Deck 2: Theoretical Perspectives and Research

Question 1

Believing that a young child's aggressive behavior is the result of unconscious motivations supports the __________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) contextual
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Answer 1

psychodynamic

Question 2

Willard's father believes that by creating the right environment and rewarding desirable behaviors, he can enable Willard to grow up to be a senator. Willard's father seems to support the __________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) evolutionary
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Answer 2

behavioral

Question 3

Krystal's mother is not concerned that Krystal is not yet able to do simple mathematical computations. She believes that as Krystal grows, her mental abilities will change and she will then be able to do this math and more. Krystal's mother supports the __________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) evolutionary
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Answer 3

cognitive

Question 4

Ayla believes that you cannot consider the child without examining the child's surrounding environment. Part of Ayla's approach to child development is that all of these people and social institutions affect the child as the child also affects the people and institutions. Ayla supports the __________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) evolutionary
C) contextual
D) cognitive

Question 5

Mrs. Jones is a second-grade teacher who constructs her lessons around the idea that children learn through social interaction with others. In addition, she believes children learn through play and cooperation with other members of a culture. Mrs. Jones supports the __________ perspective.

A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) sociocultural

Question 6

Newborn babies' preference for human faces is important because babies are dependent on their parents for survival. This outlook supports the __________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) contextual
D) cognitive

Question 7

Research that provides descriptive information and may demonstrate associations between variables is most likely __________.

A) experimental research
B) cross-sequential research
C) longitudinal research
D) correlational research

Question 8

To demonstrate the cause of a behavior, you need to conduct __________ research.

A) experimental
B) cross-sequential
C) longitudinal
D) correlational

Question 9

Anna interviews a small group of fathers to learn about their parenting practices. This is called a __________.

A) naturalistic observation
B) case study
C) psychophysiological method
D) correlational experiment

Question 10

Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles, are known as __________.

A) hypotheses
B) perspectives
C) theories
D) approaches

Question 11

A(n) __________ provides a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles.

A) theory
B) sample
C) experiment
D) field study

Question 12

There are five major theoretical perspectives that guide the study of child development: the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, contextual, and __________ perspectives.

A) revolutionary
B) revolution
C) evolutionary
D) non-behavioral

Question 13

Proponents of the __________ perspective believe that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness.

A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) contextual

Question 14

Contemporary researchers who study memory and learning suggest that we carry with us memories, of which we are not consciously aware, that have a significant impact on our behavior. This supports the __________ perspective.

A) contextual
B) cognitive
C) psychosocial
D) psychodynamic

Question 15

Dr. Dreuf suggests that adolescents behave in sometimes reckless ways because they are motivated by forces beneath their awareness. Dr. Dreuf's suggestion is most closely aligned with which perspective?

A) contextual
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

Question 16

According to Freud, everyone's personality has three aspects: __________, __________, and __________.

A) id; ego; superego
B) wishes; desires; demands
C) love; care; support
D) ego; superego; support

Question 17

According to Freud, the __________ is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth.

A) ego
B) superego
C) subego
D) id

Question 18

Six-year-old Amanda is upset because Rudy took her cookies. She wants to hit him, but she knows she will be punished if she does hit him. So she decides to let him have the cookies without putting up a fight. This is an example of the __________.

A) reality principle
B) superego
C) ego
D) primary id

Question 19

The __________ operates according to the pleasure principle, in which the goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension.

A) id
B) superego
C) subego
D) ego

Question 20

During the __________ stage of Freud's theory, the focus is on the reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) latency
D) genital

Question 21

During the __________ stage of Freud's theory, sexual concerns are largely unimportant.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) latency
D) genital

Question 22

Ten-month-old Cameron is interested in sucking and eating. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, Cameron is in the __________ stage.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) latency
D) genital

Question 23

Behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development is known as __________.

A) fixture
B) obsession
C) regression
D) fixation

Question 24

__________, a psychodynamic theorist, suggested that growth and change continue throughout the life span.

A) Piaget
B) Erikson
C) Masling
D) Freud

Question 25

__________ encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of us as members of society.

A) Psychosexual development
B) Psychosocial development
C) Social-cognitive development
D) Evolutionary development

Question 26

The notion that people pass through stages in childhood that determine their adult personalities has __________ definitive research support.

A) much
B) little
C) lasting
D) continued

Question 27

The psychodynamic perspective provides __________ descriptions of past behavior but __________ predictions of future behavior.

A) imprecise; good
B) ineffective; proper
C) good; imprecise
D) false; accurate

Question 28

Which of the following cautions suggest that it would be questionable to apply Freud's theory to a broad, multicultural population?

A) Freud's theory uses stages to understand behavior.
B) Freud's subjects were all upper-middle-class Austrians.
C) Freud's subjects included both males and females.
D) Freud examined childhood, which includes similar universal experiences.

Question 29

Nine-month-old Fendy is in Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development.

A) trust vs. mistrust
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) industry vs. inferiority

Question 30

The positive outcome of the industry vs. inferiority stage of Erikson's theory is the __________.

A) discovery of ways to initiate actions
B) awareness of uniqueness of self
C) development of sense of competence
D) fear and concern regarding others

Question 31

According to the behavioral perspective, if we know what __________ to use, we can predict behavior.

A) response
B) behavior
C) stimuli
D) environment

Question 32

When Brian was 7 years old, a large black dog chased him and bit his ankle. He needed several stitches and used crutches for weeks. Since the attack, Brian has been terrified of dogs. This learned fear is an example of the __________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) contextual

Question 33

Mrs. Hermann uses a sticker chart in her first-grade classroom to promote desirable behaviors and decrease the unwanted ones. The stickers on the chart represent the reinforcement, but the use of the chart represents a form of __________.

A) classical conditioning
B) punishment
C) behavior modification
D) stimulus generalization

Question 34

Sally usually earned average grades in her sixth-grade history class. She began studying harder when she received a B on an exam. After several more tests and better study habits, her grade was an A+. To a behaviorist, this is an example of __________.

A) punishment
B) reinforcement
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

Question 35

Mr. Zander gives students a few small candies every time they act appropriately during school assemblies. The candy is a form of __________, a stimulus that increases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated.

A) punishment
B) operant conditioning
C) extinguishing
D) reinforcement

Question 36

After seeing her mother talk on the phone, 18-month-old Veronica pretends to carry on a telephone conversation using her toy telephone. According to the social cognitive learning theory, Veronica is likely learning by observing __________.

A) operational conditioning
B) a model
C) classical conditioning
D) instrumental conditioning

Question 37

Four-year-old Shelly watches her 16-year-old cousin Tamara apply makeup for a date with her boyfriend. The next day Shelly runs to her toy box and finds a crayon. Using it like lipstick, she prances around the house in her mother's high-heeled shoes. Her mother laughs when Shelly tells her she is ready for her date with her boyfriend. This is an example of the __________.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) conditional theory
C) sociocultural theory
D) social-cognitive learning theory

Question 38

Hiep explains that the grass is green because all of the pictures in a particular set have green grass, whereas his much older brother explains that the amount of light absorbed by the blades of grass determines their color. A researcher interested in the thinking processes in these two answers is most likely demonstrating the __________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) contextual
D) evolutionary

Question 39

The organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions and serve as a foundation for Piaget's cognitive development theory are known as __________.

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) organization
D) schemas

Question 40

Four-month-old Annabelle takes her mother's keys and puts them in her mouth, much as she does her pacifier. Annabelle's treatment of the keys demonstrates which concept of Piaget's theory?

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) organization
D) conditioning

Question 41

Four-month-old Timothy takes his mother's keys and begins to put them into his mouth but then discovers that when he shakes them, they make a pleasant sound. Timothy's treatment of the keys demonstrates which concept of Piaget's theory?

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) organization
D) adaptation

Question 42

Approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity are called __________ approaches.

A) information-processing
B) cognitive neuroscience
C) contextual learning
D) minimalist

Question 43

The __________ approach suggests that a child's unique development cannot be properly viewed without seeing the child enmeshed within a rich social and cultural context.

A) information-processing
B) evolutionary
C) contextual
D) cognitive

Question 44

Which major theoretical perspective stresses the interrelatedness of development areas and the importance of broad cultural factors in human development?

A) contextual
B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) psychodynamic

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of the mesosystem?

A) A parent meets a child's teacher at a parent-teacher conference.
B) A teacher helps a student tie her shoes.
C) A child watches a scary movie on television.
D) A politician proposes a new law to lengthen the school day.

Question 46

The dominant Western philosophy that emphasizes personal identity, uniqueness, freedom, and worth of the individual is known as __________.

A) individualism
B) the id
C) the ego
D) the resistance

Question 47

Which theorist emphasized how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture?

A) Erikson
B) Vygotsky
C) Piaget
D) Darwin

Question 48

The evolutionary perspective draws heavily on the field of __________, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior.

A) psychology
B) theology
C) ethology
D) philosophy

Question 49

Which theoretical perspective attributes behavior to genetic inheritance from our ancestors, contending that genes determine not only traits such as skin and eye color but certain personality traits and social behaviors as well?

A) contextual perspective
B) cognitive perspective
C) behavioral perspective
D) evolutionary perspective

Question 50

Which theorist was a proponent of ethology?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Konrad Lorenz
D) Erik Erikson

Question 51

Identifying questions of interest, formulating an explanation, and carrying out research that either lends support to or refutes the explanation are all steps of __________.

A) the scientific method
B) a theory
C) the collection of data
D) observation

Question 52

Which of the following is the process of translating a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed?

A) randomly assigning
B) operant conditioning
C) operationalization
D) observation

Question 53

Which of the following seeks to identify whether an association or relationship exists between two factors?

A) operationalization
B) correlational research
C) observation
D) operant conditioning

Question 54

Ms. Weatherbie, a music instructor, wanted to know whether students who could read music were better in choir than students who could not read music. To find out, she took two groups of students and taught one group to read music in addition to learning the words to the songs; the other group only learned the words to the songs. This study is an example of __________.

A) experimental research
B) correlational research
C) survey research
D) theoretical research

Question 55

Researchers have found that children who watch a good deal of aggression on television tend to be more aggressive than those who watch only a little. This is an example of __________.

A) an experiment
B) causation
C) correlation
D) cause and effect

Question 56

A mother takes her child to the beach on a hot summer day, where she buys her an ice cream cone from a vendor. That evening the child has an upset stomach. The mother says that every time the child eats ice cream, the child gets a stomachache. The mother needs to be reminded that __________.

A) correlation proves causation
B) relationship proves causation
C) correlation does not prove causation
D) experiment does not prove causation

Question 57

Ms. Sounder, a preschool teacher, has found that when she uses a quiet indoor voice her students tend to use their indoor voices, too. However, when she raises her voice, she notes that the students also raise their voices. Her informal observation of noise levels is an example of a(n) __________ correlation.

A) positive
B) negative
C) zero
D) optimistic

Question 58

Mr. Work, a fourth-grade teacher, tells his class that the more time they devote to homework, the better their final grade will be. Conversely, the less time they spend on homework, the poorer their final grade will be. This is an example of a(n) __________ correlation.

A) negative
B) positive
C) zero
D) optimistic

Question 59

Ms. Davila, a health education teacher, tells her students that they should refrain from smoking because smoking shortens the life span. Specifically, she tells them the more cigarettes they smoke, the less time they will live and, conversely, the fewer cigarettes they smoke, the longer they will live. This is an example of __________ correlation.

A) a negative
B) a positive
C) no
D) an optimistic

Question 60

Mr. Padilla, a physical education teacher, finds that children who are overweight tend to like his aerobics class least, whereas children who weigh less tend to enjoy his aerobics class. This is an example of a(n) __________ correlation.

A) optimistic
B) positive
C) zero
D) negative

Question 61

In a negative correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable __________.

A) decreases
B) remains the same
C) increases
D) fluctuates

Question 62

In a positive correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable __________.

A) decreases
B) remains the same
C) increases
D) fluctuates

Question 63

Dr. Gomez would like to know how many parents use spanking as a form of punishment. She knows she cannot solicit this information from every parent in the country, so she asks a subset of parents that she thinks are representative of all parents in the country. The collection of the data in this study is an example of using __________.

A) naturalistic observation
B) ethnography
C) survey research
D) psychophysiological methods

Question 64

Both experimental and correlational studies can be done employing methods that compare heart rate and interest in material. These types of measurements may be referred to as __________ methods.

A) psychodynamic
B) ethnographic
C) psychophysiological
D) biogenetic

Question 65

Which of the following psychophysiological methods measures electrical activity in the brain?

A) computerized axial tomography
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging
C) electroencephalogram
D) naturalistic observation

Question 66

Dr. Chiu, a reading specialist, wants to know whether third graders who learned to read predominantly by phonics are better at comprehending text than children who learned to read predominantly by whole language. To find out, she decides to randomly assign two groups of first graders to either a phonics-based reading program or a whole language-based reading program. She will then give each group a reading comprehension test when they reach third grade. This study provides an example of a(n) __________.

A) experiment
B) control group
C) treatment group
D) sample

Question 67

Researchers conducted a study with Spanish-speaking kindergarteners. They were interested in learning whether young children would benefit from explicit test-taking training. The researchers randomly assigned students and taught half of the kindergarteners' test-taking strategies, while the other half of the kindergarteners drew pictures. They found that those who had received training in test taking received higher scores on a school readiness test compared to the children who had received no training. Thus, the researchers manipulated test-taking training, or the __________ variable, and saw the results of their manipulation in the __________ variable.

A) dependent; independent
B) independent; dependent
C) reliable; unreliable
D) unreliable; reliable

Question 68

When conducting experiments, researchers use random assignment to __________.

A) recruit a large sample of participants
B) divide participants into different experimental groups
C) maximize differences between experimental groups
D) obtain informed consent from participants

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of random assignment?

A) assigning all left-handed participants to a particular condition
B) having participants choose which condition they would prefer to be in and then assigning them to a different condition
C) having participants choose which condition they would prefer to be in and then assigning them to that condition
D) using a random number generator to assign participants to conditions (e.g., odds are in one condition and evens in another condition)

Question 70

Amy is in a group of participants who were chosen for an experiment; the group she is in would be considered a(n) __________.

A) sample
B) experiment
C) field study
D) treatment

Question 71

The strange situation paradigm is often used to assess the attachment of 1- to 2-year-old children to their mothers. The mother and child enter a room that is equipped with a two-way mirror. Then, a stranger walks into the room. Following this, the mother leaves her child with the stranger. Last, the mother returns to the room. Throughout the procedure, a researcher observes and records the interactions between the mother and child. This is an example of a __________ study.

A) field
B) laboratory
C) ethnographic
D) ground

Question 72

Applied research is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate __________.

A) studies
B) problems
C) research
D) cases

Question 73

A research psychologist who is interested in improving students' ability to memorize key terms is likely conducting __________ research.

A) survey
B) theoretical
C) applied
D) basic

Question 74

If a cognitive psychologist is conducting a study to measure the capacity of human memory, the psychologist is conducting __________ research.

A) survey
B) unethical
C) theoretical
D) applied

Question 75

__________ research is research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as subjects age.

A) Survey
B) Longitudinal
C) Cross-sectional
D) Correlational

Question 76

Shyanna wants to know whether shy children will become shy adults. She decides to ask a group of preschool teachers to select all the children they would consider to be shy. She then follows and periodically assesses these children until they reach adulthood. This is an example of a __________ research design.

A) survey
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) cross-sequential

Question 77

Mr. Eli Shun wants to study the development of emotion in children for his doctoral dissertation. He would like to graduate as soon as possible, so he devises a study that consists of assessing children of different ages at the same time. This is an example of a __________ research design.

A) survey
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) sequential

Question 78

In a sequential study, researchers __________.

A) test a small group of participants
B) use experimental research instead of correlational research
C) examine a number of different groups at several points in time
D) study young children

Question 79

Dr. Kang studies the development of morality in children. In her latest study she followed and assessed 3-year-olds, 4-year-olds, and 5-year-olds for a period of time. The 3-year-olds were tested at ages 3, 4, and 5; the 4-year-olds at 4, 5, and 6; and the 5-year-olds at ages 5, 6, and 7. This is an example of a __________ research design.

A) survey
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) sequential

Question 80

Dr. Salahma conducts a study on teenagers and product preference. In his study, he begins with a diverse sample of 13- to 19-year-olds. However, after the first few trials of the experiment many of the 15-year-old males in the experiment stop responding to the questions and choose not to participate in a follow-up session. Dr. Salahma needs to be concerned about __________.

A) random assignment
B) selective attention
C) cohort effects
D) selective dropout