Deck 5: Consciousness

Question 1

This is involved in the operation of circadian rhythms.

A) Hypothalamus
B) Pineal gland
C) Suprachiasmic nucleus
D) All of these options

Answer 1

All of these options

Question 2

A mental state other than an ordinary waking state, in which there are distinct changes in perception, emotion, memory, thinking, etc., is called alternate _____.

A) states of mental awareness
B) alertness
C) states of consciousness
D) sentience

Answer 2

states of consciousness

Question 3

You are generally less productive and more accident-prone than other workers. It is MOST likely that you _____.

A) are working without supervision
B) have a Type-B personality
C) are a workaholic
D) are a rotating shift worker

Answer 3

are a rotating shift worker

Question 4

Consciousness is defined in your text as _____.

A) ordinary and extraordinary wakefulness
B) an awareness of oneself and one's surroundings
C) mental representations of the world in the here and now
D) any mental state that requires thinking and processing of sensory stimuli

Question 5

Mental activities that require focused attention are called _____.

A) thinking processes
B) controlled processes
C) alert states of consciousness
D) conscious awareness

Question 6

The biologically based, lowest level of awareness identified in your text is _____.

A) daydreaming
B) unconscious
C) subconscious
D) brain-dead

Question 7

Circadian rhythms are _____.

A) patterns that repeat themselves on a twice-daily schedule
B) physical and mental changes associated with the cycle of the moon
C) rhythmical processes in your brain
D) biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Question 8

Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?

A) The sleep-wake cycle
B) The menstrual cycle
C) Jet lag
D) All of these options

Question 9

Which of the following persons is engaged in controlled mental processing?

A) Adrienne is listening to the radio while driving her car in light traffic.
B) Bertha is rubbing her belly and patting her head at the same time.
C) Alonzo is daydreaming about becoming a world-famous neurosurgeon.
D) Colin is meditating.

Question 10

Biological rhythms that occur on a daily basis are called _____ rhythms.

A) circuitous
B) chronobiology
C) calendrical
D) circadian

Question 11

Melatonin influences _____.

A) sleep
B) sexual arousal
C) puberty and aging
D) all of these options

Question 12

Your BEST strategy for passing this exam is to _____.

A) let your unconscious be your guide
B) use controlled processing
C) engage in a stream of consciousness
D) cross your fingers

Question 13

Jet lag results from _____.

A) sleep deprivation
B) disruption of circadian rhythms
C) the effect of light on the pineal gland
D) disruption of brain-wave patterns

Question 14

Armand is daydreaming, Adele is dreaming while asleep. Which statement is TRUE?

A) Armand is semiconscious, Adele is unconscious.
B) Armand is semiconscious; Adele is in an alternate state of consciousness.
C) Both Armand and Adele are in alternate states of consciousness.
D) Armand is in an alternate state of consciousness, Adele is unconscious.

Question 15

Automatic processes require _____ attention.

A) internal
B) unconscious
C) minimal
D) delta wave

Question 16

_____ is (are) BEST defined as our awareness of our environments and ourselves.

A) Alternate states of consciousness (ASCs)
B) Consciousness
C) States of consciousness
D) Selective attention

Question 17

Mental activities that require minimal attention are called _____ processes.

A) automobile
B) automatic
C) autonomic
D) unconscious

Question 18

Consciousness _____.

A) is a relatively simple phenomenon
B) exists on a continuum
C) is an all-or-nothing phenomenon
D) includes only those states in which someone is fully alert

Question 19

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

A) Everyone needs eight hours of sleep each night.
B) Some people never dream.
C) Sexual arousal during sleep can occur without having a sexual dream.
D) Dying in your dream can be fatal.

Question 20

Researchers have documented all EXCEPT which of the following hazards of sleep deprivation?

A) Reduced cortisol levels
B) Reduced concentration and motivation
C) Increased irritability
D) Reduced motor skills

Question 21

Jordan is in the first stage of sleep. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of her consciousness at this time?

A) A ringing telephone could easily awaken her
B) She is experiencing alpha brain waves
C) Her breathing is regular
D) Her heart rate and blood pressure are slowing

Question 22

You are in a sleep lab and have just been hooked up to several machines. Researchers are interested in measuring your .

A) eye movements
B) brain waves
C) muscle activity
D) all of the above

Question 23

The adaptation/protection theory of sleep says that sleep _____.

A) evolved to decrease the number of hours of daydreaming
B) conserves energy and protects us from predators
C) restores the biological rhythms that would otherwise be disrupted by round-the-clock wakefulness
D) is necessary for the evolution of our species into spiritual beings

Question 24

Which of the following signs suggest that you may be sleep deprived?

A) Hitting the snooze button several times to get more sleep this morning
B) Finding it hard to concentrate on this exam despite having studied well
C) Feeling drowsy while driving to school today
D) All of these options

Question 25

If you foolishly cram before final exams, missing several nights' sleep, what is MOST likely to happen to your sleep cycles the first time you get uninterrupted sleep? You will _____.

A) have more than the usual amount of REM sleep.
B) have more than the usual amount of non-REM sleep.
C) sleep more hours than usual, and get an equal amount of REM and non-REM sleep.
D) have nightmares about being kicked out of college.

Question 26

Which of the following is TRUE regarding a typical night's sleep cycles?

A) There are 7-8 cycles per night, each lasting about an hour.
B) REM sleep increases during the night.
C) Brain waves increase in frequency and decrease in amplitude as the night progresses.
D) Everyone always progresses from Stage 1 to 3, and back.

Question 27

Galen's new baby is scrunching up her face, breathing irregularly, making little sounds, and moving her eyes rapidly back and forth under closed lids. Galen asks you if this means the baby is waking up. From what you know about sleep cycles, your BEST answer would be _____.

A) Yes, the baby appears to be coming out of Stage 1 sleep.
B) No, the baby is showing signs of a transition between sleep stages.
C) Yes, the baby has obviously been awake for several minutes.
D) No, the baby is most likely in the REM sleep stage

Question 28

Just before sleep, brain waves move from _____ waves, indicating normal wakefulness, to _____ waves associated with drowsy relaxation.

A) beta; alpha
B) theta; delta
C) alpha; beta
D) sigma; chi

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Stage 2 sleep?

A) Sleep spindles
B) Sleep nightmares
C) More relaxation
D) Less responsive to external stimuli

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

A) Sexual arousal may occur
B) Muscles are deeply relaxed
C) Most dreams occur here
D) A mixture of theta and delta waves

Question 31

Scientists study sleep in sleep labs using _____.

A) EKG recordings
B) PET scans
C) functional MRI scans
D) EEG recordings

Question 32

The sleep stage marked by irregular breathing, eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming is called _____ sleep.

A) beta
B) hypnagogic
C) REM
D) transitional

Question 33

The theory of sleep that BEST explains why bears hibernate all winter is the _____ theory.

A) adaptation/protection
B) learning/memory
C) growth/development
D) repair/restoration

Question 34

The repair/restoration theory of sleep says that sleep serves _____.

A) a recuperative function following depletion of key brain and body resources
B) to protect animals from predators and restore the balance of nature
C) to conserve energy for use the following day
D) all of these options

Question 35

On average, an infant sleeps ________hours and spends ___________ percent in REM sleep.

A) 7.5, 10
B) 14, 40
C) 6, 14
D) 10, 50

Question 36

How many stages of distinct sleep stages do we typically experience during a normal night's sleep?

A) 3-4
B) 4-5
C) 5-6
D) 6-8

Question 37

Which of the following is characteristic of Stage 3 sleep?

A) Very slow, high-amplitude delta waves
B) Story-like dreams
C) The brain is most receptive to foreign language or other learning tapes
D) All of these options

Question 38

REM sleep is also called _____ because the brain is aroused and active while the person remains nonresponsive and asleep.

A) pseudo-sleep
B) paradoxical sleep
C) hypnagogic sleep
D) transitional sleep

Question 39

Darius is sleeping right through the sounds of fire engine and police car sirens right outside his window. It is MOST likely that Darius is _____.

A) experiencing an episode of sleep apnea
B) in Stage 3 sleep
C) in REM sleep
D) in a drug-induced hypnogogic state

Question 40

Recent research suggests that REM sleep _____.

A) is important for consolidating new memories and learning
B) is necessary for both mammals and non-mammals
C) cannot be "recaptured" if you miss it several nights in a row
D) all of these options

Question 41

Which of the following is TRUE about prescription drugs for insomnia?

A) They are usually barbiturates or tranquilizers.
B) They decrease REM and Stage 3 sleep.
C) There is a danger of developing psychological or physical dependency on them.
D) All of these options

Question 42

Pat is dreaming about a stranger who is carrying a weapon. According to research on gender and dream content, it is MOST likely that Pat is _____.

A) female
B) male
C) androgynous
D) transgendered

Question 43

Freud believed that dreams allowed our unacceptable desires to come to the surface, giving us a glimpse at the ____________.

A) therapeutic alliance
B) psyche
C) latent content
D) unconscious

Question 44

_____ theory states that dreams are byproducts of random stimulation of brain cells, whereas the _____ view suggests dreams serve an information processing function and help us sift through our everyday experiences and thoughts.

A) Biological; learning
B) Cognitive; wish-fulfillment
C) Activation-synthesis; cognitive
D) Psychodynamic; infodynamic

Question 45

Which of the following is FALSE about sleep apnea?

A) It is characterized by periods of a minute or more without breathing.
B) It is accompanied by repeated awakenings, gasping for breath, and daytime sleepiness.
C) It is a suspected factor in snoring, high blood pressure, and heart attack.
D) all of these options are true

Question 46

The persistent inability to fall or stay asleep, or awakening too early, is a symptom of _____.

A) narcolepsy
B) insomnia
C) sleep apnea
D) all of these options

Question 47

Your text reports that the suspected cause of sleep apnea is _____.

A) a malfunction in the reticular activating system or the brain stem
B) malnutrition, alcoholism, or obesity
C) an airway blockage or the brain's failure to signal the diaphragm
D) a mystery to sleep researchers at this time

Question 48

In mid-sentence, your friend suddenly slumps over on the couch and appears to have entered the REM stage of sleep. Which of the following is the BEST explanation for your friend's behavior?

A) Your friend suffers from epilepsy and just had a seizure.
B) Your friend suffers from narcolepsy and should seek medical attention.
C) You are boring, and should take a class in social speaking skills.
D) Your friend did not get enough sleep last night and should go to bed.

Question 49

The ______ content of a dream contains the surface symbols that disguise the underlying meaning of the dream.

A) repressed
B) transference
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 50

This is a method of dream interpretation that emphasizes the roles of manifest and latent dream content.

A) Hobson's activation hypothesis
B) McCarley's synthesis hypothesis
C) Freud's wish-fulfillment theory
D) Mayan Indian communal theory

Question 51

You just awoke from a startling dream in which you were very frightened, but could not move. How would the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming explain your dream?

A) Your amygdala was randomly stimulated, but REM-stage paralysis kept you from moving.
B) You were frightened by something during the day but didn't pay attention to it at the time, which caused you to feel helpless in your dream.
C) You are frightened of your occasional urges to harm others, and your unconscious mind prevented you from following through on these urges.
D) You experienced random stimulation of the amygdala and other brain areas, but your cerebellum was not stimulated at all.

Question 52

Dieting, surgery, dental appliances, and tennis balls are all recommended treatments for _____.

A) insomnia
B) parasomnia
C) nightmares
D) sleep apnea

Question 53

Durango was very angry with his stepmother, and wished she were dead. That night Durango dreamed that he pushed her off a cliff. According to Freud, the latent content of Durango's dream would be _____, while the manifest content would be _____.

A) pushing her off the cliff; wishing she were dead
B) wishing she were dead; pushing her off the cliff
C) pushing her off the cliff; angry feelings
D) angry feelings; wishing she were dead

Question 54

The cognitive view of dreaming suggests that dreams _____.

A) are a form of thinking during sleep
B) help us sift through and sort out our everyday experiences
C) another form of information processing
D) all of these options

Question 55

Degenerated neurons in certain parts of the brain have been observed in dogs with _____.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM behavior disorder
C) cataplexy
D) parasomnia

Question 56

Which of the following regarding dreams and culture is (are) NOT true?

A) There is no connection between culture and dream content.
B) There is a connection between culture and dream content.
C) Some cultures have dreams that include weapons whereas others do not.
D) There are some universal themes to dreams.

Question 57

Which of the following is (are) true?

A) There are no common themes in men and women's dreams.
B) Men and women share many common dream themes.
C) There are some cultural differences in dream themes.
D) B and C only

Question 58

The _____ content of a dream is the true, unconscious meaning of the dream.

A) expressed
B) countertransference
C) latent
D) repressed

Question 59

The idea that dreams are the byproduct of random stimulation of brain cells, and that the brain attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, is known as the _____ hypothesis of dreaming.

A) Mobson-McHarley
B) activation-synthesis
C) random-convergent
D) brain stimulation

Question 60

Which of the following persons is clearly experiencing insomnia?

A) Kipp frequently cannot fall asleep the night before a final exam.
B) Kaula regularly sleeps less than eight hours per night.
C) Consuela persistently has difficulty falling or staying asleep.
D) All of these persons are clearly experiencing insomnia.

Question 61

The condition that compels someone to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity is called ______.

A) drug abuse
B) addiction
C) cross-tolerance
D) drug tolerance

Question 62

Irving's doctor prescribed Valium to help him cope with job-related anxiety. He found a less stressful job, and is anxiety-free. However, Irving keeps taking Valium because he likes its effects. He hasn't had to increase the dosage, and he did not have withdrawal symptoms when he forgot to take his pills. It is MOST likely that Irving is _____.

A) a drug addict
B) psychologically dependent on Valium
C) developing a cross-tolerance for other drugs
D) physically dependent on Valium

Question 63

Discomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense cravings after stopping the use of an addictive drug, are called _____.

A) psychological addiction
B) physical addiction
C) withdrawal
D) tolerance

Question 64

_____ is the development of decreasing sensitivity to a drug because of continued use, whereas _____ is the development of decreasing sensitivity to a drug because of the use of another drug.

A) Addiction; tolerance
B) Tolerance; addiction
C) Drug abuse; drug addiction
D) Tolerance; cross-tolerance

Question 65

Sleepwalking is MOST likely to occur in _____.

A) adults
B) hypnagogic sleep
C) NREM sleep
D) REM sleep

Question 66

When repeated drug use causes changes in the body that require continued drug use to prevent withdrawal symptoms, a state of _____ has been reached.

A) drug-induced brain damage
B) psychoactive addiction
C) physical dependence
D) drug abuse

Question 67

Drugs that change conscious awareness or perception are called _____.

A) addictive
B) hallucinogenic
C) psychoactive
D) mind altering

Question 68

_____ occur early in the sleep cycle during non-REM sleep and are characterized by a state of panic.

A) Narcoleptic fits
B) Nightmares
C) Apnea episodes
D) Night terrors

Question 69

Drug-taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others is known as _____.

A) addiction
B) physical dependence
C) psychological dependence
D) drug abuse

Question 70

Drug abuse requires that the drug user _____.

A) use a substance that causes emotional or physical harm to self or to others
B) develop a tolerance to the substance being abused
C) develop an addiction to the substance being abused
D) all of these options

Question 71

A desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug is called _____.

A) physiological dependence
B) psychological dependence
C) cross-tolerance
D) withdrawal

Question 72

A nightmare occurs during _____.

A) non-REM sleep
B) REM sleep
C) episodes of sleep apnea
D) all of these options

Question 73

Leilani finds that she perspires, breathes rapidly, and has muscle twitches and tremors when she tries to quit using illegal opiates. This suggests that she has developed _____.

A) a psychoactive addiction
B) an intolerance to opiates
C) a physical tolerance
D) withdrawal symptoms

Question 74

Which of the following lists contain ONLY psychoactive drugs?

A) Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol
B) Antacids, antidepressants, and antipsychotics
C) Insulin, narcotics, and hallucinogens
D) Aspirin, L-Dopa, and Prozac

Question 75

Psychoactive drugs _____.

A) change conscious experience, mood, or perceptions
B) are all addictive, mind-altering, and dangerous to your health
C) all cause tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
D) all of these options

Question 76

The BEST way to deal with sleep problems is to _____.

A) take a prescription, rather than over-the-counter, drug
B) exercise vigorously just before bed
C) check the clock each time you wake up and keep a careful record of awakenings
D) limit the use of your bedroom to sleep and sex

Question 77

A drug that has a molecular structure similar to the body's own neurotransmitter is called _____.

A) an alpha drug
B) an agonist
C) a psychoactive drug
D) an antagonist

Question 78

When a drug blocks reuptake or breakdown of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes, the drug is acting as an _____.

A) precursor
B) agonist
C) synergist
D) antagonist

Question 79

Singh finds that he has to drink several more beers to get the same buzz he used to get with one or two. It is likely that Singh has developed _____.

A) a psychoactive addiction
B) an intolerance to alcohol
C) a better ability to metabolize alcohol
D) a tolerance for alcohol

Question 80

Physical dependence occurs when a person needs to use a drug to prevent _____.

A) psychological dependence
B) withdrawal symptoms
C) addiction
D) tolerance and withdrawal