parents agree that he inherited his intelligence. However, at his college graduation, they discussed how their efforts to encourage his intellectual curiosity by trips to museums and reading increased his intelligence. This suggestion, that the determination of intelligence is by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, is referred to as __________.

A) natural selection
B) unnatural selection
C) multifactorial transmission
D) unifactorial transmission

Question 8

The procedure in which fertilization occurs outside the mother's body is known as __________.

A) artificial insemination
B) neonate transfer
C) surrogacy
D) in vitro fertilization

Question 9

The sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception are called __________.

A) gametes
B) chromosomes
C) DNA
D) genes

Question 10

Each parent provides 23 __________ that form a new cell at conception.

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) chromosomes
D) gametes

Question 11

The process by which gametes (sperm and ova) are formed in the adult human body is called __________.

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) mitosis
D) meiosis

Question 12

Samantha and Thomas share the exact same birthday and were born to the same mother and father. These twins share many of the same interests yet they are of different genders. Samantha and Thomas are __________ twins.

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 13

The number and rate of twin births have __________ over the past three decades.

A) remained the same
B) increased considerably
C) decreased considerably
D) decreased slightly

Question 14

If the sperm contributes a Y chromosome, the resulting chromosomes will be __________.

A) YY
B) XY
C) XYY
D) XXY

Question 15

What determines the sex of a child?

A) The father's sperm determines the sex of a child.
B) The mother's ovum determines the sex of a child.
C) The mother's Y chromosome determines the sex of a child.
D) The father's age determines the sex of a child.

Question 16

In Mendel's original pea plant experiment, the offspring plants received genetic information from both the green- and yellow-seeded parents. However, only the color yellow was outwardly expressed in the offspring plants. The color yellow is an example of a __________ trait.

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 17

Sara has blond hair and Ishmael has black hair. Their daughter Susan received genetic information for hair color from both parents. However, Susan resembles her father in that they both have black hair. Black hair is an example of a __________ trait.

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 18

In Mendel's original pea plant experiment, the offspring plants received genetic information from both the green- and yellow-seeded parents. However, only the color yellow was outwardly expressed in the offspring plants. The color green would be considered a __________ trait.

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 19

Sara has freckles and Ishmael has no freckles. Their daughter Susan received genetic information for freckling from both parents. However, Susan resembles her mother in that they both have freckles. The lack of freckles would be considered a __________ trait.

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 20

The outwardly visible trait that results from an organism's genetic information is known as the organism's __________.

A) homozygote
B) heterozygote
C) genotype
D) phenotype

Question 21

Sasha has blue eyes and Hans has gray eyes. Their son, Antonio, received the genetic information for eye color from both of his parents, even though you cannot determine Antonio's actual genetic makeup from the color of his eyes. Antonio's actual genetic information is known as his __________.

A) homozygote
B) heterozygote
C) genotype
D) phenotype

Question 22

Bita and Behruz have brown eyes. Their son Kamran received the genetic information for eye color from both of his parents and therefore has brown eyes. This outwardly observable genetic trait is known as a person's __________.

A) homozygote
B) heterozygote
C) genotype
D) phenotype

Question 23

In Mendel's original pea plant experiment, the offspring plants received genetic information from both the green- and yellow-seeded parents. However, only the color yellow was outwardly expressed in the offspring plants. The color yellow would be considered the offspring plant's __________.

A) homozygote
B) heterozygote
C) genotype
D) phenotype

Question 24

Hannah and Franz both have blond hair and blue eyes. Their daughter Elsa has blond hair and blue eyes. Elsa has therefore received similar genes from her parents. She is said to be __________ for these traits.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) genus
D) phyla

Question 25

Sanat and Mohammad both have black hair and brown eyes. Their son Ayman has black hair and brown eyes. It would be necessary to know the underlying combination of genetic material to confirm that Ayman has received similar genes from both his parents. If Ayman has received similar genes from both parents, it would be said that he is __________ for those traits.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) genus
D) phyla

Question 26

Deanna has hazel eyes and Reza has brown eyes. Their son Bijan has brown eyes. Bijan has received different forms of a gene from each parent. He is said to be __________ for the trait.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) genotype
D) phenotype

Question 27

Louise has blond hair and Hamid has black hair. Their daughter Mariam has black hair. Mariam has received different forms of a gene from each parent. She is said to be __________ for the trait.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) genus
D) phyla

Question 28

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited disorder that can cause __________.

A) blindness
B) hearing loss
C) brain damage
D) limb malformations

Question 29

A child will develop PKU only if the child receives a recessive gene from both parents. PKU is an example of a __________ trait.

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 30

A number of recessive genes, called __________ genes, are located only on the X chromosome.

A) X-linked
B) Y-linked
C) X-unlinked
D) Y-unlinked

Question 31

An example of an X-linked disease is __________.

A) PKU
B) Down syndrome
C) hemophilia
D) sickle-cell anemia

Question 32

__________, an X-linked disorder, has affected royal families in Great Britain.

A) Red-green color blindness
B) Phenylketonuria
C) Sickle-cell anemia
D) Hemophilia

Question 33

The study of the effects of heredity on behavior is known as __________ genetics.

A) environmental
B) nature
C) nurture
D) behavioral

Question 34

Mongolism, now known as __________, is a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Down syndrome
C) sickle-cell anemia
D) fragile X syndrome

Question 35

A disorder that occurs when a particular gene is injured on the X chromosome that results in mild to moderate intellectual disability is known as __________.

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Down syndrome
C) sickle-cell anemia
D) fragile X syndrome

Question 36

Carlita is worried about her health. Over the past several months, she has been experiencing a variety of symptoms, including poor appetite, swollen stomach, and yellowish eyes. These are symptoms of __________.

A) Down syndrome
B) fragile X syndrome
C) sickle-cell anemia
D) Tay-Sachs disease

Question 37

A disorder for which there is no treatment that produces blindness and muscle degeneration before death is known as __________.

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Down syndrome
C) sickle-cell anemia
D) fragile X syndrome

Question 38

In those people with Klinefelter's syndrome, the presence of an extra X chromosome causes __________.

A) blindness
B) muscle generation
C) enlarged breasts
D) yellowish eyes

Question 39

The Browns have each inherited a form of cancer from their ancestors. Before starting their own families, they have been referred for __________, a discipline that focuses on inherited disorders, to find out the odds that they will pass on cancer to their offspring.

A) genetic counseling
B) family counseling
C) individual counseling
D) group counseling

Question 40

A pregnant woman is undergoing an invasive prenatal test at 9 weeks to screen for genetic disorders. This test is known as __________.

A) amniocentesis
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) ultrasound sonography
D) sonogram

Question 41

Beyond learning of potential disorders that may be passed on to children, __________ may also be used to identify future disorders for an individual. An example would be identification of the flawed gene for Huntington's disease.

A) biogenetics
B) genetic counseling
C) bioengineering
D) environmental counseling

Question 42

Genetic and environmental factors work in tandem, but their degree of influence differs for different traits. For which of the following traits do a person's genes have a greater influence as opposed to his or her environment?

A) weight
B) intelligence
C) height
D) personality

Question 43

As developmental research accumulates, it is becoming increasingly clear that when thinking about the interaction between heredity and environment, behavior is most likely the result of __________.

A) heredity
B) environment
C) interaction between heredity and environment
D) equal parts heredity and environment

Question 44

Dr. Driscoll conducts a test to determine whether empathy is best explained by nature or nurture. She compares empathic responding by monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, and twins of both types reared apart and their siblings (adoptive and biological). Her findings demonstrate that children who are raised in the same home are more similar in empathic expression than children who share genetic material. What might she conclude?

A) Empathic responding is linked entirely to genetic factors.
B) Empathic responding is the result of both nature and nurture in equal parts.
C) Empathic responding is largely the result of nurture or environmental influences.
D) Empathic responding is entirely determined by nature.

Question 45

Henry believes that because he and his wife are quite intelligent that their offspring will also be intelligent. Rather than starting to save for his future child's education immediately, he believes that enriched educational experiences do not matter and that his child will not need extensive education to develop high levels of intelligence. What cause of intelligence does Henry seem to endorse?

A) Intelligence is provided entirely by genetic factors.
B) Intelligence is the result of both nature and nurture in equal parts.
C) Intelligence has no genetic basis.
D) Intelligence is entirely a matter of nurture.

Question 46

Psychological disorders have been linked in part to genetic factors. If one monozygotic twin is schizophrenic, the other twin __________.

A) has an increased chance of also being schizophrenic
B) has a decreased chance of also being schizophrenic
C) has an increased chance of also being schizophrenic only if raised in the same home
D) has a decreased chance of also being schizophrenic only if raised with a schizophrenic parent

Question 47

Researchers have identified ways in which genes impact the environment. Which of the following examples best illustrates this point?

A) Height, which is genetically determined, leads children to pursue interests associated with their height.
B) Children who are exposed to certain experiences may find their genes mutate to adapt to their experience.
C) Parents engage in gene selection when selecting mates and therefore are more likely to have children that share traits that are congruent with the experiences they can offer their child.
D) Children adapt quickly to the environment and in doing so rely on sometimes recessive genes that "kick in" when the environment requires a certain skill set.

Question 48

When the sperm and an ovum are joined, a single new cell is formed. This process is known as conception, or __________.

A) implantation
B) germination
C) insemination
D) fertilization

Question 49

The order of prenatal development is as follows:

A) germinal, embryonic, fetal
B) fetal, embryonic, germinal
C) embryonic, germinal, fetal
D) germinal, fetal, embryonic

Question 50

A conduit between the mother and fetus, the __________ provides nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord.

A) plasma
B) placenta
C) placebo
D) protective layer

Question 51

At the beginning of the __________ stage, the developing child has three distinct layers: the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) fetus

Question 52

Which of the following layers of the embryo will form skin, hair, and teeth?

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) embryoderm

Question 53

The period that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth is known as the __________ stage.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) placenta

Question 54

The average child weighs a little over ________ pounds at birth.

A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9

Question 55

In a classic experiment, DeCasper and Spence asked a group of pregnant women to read aloud The Cat in the Hat two times a day late in pregnancy. After the babies were born, they recognized the story. This reveals that the fetus can __________.

A) see
B) hear
C) read
D) taste

Question 56

The inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant is known as __________.

A) infertility
B) sterility
C) productivity
D) fertility

Question 57

Illicit drugs, sexually transmitted diseases, and stress may increase __________.

A) fertility
B) infertility
C) pregnancy rates
D) fertilization

Question 58

A physician places a man's sperm directly into a woman's vagina. This method of fertilization is known as __________.

A) natural insemination
B) artificial insemination
C) surrogate fertilization
D) in vitro fertilization

Question 59

Juan and Maria Salinas want to have a baby. However, Juan Salinas is paralyzed from the waist down. They decide to have their doctor place Juan's sperm directly into Maria's vagina. This method of fertilization is known as __________.

A) natural insemination
B) artificial insemination
C) surrogate fertilization
D) in vitro fertilization

Question 60

Tina and Linda want to start a family. Linda has a genetic condition that she would prefer not to pass on to their child. Therefore, Tina will be the biological mother, but she had her fallopian tubes tied and now is unable to get pregnant. They have opted for a procedure in which Tina's ova are removed from her ovaries and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory. This method of fertilization is known as __________.

A) natural insemination
B) artificial insemination
C) surrogate fertilization
D) in vitro fertilization

Question 61

A woman who agrees to carry a child to term in cases in which the mother who provides the donor eggs is unable to conceive is called a(n) __________ mother.

A) alternative
B) step
C) surrogate
D) substitute

Question 62

The Carlos family has agreed to have another woman, Emily, carry their child to term. Emily is a(n) __________ mother.

A) alternative
B) step
C) surrogate
D) substitute

Question 63

Each year, one in four pregnancies worldwide ends in __________.

A) stillbirth
B) miscarriage
C) abortion
D) infertility

Question 64

The role of the __________ is to prevent teratogens from affecting the fetus.

A) placenta
B) endoderm
C) father
D) ectoderm

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

A) sperm
B) protein
C) chicken pox
D) pre-natal supplements

Question 66

Mika consumed large quantities of alcohol while she was pregnant with her daughter Jasmine. As a result, Jasmine was born with intellectual disability and is delayed in growth. Jasmine has __________.

A) fetal alcohol effects
B) maternal alcohol effects
C) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
D) maternal alcohol syndrome

Question 67

Martha and Susan are planning to have a child. Martha will be the biological mother. Some of the research on how fathers impact prenatal development applies to Susan as well. Which of these are relevant for Susan and Martha's child?

A) Susan should work more, even if it causes stress in the relationship, to be sure the family is economically sound.
B) Susan should not smoke because secondhand smoke is bad for mother and baby.
C) Susan should refrain from alcohol or drug use because it may lead to chromosomal damage transmitted via sperm.
D) Susan should exercise regularly, as this is ideal for the baby's health.

Question 68

Describe how monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins form.

Question 69

How is the sex of a child determined?

Question 70

Identify and describe three tests used to assess the health of an unborn baby.

Question 71

List the three stages of prenatal development. Include the age range for each stage.

Question 72

Identify two threats to prenatal development and list two recommendations for optimal prenatal development that you would provide expectant mothers.

Question 73

Define fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and outline the potential long-term consequences of alcohol use during pregnancy.

Question 74

What evidence can you list for avoiding even a small amount of alcohol during pregnancy?

Question 75

What are the potential risks associated with smoking during the prenatal period?

Question 76

What information would you provide a father-to-be to help optimize development during the prenatal period?

Question 77

Cindy and Felipe are starting a family. Each parent carries the recessive gene for phenylketonuria (PKU), an inherited disorder. Explain how their child will either inherit or not inherit PKU.

Question 78

Should all prospective parents consider genetic counseling? Why or why not? What are some of the ethical considerations with genetic counseling?

Question 79

Some people have used the proven genetic basis of intelligence to argue against strenuous educational efforts on behalf of individuals with below average IQs. Does this viewpoint make sense based on what you have learned about heredity and environment? Why or why not?

Question 80

What are some ways that the prenatal environment can threaten development?