Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

A spider spins a web to capture other insects so it can eat and survive. This behavior is natural and does not require any learning. This behavior would be considered a(n) __________.

A) instinct
B) incentive
C) drive
D) emotion

Answer 1

instinct

Question 2

__________ is based on the principle that behavior is guided by genetic urges and impulses related to survival.

A) Drive reduction theory
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Arousal theory
D) The science of psychology

Answer 2

Evolutionary psychology

Question 3

Kyron had not eaten all day and was very hungry. His desire to eat to reduce his feelings of hunger might be explained by __________ theory.

A) incentive
B) homeostatic
C) instinct
D) drive reduction

Answer 3

drive reduction

Question 4

Marcus has been working outside in the sun all day. He has not had a good drink of water since he began working. According to drive reduction theory, Marcus will develop a(n) __________ water.

A) instinct for
B) thirst for
C) addiction to
D) aversion to

Question 5

Researchers have found that people high in sensation seeking may have higher levels of __________.

A) hormones
B) dopamine
C) instincts
D) serotonin

Question 6

Itzel likes to read books, lie in the sun, and listen to soft music in her spare time. It is probable that Itzel scores __________ on the sensation seeking scale.

A) low
B) moderate
C) high
D) mixed levels

Question 7

Diademe is a beautiful singer. She sent a wonderful audition tape to a national talent show and sang really well for the individual judges. However, when she stood before 5,000 people at a live show, she sang off key, forgot the words, and was short of breath. How might you explain her inconsistency in performance?

A) She is not really that good and just lucked out when she did her tape and performed before the judges.
B) She was too aroused during the live show, and her performance suffered as a result.
C) Because she had already proven herself in front of the judges, she was no longer motivated to do well.
D) The wonderful feedback she had received from the judges made her overconfident.

Question 8

__________ is the view that it is critical to examine the meaning or worth that a person places on a particular reward.

A) Incentive-reward theory
B) Sensation-seeking theory
C) Expectancy-value theory
D) Social motive theory

Question 9

The humanistic perspective believes that humans have an inborn drive toward __________.

A) mistakes
B) personal growth and fulfillment
C) rewards and incentives
D) financial success

Question 10

The need to feel like a valuable and worthwhile human is known as the need for __________.

A) belongingness
B) self-actualization
C) love
D) esteem

Question 11

Jakob is told by his mother that the widow down the street needs to have her lawn mowed. Jakob immediately asks what the widow is willing to pay him to do the job. It is clear that Jakob is __________ motivated.

A) innately
B) intrinsically
C) extrinsically
D) self-actualized

Question 12

The __________ helps regulate hunger by triggering the release of hormones.

A) lateral hypothalamus
B) ventromedial hypothalamus
C) paraventricular hypothalamus
D) posterior hypothalamus

Question 13

While the release of __________ sends strong hunger signals to the brain, __________ signals fullness.

A) ghrelin; leptin
B) cholecystokinin; leptin
C) leptin; ghrelin
D) ghrelin; cholecystokinin

Question 14

Where is leptin found in the body?

A) Brain
B) Fat cells
C) Small intestine
D) Stomach

Question 15

Which of the following might serve as a psychosocial factor that leads you to eat?

A) Cravings
B) Hunger
C) Time of day
D) Leptin

Question 16

Maylin often sits and eats massive quantities of food, and often hides her overeating. After she eats, she feels guilty and is disgusted with herself. Maylin suffers from __________ disorder.

A) anorexia nervosa
B) binge eating
C) bulimia nervosa
D) a distorted body image

Question 17

The most successful method for controlling weight is __________.

A) diet
B) exercise
C) to resolve to live at your set point
D) a lifestyle change

Question 18

According to research cited in your textbook, the average American girl between the ages of three and eleven owns __________ Barbie dolls.

A) one or two
B) several
C) an average of ten
D) nearly twenty

Question 19

Ian is a teenager who is influenced by pictures of men in the media. When he sees the "typical" man in media pictures, he becomes obsessed with the idea that he must build more muscle and get a six-pack. Ian is showing signs of muscle __________.

A) overvaluation
B) dysmorphia
C) overestimation
D) extremism

Question 20

Olga is obese and wants to lose weight. She will likely struggle to lose weight because her __________ will be very slow.

A) hormone production
B) heart rate
C) digestion rate
D) basal metabolic rate

Question 21

Achievement motivation is characterized as _________.

A) a fixed mindset
B) a growth mindset
C) competence motivation
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 22

Eugene has always struggled in school. Growing up, he had to work with a reading coach to keep up in his classes. Now in college, Eugene believes that he can change and grow by working hard and learning new skills. Eugene has a(n) __________.

A) fixed mindset
B) extrinsic motivation
C) growth mindset
D) unrealistic goal

Question 23

Creede wanted to be successful as a freshman. Unfortunately, he found the work harder than he expected. When he felt challenged by it, he continued to work very hard and was able to keep up his grades. Psychologists would call Creede's behavior __________.

A) a fixed mindset
B) resilience
C) grit
D) competitive

Question 24

The scientific study of the workplace and its application to individuals and organizations is called __________.

A) humanistic psychology
B) industrial/organizational psychology
C) a hierarchy of needs
D) organizational culture

Question 25

__________ refers to the meanings people attach to the interrelated experiences they have at work.

A) Organizational climate
B) Organizational psychology
C) Organizational culture
D) Industrial psychology

Question 26

Which of the following statements about polygraph tests is most accurate?

A) Polygraphs have been shown to be 90 to 100 percent accurate.
B) Polygraphs cannot be counted on, because they have many limitations.
C) Polygraphs are the best way of determining someone's guilt.
D) Polygraphs are often the most important piece of evidence in a trial.

Question 27

__________ is what you feel inside during an emotion.

A) Objective experience
B) Affect
C) Mood
D) Subjective experience

Question 28

Emotions are generally described across two dimensions. Which of the following pairs represent these dimensions?

A) Pleasant-unpleasant, good-bad
B) Mild-extreme, good-bad
C) Primary-secondary, mild-extreme
D) Pleasant-unpleasant, mild-extreme

Question 29

Basic emotions, or primary emotions, are thought to __________.

A) exist in all people in all cultures
B) be culturally specific
C) be gender specific
D) be age specific

Question 30

Helga is a mom and is at home when a fire breaks out. Without regard for her own safety, she runs to the baby's room to grab her, before running into the yard. In this case, Helga's love for her baby serves a __________.

A) social function
B) coping function
C) motivational function
D) regulation function

Question 31

Jaime is going through a particularly difficult time in life. He is often sad and angry. His friends encourage him to go to a movie that is supposed to be "the funniest movie ever." In this case, laughing at the movie will have a __________ for Jaime.

A) social function
B) coping function
C) regulation function
D) motivational function

Question 32

In James Gross's (1998) model, one phase of emotional regulation is changing our thinking about a situation. Richard Lazarus would label this phase __________.

A) emotional reattribution
B) cognitive dissonance
C) attitude adjustment
D) cognitive reappraisal

Question 33

Blakely feels sad and anxious much of the time. He complains to his friends that he never feels positive or good about anything. Blakely might be suffering from __________.

A) blunted affect
B) anhedonia
C) lability
D) hyperarousal

Question 34

Ever since Bonheur suffered a head injury, he has had uncontrolled emotional outbursts that do not seem to fit the situation he is experiencing. Bonheur may be suffering from __________.

A) emotional lability
B) hyperarousal
C) anhedonia
D) blunted affect

Question 35

Paul Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions as part of a group of studies called the __________.

A) facial feedback hypothesis
B) dual hypothesis
C) universality studies
D) intuition studies

Question 36

Scientists have investigated if facial expressions or body language is more influential in our detecting emotions in other people. What have they found?

A) Both are equally influential.
B) Neither is very influential.
C) Body language is more influential than facial expressions.
D) Facial expressions are more influential than body language.

Question 37

When evaluating the use of emoticons in communication, what has the research shown?

A) People often use emoticons to hide the true feelings they are experiencing.
B) People use emoticons more in task-oriented contexts than in socioemotional contexts.
C) People use emoticons in much the same way that they use facial expressions and gestures in face-to-face communication.
D) People who use emoticons generally do not feel emotions very strongly.

Question 38

In a classic study of emotional display rules, Japanese and American participants watched emotionally charged films either alone or in the presence of an experimenter (Ekman, 1972). When in the presence of an experimenter, what happened?

A) Both American and Japanese participants exaggerated their responses to the film.
B) Neither the American nor the Japanese participants responded emotionally to the film.
C) The Americans were more likely to mask their emotional response.
D) The Japanese were more likely to mask their emotional response.

Question 39

When considering gender and emotions, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Men and women are equally able to read emotional expressions.
B) Men and women both struggle to read emotional expressions.
C) Men are more accurate at reading emotional expressions.
D) Women are more accurate at reading emotional expressions.

Question 40

What question was being asked by the research done by Ekman and Friesen (1971)?

A) They wanted to know if extrinsic motivation was a universal motivation.
B) They wanted to know if the James-Lange theory of emotion would explain emotion in a population in New Guinea.
C) They wanted to know if reading emotional expressions is a universal experience.
D) They wanted to know if there are gender differences in emotional expression.

Question 41

Ekman and Friesen's (1971) originally study was done in New Guinea using the Fore people as participants. This study is a good example of a(n) __________ study.

A) laboratory
B) field
C) case
D) survey

Question 42

Based on the data gathered by Ekman and Friesen (1971), what conclusions were drawn from their research?

A) Facial expressions for the six primary emotions appear to be innate.
B) Motivation to earn money is a universal experience.
C) Gender differences in emotional expression are universal.
D) Most emotions are preceded by physiological arousal.

Question 43

Analyze the three theories of motivation. Propose how these approaches reflect broad evolutionary, biological, behavioral, and social approaches in psychology.

Question 44

Distinguish the biological factors involved in the regulation of hunger, including hormones and the role of the hypothalamus.

Question 45

Distinguish between anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Outline the potential nature and nurture bases of such eating disorders.

Question 46

Making explicit reference to the dual pathway model of emotions, distinguish the unconscious and conscious components of emotional experience. Be sure to note the relevant brain areas involved in each aspect of our emotional experience.

Question 47

Explain cognitive appraisal of emotions. Suggest an example of a situation in which different appraisals might lead to different emotional experiences. Describe how you have used cognitive reappraisal in the past to regulate your emotional experience.

Question 48

Examine emotional regulation. In your answer, make explicit reference to at least three of the steps in James Gross's (1998) model and suggest how you might improve your ability to regulate your emotions. Include specific, concrete examples from your own experience.

Question 49

To what extent do one's culture and one's gender influence one's perception, experience, and expression of emotion? Survey the evidence regarding similarity and difference across gender and culture with respect to the perception, experience, and expression of emotion.