Deck 10: Personality

Question 1

After reading your psychology textbook, you go out to play with your dog. Your text indicated that dogs do indeed have personality traits much like humans do. According to research, which of the following traits are you most likely to observe in your dog?

A) Introversion
B) Boldness
C) Agreeableness
D) Guilt

Answer 1

Boldness

Question 2

Research on the relationship between personality and culture indicates that five fundamental dimensions of personality are universal. They are __________.

A) aggression, criticalness, discipline, imagination, and humbleness
B) reliability, sensitivity, focus, forgivingness, and honesty
C) openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
D) nervousness, individualism, innovativeness, helpfulness, and compassion

Answer 2

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 3

When Kai is asked to describe himself, he says, "I am a father and an electrician." Kai is most likely from a(n) __________ culture.

A) individualistic
B) egocentric
C) universal
D) collectivist

Answer 3

collectivist

Question 4

When Flip is asked to describe himself, he says, "I am outgoing and polite." Flip is most likely from a(n) __________ culture.

A) alternative
B) individualistic
C) collectivist
D) egalitarian

Question 5

In Freud's theory, the id operates according to the __________ principle.

A) pleasure
B) denial
C) ego
D) rational

Question 6

In Freud's model, the ego operates on the __________ principle.

A) morality
B) pleasure
C) conscience
D) reality

Question 7

The id is to __________ as the ego is to __________.

A) unconscious; subconscious
B) conscious; subconscious
C) unconscious; conscious
D) conscious; unconscious

Question 8

The superego is __________.

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) preconscious
D) both unconscious and conscious

Question 9

Little Timmy is in a store and is begging his mom for a candy bar. His mother must tell him no. In this case, Timmy is acting like the __________, and his mother is acting like the __________.

A) ego; superego
B) superego; id
C) id; ego
D) id; superego

Question 10

The part of Freud's model of the mind that is ethical and moral is the __________.

A) id
B) ego
C) entire iceberg
D) superego

Question 11

When Cami got home after being yelled at by her boss at work, she walked in the door and immediately started yelling at her kids about the house being dirty. The kids turned around and started yelling at the dog for tearing up a piece of paper. Immediately following that, the dog snapped at the cat when it walked through the living room. This scenario is a perfect example of which defense mechanism?

A) Displacement
B) Rationalization
C) Repression
D) Denial

Question 12

Jerrika is learning to go potty by herself. She likes the feeling of being able to control her bowels. Jerrika is in which of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Latency
D) Phallic

Question 13

Marina is approaching puberty. Which of the Freudian stages is she most likely to experience at this time in her life?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Genital

Question 14

Gobi lives in an apartment by himself. He doesn't really like living alone, but his careless way of living and disorganized home have made it difficult to find roommates who are willing to deal with the mess. According to Freud, Gobi has a(n) __________ personality.

A) oral retentive
B) oral receptive
C) anal retentive
D) anal expulsive

Question 15

Phoebe has very few friends, and the friends she does have indicate that she can be very difficult to be around. They report that she is verbally abusive and argues every point with them. Because of this, no one likes spending time with her. According to Freud, Phoebe has a(n) __________ personality.

A) oral receptive
B) genital responsive
C) anal retentive
D) oral aggressive

Question 16

Dikemme has always had problems with fine motor skills. Interestingly, he has become an artist who paints pictures the size of a postage stamp. Who would find his chosen profession easiest to explain?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Jung
C) Alfred Adler
D) Karen Horney

Question 17

Hiromi has been very focused on how terrible he is at sports. His focus on his lack of skills has led to a very poor self-image. Adler would call this __________.

A) a superiority complex
B) compensation
C) an inferiority complex
D) fixation

Question 18

Gerhard prefers to be alone and to focus on his own thoughts and feelings. According to Jung, Gerhard is a(n) __________.

A) archetype
B) feminist
C) introvert
D) extrovert

Question 19

Humanistic psychologists focus on our __________ experiences, including our __________.

A) unconscious; fantasies
B) conscious; self-concept
C) subconscious; introversion and extroversion
D) conscious; archetypes

Question 20

Humanistic psychologists assume that __________.

A) people are born with a natural drive for positive growth
B) people are inherently bad
C) people are confused by having personal choice
D) people must be carefully guided to grow

Question 21

The therapy developed by Carl Rogers that informed his theory of personality was called __________.

A) psychoanalysis
B) self-actualization
C) person-centered
D) personology

Question 22

Rogers believes that people have a constructive drive to develop their capacities and reach their full potential. He called this __________.

A) a hierarchy of needs
B) an actualizing tendency
C) the Oedipus conflict
D) delayed gratification

Question 23

Shaquem sees himself as a very honest and moral person. Recently, however, he has been taking things home from his workplace for personal use. He believes he is "owed" these items because he has not gotten a raise in a year. According to Rogers, Shaquem's actual self and real self are in a state of __________.

A) incongruence
B) harmony
C) congruence
D) neurosis

Question 24

Beau sees himself as a creative person and decides to study studio art in college. Beau's feelings of congruence should lead to __________.

A) anxiety and depression
B) personal growth and positive feelings
C) stress and illness
D) neuroses

Question 25

Carlos is being raised in a family where he is treated with care, respect, and acceptance. His family is showing him __________.

A) empathy
B) congruence
C) unconditional positive regard
D) incongruence

Question 26

The term positive psychology was first coined by __________ in 1970 to describe an optimistic view of human behavior and an emphasis on healthy functioning.

A) Alfred Adler
B) Carl Rogers
C) Henry Murray
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 27

Positive psychology focuses on what makes people __________.

A) feel stress
B) thrive
C) fail
D) productive

Question 28

Which of the following correctly represents the three factors of Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism?

A) Your thoughts, your actions, and the environment
B) Your locus of control, the environment, and self-efficacy
C) Your feelings, self-esteem, and your thoughts
D) Your environment, genetics, and self-perception

Question 29

Brandon looks at his life and declares, "Everything I touch goes wrong. Nothing works for me that works for other people." This perception and locus of control is often found in people who are __________.

A) young
B) old
C) anxious
D) depressed

Question 30

According to some personality theorists, your inherent qualities make up your __________.

A) character
B) locus of control
C) need hierarchy
D) disposition

Question 31

Someone who was interested in creating a __________, as described by Cattell, would use the 16PF (personality factor) test.

A) dimensional inventory
B) factor analysis
C) dispositional inventory
D) personality profile

Question 32

Which of the following statements about the five-factor model is correct?

A) For it to gain acceptance, the model still needs more research that supports it.
B) The model is well accepted because it has a wealth of research to support it.
C) The model is merely conjecture and has not been subjected to any research.
D) The model was once well accepted by scientists, but recent research has brought its accuracy into question.

Question 33

If Sylvia is described as outgoing and energized by being around people, she might score high on __________.

A) extroversion
B) neuroticism
C) openness
D) agreeableness

Question 34

One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is that it does not adequately explain __________.

A) inconsistent behaviors across situations
B) individual differences
C) genetic contributions to personality
D) how personality stays stable across time

Question 35

Biological approaches to personality indicate that personality is partially due to your __________.

A) genes, hormones, and brain
B) environment and upbringing
C) nutrition and general health
D) experience in utero, during gestation

Question 36

Which of the following characteristics is believed to be strongly determined by genes?

A) Neuroticism
B) Openness
C) Temperament
D) Extroversion

Question 37

According to Eysenck, levels of __________ contribute to the dimension of psychoticism.

A) neurotransmitters
B) hormones and enzymes
C) sympathetic activation
D) alertness

Question 38

According to Eysenck, the extroversion-introversion dimension is determined by differing levels of arousal in your __________.

A) sympathetic nervous system
B) cerebellum
C) reticular activating system
D) somatic nervous system

Question 39

Nakim suddenly saw a man with a gun enter the bank. Nakim kept calm and was able to alert authorities before anything bad happened. According to Eysenck, Nakim scores high on __________.

A) neuroticism
B) introversion
C) psychoticism
D) stability

Question 40

According to Eysenck, psychoticism is to __________ as neuroticism is to __________.

A) reticular activating system; somatic nervous system
B) enzymes; reticular activating system
C) hormones; sympathetic nervous system
D) sympathetic nervous system; enzymes

Question 41

Blake is a researcher in a laboratory at the medical school in his city. According to Holland's theory of careers, Blake is which of the following personality types?

A) Realistic
B) Virtual
C) Investigative
D) Enterprising

Question 42

Which of the following is a projective test?

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
B) 16PF (personality factor)
C) New Personality Inventory Revised
D) Rorschach test

Question 43

Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality?

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
B) 16PF (personality factor)
C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D) Rorschach test

Question 44

The most commonly used personality inventory is the __________.

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
B) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D) California Personality Inventory (CPI)

Question 45

When applying for a job, Lucy is given a brief questionnaire about several of her personality characteristics. She is aware that she is being assessed for the position, so instead of answering honestly, she intentionally chooses the answers that she thinks will paint the most positive picture of her as an applicant. This is a problem for personality testing called __________.

A) invalid scoring
B) faking good
C) lack of standardization
D) lack of retesting

Question 46

What was the goal of the experiment done on the Minnesota twins?

A) To investigate the impact of temperament on career outcomes.
B) To investigate the impact of genes and environment on personality.
C) To investigate the impact of personality testing on the stability of personality characteristics.
D) To investigate the impact of parenting on genetic contributions to cognitive abilities.

Question 47

What methods were used by Bouchard and Lykken to study the impact of genes and environment on psychological characteristics?

A) They studied siblings raised in the same home and looked for common characteristics.
B) They studied adopted children raised in the same home and looked for common characteristics.
C) They studied identical twins raised in different environments and looked for common characteristics.
D) They studied good friends who shared a mostly common environment and looked for common characteristics.

Question 48

Using any two of the different perspectives of personality theory, discuss your own personality. What are your positive and not-so-positive attributes? Have you ever stopped to wonder how you became the person you are? What do you think contributes to the personality you have developed? Are there ways you'd like to change your personality? Do you think those changes are possible?

Question 49

Distinguish between the psychosexual stages that occur during childhood, according to Freudian theory. Explain what happens during each stage, when the stage occurs, and behaviors that may occur if a child becomes fixated during that stage.

Question 50

Why does Freudian theory receive so much criticism? What are some positive qualities of Freud's theory that might describe behavior in the 21st century?

Question 51

Compare and contrast the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. How do their theories explain the self?

Question 52

Examine the research on dispositional (trait) theories, including those of Allport, Cattell, and the five-factor model.

Question 53

Examine and explain the biological approaches to personality. Evaluate the criticisms they face as a science and the benefits they may contribute to the future of recovery from brain injury.

Question 54

Drawing on the examples provided in your textbook, identify at least three specific purposes for which personality tests may have a practical application in one's life.

Question 55

Describe the procedures used to conduct the Rorschach Inkblot Test, the Thematic Apperception Test, the sentence completion test, and projective drawing tests. Include in your response the positive aspects of these tests and the criticisms of these procedures.