Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

What are the limitations to using the computer metaphor to describe memory?

A) The computer makes many more mistakes in recalling information than the human brain.
B) The computer makes fewer errors in recalling information than the human brain.
C) Computers are unable to perform any function that resembles recalling a memory.
D) It is well-known that only an emotion can recall a memory; so computers cannot recall memories, as they have no emotions.

Answer 1

The computer makes fewer errors in recalling information than the human brain.

Question 2

Encoding can be __________.

A) automatic or effortful
B) intuitive and reflective
C) deliberate or accidental
D) thoughtless or superficial

Answer 2

automatic or effortful

Question 3

Two students sitting near you continually talk while your professor is speaking. However, you are able to focus only on your professor and hear every word she is saying. This is an example of __________.

A) Broadbent's forgetting theory
B) the cocktail party effect
C) attention
D) decision-making

Answer 3

attention

Question 4

Memories that concern highly emotional public events are called __________.

A) eidetic images
B) elaborative rehearsals
C) flashbulb memories
D) eyewitness images

Question 5

Which of the following situations is most likely to create a flashbulb memory?

A) Watching a comedy film
B) Getting an F on your first college assignment
C) Finding out your parent has passed away
D) Attending a basketball game with one's father and grandfather

Question 6

Jillian tells Ramon that the answers to the homework were A, B, B, C, A. As Ramon runs to grab his homework sheet, he repeats the sequence over and over out loud. Ramon is engaging in __________.

A) repetitive visualization
B) imagery
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 7

The curriculum in some school systems uses a spiral design for presentation. In this design, they have students revisit topics like the Civil War each year, adding to their knowledge until they have gained a full understanding of the details and impact of the war when they reach high school. In this way, school systems are using __________ to help students learn.

A) spaced practice
B) structured release
C) elaborative encoding
D) eidetic practice

Question 8

You go for a train ride and secure a window seat as the train travels through the beautiful Rocky Mountains. The visual trace of the images of the scenery outside the window is held in __________.

A) echoic memory
B) iconic memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 9

According to Sperling's research, iconic memory fades within __________.

A) a second
B) a minute
C) an hour
D) a day

Question 10

Janika is introduced to a new student in her psychology class, and immediately class resumes. Only a minute later, Janika tries to recall the new student's name and is unable to. This demonstrates the limitations of __________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) iconic
D) implicit

Question 11

Onid needs to remember a grocery list of 15 items. Based on what you know about short-term memory, what would you suggest Onid do to help remember the list?

A) Divide the list with her best friend, and then both go to the store
B) Chunk the items into their categories so she can remember five chunks of three items each
C) Spend an hour memorizing the list and moving it into long-term memory
D) Give up trying and see if there are items she can live without

Question 12

Which memory system processes received information, preparing it for future destinations in the brain?

A) Long-term memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Secondary memory
D) Cognitive dissonance

Question 13

__________ uses the analogy of a workbench to describe working memory.

A) Roberta Klatzky
B) George Miller
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) Clive Wearing

Question 14

The Zeigarnik effect refers to the idea that people remember __________ better than __________.

A) complex tasks; simple tasks
B) intuitive tasks; nonintuitive tasks
C) uncompleted tasks; completed tasks
D) visual tasks; auditory tasks

Question 15

Automobile leads to truck, truck leads to Ford, Ford leads to F-450, and F-450 leads you to "The Blue Monster." If you accessed the name of your first truck using this process, you would be employing __________.

A) a semantic network
B) the information processing approach
C) top-down processing
D) metamemory

Question 16

Knowledge of facts and ideas, including words, numbers, and other memorized information, is your ___________ memory.

A) episodic
B) procedural
C) declarative
D) semantic

Question 17

Where you went and what you did on your last vacation is part of your __________ memory.

A) episodic
B) procedural
C) declarative
D) semantic

Question 18

Which of the following memories would be most difficult for you to bring into conscious awareness?

A) Your first date
B) How to ride a bike
C) Counting to 20 by fives
D) The first president of the United States

Question 19

How to make a peanut butter sandwich is a __________ memory.

A) semantic
B) declarative
C) procedural
D) episodic

Question 20

Some types of implicit memories are a result of classically conditioned responses. Which of the following is the best example of a classically conditioned response that is part of a memory?

A) Katie remembers how she learned to tie her shoes.
B) Ian remembers how he learned to drive a car.
C) Chris is fearful of sirens, although she doesn't remember almost being run over by a fire truck as a child.
D) Danny is fearful of needles because he remembers that the last time, he had to be poked five times before the nurse found his vein.

Question 21

A multiple choice question is an example of __________ information.

A) recalling
B) salvaging
C) recognizing
D) assimilating

Question 22

An essay question is a way to measure __________.

A) recall
B) recognition
C) intelligence
D) implicit memory

Question 23

When asked to remember a list of things to do after school, Glynis is most likely to forget __________.

A) the chore at the beginning of the list
B) the chore at the end of the list
C) a chore in the middle of the list
D) the first and second chores on the list

Question 24

When you have better recall for items at the beginning or end of a list, it is called __________.

A) retrieval cue error
B) serial position effect
C) context-dependent learning
D) explicit forgetting

Question 25

Asked to remember "chair, table, lamp, carpet, sofa, pillow, and blanket," Elza recalls "pillow" and "blanket" with ease. She struggles with the rest of the list, demonstrating a __________ effect.

A) primacy
B) recency
C) proximal
D) context

Question 26

Your best friend is a big fan of essential oils. While studying for an exam, she likes to put citrus orange in her diffuser while she works. Having just read this chapter of your book, what recommendation do you make to her for her future studies and exam performance?

A) You suggest that she use lemon oil, as it is more closely associated with improved memory retrieval.
B) You suggest that she put a small amount of oil on the pencil she will use to take her exam so that she can still smell the orange during the test.
C) You suggest that she use orange at home but bring lavender to the exam, as that will relax her.
D) You suggest that she only use orange oil during the exam, and not at home while studying.

Question 27

When considering learning and memory, which of the following statements best represents the influence of culture on what is learned and remembered?

A) Culture does not impact any facet of learning or memory.
B) Cultural values influence what is learned and remembered.
C) Culture dictates learning but does not appear to influence what is remembered.
D) Recent generations have shown that cultural influences on learning and memory are fading.

Question 28

The cellular changes that enhance synaptic strength in the formation of a memory are called __________.

A) long-term processing
B) lower-type processing
C) long-term potentiation
D) long-term probabilities

Question 29

After breakfast, Xua left for school and was involved in a terrifying car accident. Later in the day, he tried to remember what he had eaten for breakfast. While he could remember every second of the car accident, he couldn't seem to recall what he had eaten for breakfast. What might explain this difference in his memory recall of his morning?

A) The terror of the accident took away his memories of prior to the accident.
B) He probably experienced retrograde amnesia from the car accident.
C) He probably experienced a huge rush of stress hormones just prior to the accident, making it easier to recall those events.
D) He probably blocked out breakfast, superstitiously thinking it may have been the reason he had the accident.

Question 30

Which of the following is considered a stress hormone?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Cortisol
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin

Question 31

Drugs may impact memory. Marijuana has been shown to __________.

A) improve memory formation and retention
B) have negative effects on both short-term and long-term memory
C) have no significant effects on memory formation or recall
D) improve consolidation but make retrieval more difficult

Question 32

Stimulant drugs have been shown to __________ when provided in low doses.

A) improve retrieval
B) worsen retrieval
C) improve consolidation
D) worsen encoding

Question 33

__________ occurs when insufficient information is stored to form a retrievable memory.

A) Retroactive interference
B) Elaboration failure
C) Proactive interference
D) Encoding failure

Question 34

__________ occurs when information you are trying to retrieve from your long-term memory becomes confused with other information in your long-term memory.

A) Decay
B) Rncoding failure
C) Motivated forgetting
D) Interference

Question 35

What simple task has been shown to protect new memories from interference?

A) Repetition
B) Sleep
C) Studying harder
D) Studying longer

Question 36

When considering the brain, "use it or lose it" is a statement that sums up __________.

A) a good strategy for holding off age-related memory loss
B) how the brain uses glucose to process memory
C) how childhood amnesia occurs
D) how retrograde amnesia occurs

Question 37

__________ involves severe and widespread changes in brain function that lead to progressive declines in various mental skills, including memory function.

A) Retrograde amnesia
B) Alcohol amnesic syndrome
C) Retroactive interference
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 38

__________ are drugs designed to improve your memory.

A) Placebos
B) Eideticals
C) Memoryceuticals
D) Vitamins

Question 39

Which of the following people is able to continue to "see" an image after it is removed from their view?

A) Katrina, who is an expert in pictures
B) Jim, who has an eidetic memory
C) Pete, who is a super-memorist
D) Kali, who is a savant

Question 40

Emily suffers from autism spectrum disorder and is often non-communicative. She does, however, have a specific ability to remember the average amount of rain that has fallen in her city for every week for the last 30 years. When she is asked about this very specific bit of information, her response is always precisely accurate. This "pocket" of extraordinary ability is called __________ syndrome.

A) Munchausen
B) Rett's
C) Tourette's
D) Savant

Question 41

__________ is the process of becoming aware of your own memory system.

A) Mnemonics
B) Metamemory
C) Memory aiding
D) Rehearsing

Question 42

The study presented at the end of the chapter investigates cognitive maps. Which of the following best represents what is meant by a cognitive map?

A) The neuronal pathway used by the brain to form a memory
B) An internalized mental map of your environment
C) Anatomical pictures of the brain showing exactly where each structure is located
D) Diagrams of patterns of brain processing used for decision-making and problem solving

Question 43

In the research study conducted by Edward Tolman on cognitive maps in rats, what type of design did he use to study whether or not the rats were forming cognitive maps?

A) A true experiment with a control group and experimental groups
B) A naturalist observation where he watched rats in their natural habitat
C) A case study where he studied one rat intensively over a long period of time
D) A longitudinal study where he studied one group of rats over a long period of time

Question 44

Examine what is meant by a "flashbulb memory"? Distinguish a flashbulb memory from most long-term memories. Describe its characteristics. Give an example that is well-known. Some psychologists are not impressed by these well-known examples of this phenomenon. What are some of the criticisms of the idea of flashbulb memory?

Question 45

Compare and contrast iconic and echoic memory.

Question 46

The three-box model of memory is one of the best-known models in all of psychology. Describe the three boxes of memory and their characteristics.

Question 47

Compare and contrast explicit and implicit memories. In your comparison, include the different types of these memories as well as an example of each.

Question 48

Demonstrate at least five of the "seven sins of memory" by explaining each sin and providing a clear example.

Question 49

Demonstrate how long-term potentiation occurs.

Question 50

The other day, you had to remember some items for an important exam. You are sure you studied them and knew them before you entered the classroom. However, you drew a blank when you took the test. What happened? What might you have done to avoid this?

Question 51

Explain the differences between retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, alcohol amnesic syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease.

Question 52

Describe how you might improve your memory function by changing your studying habits. Provide an explanation of at least two mnemonic techniques, along with your other study strategies. Also, describe lifestyle changes that might help you become a better student.