Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Which principle of consciousness addresses changes in consciousness due to illness, disease, or traumatic injuries that affect the brain?

A) Consciousness is produced by brain activity.
B) Consciousness is dynamic.
C) Consciousness involves both arousal and awareness.
D) Consciousness can be altered.

Answer 1

Consciousness can be altered.

Question 2

Manuel suffered a traumatic brain injury in an industrial accident and is in a medically induced coma to help his brain heal. His brain shows signs of wakefulness during this time. Based on the principles of consciousness, would these times of wakefulness be an indication of consciousness.

A) Yes, because wakefulness is the same as consciousness.
B) Yes, because Manuel's brain activity shows he is conscious.
C) No, because Manuel is unable to verbally describe his wakeful state.
D) No, because Manuel must have an understanding of himself and the environment around him to be conscious.

Answer 2

No, because Manuel must have an understanding of himself and the environment around him to be conscious.

Question 3

Neuroimaging techniques have allowed scientists to study the living human brain, and these researchers believe that consciousness is tied to which areas in the brain?

A) Primitive areas associated with basic life functions and the brainstem
B) Higher-thinking centers of the brain and the cerebellum
C) Higher-thinking centers of the brain and the brainstem
D) The cerebellum and hippocampus

Answer 3

Higher-thinking centers of the brain and the brainstem

Question 4

Emily is unable to move or respond in any way to the external world, and relies on machines to stay alive. What disorder of consciousness best describes her condition?

A) Emily is in a minimally conscious state.
B) Emily is in a coma.
C) Emily is in a persistent vegetative state.
D) Emily is in an ephemeral vegetative state.

Question 5

If a person is in a(n) __________, electrical activity in the brain may show normal sleep-wake cycles, and the brainstem may allow them to breathe on their own, but they are unable to respond to the external world, for example by following a simple command.

A) coma
B) vegetative state
C) minimally conscious state
D) unconscious mind state

Question 6

Research completed by Dijksterhuis (2004) indicates that if a professor subliminally flashed the message "I am smart" during a lecture in an introductory psychology class, students would probably __________ versus a control group of students who were not exposed to a subliminal message.

A) be more affected by positive feedback
B) be less affected by positive feedback
C) be more affected by negative feedback
D) be less affected by negative feedback

Question 7

Our brain prefers to focus attention on one task at a time, because it is difficult for us to complete two or more tasks well when completed simultaneously. Which of the following pairs of tasks would be most difficult for us to focus our attention on, because we would be easily distracted?

A) Rehearsing our grocery list and picturing our schedule for the day
B) Rehearsing our grocery list and walking
C) Running and picturing our schedule for the day
D) Walking and saying the alphabet backwards

Question 8

Altered states of consciousness are best measured through the use of an __________.

A) EEG
B) MRI
C) individual's report of their objective experience
D) individual's report of their subjective experience

Question 9

Daydreaming, sleep, and near-death experiences are all types of __________.

A) physiological changes in consciousness
B) psychological changes in consciousness
C) spontaneously occurring changes in consciousness
D) brain-induced changes in consciousness

Question 10

Which of the following are all causes for an individual to experience an altered state of consciousness?

A) Physiological factors, brain-induced factors, psychological factors, spontaneously occurring factors
B) Physiological factors, disease or injury, psychological factors, spontaneously occurring factors
C) Physiological factors, brain-induced factors, psychological factors, drug-induced factors
D) Brain-induced factors, disease or injury, spontaneously occurring factors, drug-induced factors

Question 11

Maggie has been drinking beer at a fraternity keg party. She and her designated driver decided before the party to leave at midnight. At 12:30, her designated driver tracks her down and asks why she is not ready to go. Maggie responds, "I am sorry, but I am experiencing __________ because of the alcohol."

A) a cognitive distortion
B) an emotional distortion
C) a cognitive lapse
D) emotional suggestibility

Question 12

A possible explanation for why people follow cult leaders without question is because they are susceptible to __________, due to an altered state.

A) perceptual suggestibility
B) hypercognition
C) cognitive distortion
D) hypersuggestibility

Question 13

Emotional changes, accompanied by changes in life views or belief systems, can be attributed to an __________.

A) altered state of consciousness
B) altered state of perception
C) unconscious perception
D) alternate cognitive reality

Question 14

To what do researchers attribute falling asleep?

A) The release of sleep chemicals and the shutdown of the hypnogogic system
B) The release of sleep hormones and the synchronization of brain patterns
C) Shutdown of the hypnogogic system and decreased muscle activity
D) Decreased muscle activity and the release of sleep hormones

Question 15

You are watching sleep researchers use an EEG to monitor the sleep of an adult named Marian. You observe __________ brain waves as Marian's eyes close and she starts to relax, and then you observe __________ brain waves as she enters the first stage of sleep.

A) alpha; delta
B) delta; theta
C) beta; alpha
D) delta; beta

Question 16

Kara is in Stage 1 of the sleep cycle, and her body jerks in response to her feeling like she is falling, which wakes her. You tell her not to worry, as she just experienced a __________, which is not harmful but normal.

A) hypnogogic hallucination
B) hypnic hallucination
C) hypnic jerk
D) hypnotic jerk

Question 17

Sleep spindles are thought to play a role in __________.

A) slowing your heart rate and breathing
B) producing hypnogogic hallucinations
C) preventing hypnic jerks
D) keeping you asleep

Question 18

When approximately __________ percent of your brain waves are delta waves, you have entered NREM Stage 3 sleep.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 75

Question 19

Mario decides to take a power nap and sets his alarm for 20 minutes, because he does not want to enter into deeper levels of sleep and feel confused or disoriented when he wakes up. Mario is setting his alarm to wake him up during which sleep stage?

A) REM
B) NREM Stage 1
C) NREM Stage 2
D) NREM Stage 3

Question 20

The deepest stage of sleep is __________, when brain waves are almost exclusively __________ waves.

A) NREM Stage 3; theta
B) NREM Stage 4; theta
C) NREM Stage 3; delta
D) NREM Stage 4: delta

Question 21

Marty's parents are worried because he has been experiencing night terrors. They talk to his pediatrician, who tells them not to worry, as it is scarier for the parents than Marty. The pediatrician goes on to explain that night terrors occur during __________ sleep and instructs them not to wake Marty up.

A) NREM Stage 4
B) NREM Stage 3
C) NREM Stage 2
D) NREM Stage 1

Question 22

In the morning, people who sleepwalk will most likely __________.

A) tell you about the experience
B) give you details about their dream
C) have little memory of the event
D) report feeling tired from all the activity during the night

Question 23

Most dreaming occurs during __________ sleep.

A) NREM
B) REM
C) NREM Stage 1
D) NREM Stage 2

Question 24

During __________ sleep, emotional centers in the brain become activated, and blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature increase; during __________ sleep, body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure decrease.

A) NREM; REM
B) REM; NREM
C) NREM Stage 3; REM
D) NREM Stage 4; REM

Question 25

__________ occurs in the few seconds between the inability to move large muscle groups of the body and the brain awakening into conscious awareness.

A) REM paralysis
B) The inhibitory muscle effect
C) Sleep paralysis
D) The consciousness lag effect

Question 26

Rocco gets drunk at an all-night fraternity party. He comes home at 5:00 a.m. and goes straight to bed. When he wakes up eight hours later, he does not feel rested. This is because __________.

A) alcohol causes the large muscles of the body to move more frequently during REM sleep
B) alcohol causes the brain to maintain high levels of activity in all sleep stages
C) alcohol disrupts the normal sleep-wake cycle
D) alcohol produces sleep spindles in NREM Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep.

Question 27

Scientists who believe that sleep has evolved to help increase survival suggest that predators sleep __________ during the day, while prey animals sleep __________ during the day.

A) in open spaces; in caves
B) less; more
C) more; less
D) in caves; in open spaces

Question 28

Carlos is concerned about his sleep-deprived friend's ability to remember material they studied the night before, for a test later that day. He is concerned because research indicates that sleep helps humans prepare the brain to remember material the next day. This is the __________ theory of sleep.

A) restoration
B) information processing
C) evolutionary
D) cognitive development

Question 29

Which of the following are factors cited in your text that determine how much sleep you need?

A) Your age, your biology, and your career
B) Your age, your biology, and your environment
C) Your environment, your career, and your physical size
D) Your biology, your environment, and your career

Question 30

__________ secretions regulate your sleep-wake cycle.

A) Hormone
B) Neurotransmitter
C) Sleeping pill chemical
D) Sunlight

Question 31

At night, there is a(n) __________ in melatonin secretions by the __________, which causes you to feel sleepier.

A) decrease; thyroid gland
B) decrease; pineal gland
C) increase; thyroid gland
D) increase; pineal gland

Question 32

Jet lag can cause __________, which can be treated by taking __________.

A) insomnia; a pineal gland stimulant
B) insomnia; melatonin tablets
C) hormone deficiency; a pineal gland stimulant
D) hormone deficiency; melatonin tablets

Question 33

Some people have been identified as short sleepers and some people have been identified as long sleepers. Scientists have found that this is __________.

A) determined by the pineal gland
B) determined by melatonin levels
C) age related
D) genetically determined

Question 34

Sleep disorders may be caused by which of the following problems?

A) Abnormality in sleep-wake mechanisms in the brain, medical conditions, and use of chemical substances
B) Mental disturbances, abnormality in sleep-wake mechanisms in the brain, and increased theta brain wave activity
C) Increased theta brain wave activity, medical conditions, and physical disturbances
D) Abnormality in sleep-wake mechanisms in the brain, physical disturbances, and use of chemical substances

Question 35

Good sleep hygiene includes which of the following strategies?

A) Winding down before sleep, getting into a routine, and eating before bed
B) Exercising regularly, keeping substances in check, and painting bedroom walls pale blue
C) Getting into a routine, using the bedroom only for sleep, and exercising close to bedtime
D) Limiting caffeine and energy drinks, getting into a routine, and winding down before sleep

Question 36

The two major categories of primary sleep disorders are __________.

A) parasomnias and tiromnias
B) anosmias and dyssomnias
C) parasomnias and dyssomnias
D) tiromnias and anosmias

Question 37

If your physician says you are suffering from sleep apnea, a __________ will most likely be the recommended treatment.

A) prescription drug
B) CPAP device
C) melatonin tablet
D) SAP device

Question 38

Some researchers have suggested that __________ may be a contributor to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) REM behavior disorder (RBD)
D) sleep deprivation

Question 39

Which of the following conditions would you least like your child's school bus driver to have?

A) Sleep apnea
B) Narcolepsy
C) Sleep terror
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 40

Which of the following is defined as a state of partial consciousness that allows the person to complete tasks such as walking around the house and, in some cases, driving a car?

A) Narcolepsy
B) Somniloquy
C) Somnambulism
D) Night terrors

Question 41

Judith is startled when her six-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. She calls Judith's pediatrician, Dr. Schachter, who recommends which of the following as a possible treatment?

A) Lock doors and windows, and use a prescribed medication
B) Lock doors and windows, and remove sharp or dangerous objects from Laura's bedroom
C) Use a prescribed medication and secure Laura to the bed
D) Secure Laura to the bed and try to physically exhaust her before bedtime

Question 42

Ken's parents find him in the middle of what they think is a bad dream. He is thrashing around and seems highly distressed, but he does not seem to be aware that his parents are there. After a few minutes, Ken becomes calm, and he has no memory of the incident the next morning. Ken is most likely suffering from __________.

A) REM sleep behavior disorder
B) narcolepsy
C) nightmares
D) night terrors

Question 43

Dreaming occurs during __________.

A) only REM sleep
B) only non-REM sleep
C) REM or non-REM sleep
D) mostly non-REM sleep

Question 44

Most people will experience REM sleep __________ times per night.

A) one to three
B) three to five
C) four to seven
D) eight to ten

Question 45

The content of a college student's dreams may relate to __________, because dreams reflect our __________.

A) getting straight A's; greatest desires
B) an outdoor activity with friends; normal social activities
C) failing an exam; waking worries
D) a monster under the bed; childhood worries

Question 46

__________ may be a symptom of a psychiatric disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

A) Night terrors
B) Hypnic jerks
C) Nightmares
D) Insomnia

Question 47

The three major theories of why we dream include __________.

A) psychological value, restorative value, and random activation
B) restorative value, random activation, and psychological value
C) cognitive value, restorative value, and psychological value
D) psychological value, cognitive value, and random activation

Question 48

Marcus described a dream to his friend in which he was running down a dark alley and being chased by a large, growling wolf. Freud would say that Marcus was describing the __________ his dream.

A) manifest content of
B) latent content of
C) unconscious reflections of
D) hidden conflicts represented in

Question 49

Contemporary psychologists believe that dreams may help people __________.

A) work out hidden conflicts and desires
B) interpret the obvious content of their dreams
C) solve difficult waking problems
D) solve unconscious problems

Question 50

The __________ theory suggests that dreams help strengthen learning and memory processes and strengthen newly learned memories.

A) random activation
B) cognitive value
C) psychological value
D) mental activation

Question 51

Current studies of the __________ concept suggest that the experience of dreaming can be explained by activation patterns in the brain combined with chemicals involved in sleep.

A) random activation
B) cognitive value
C) psychological value
D) mental activation

Question 52

In a novel approach to studying dreaming, neuroscientists are applying mild electrical current to the brain to encourage dreaming. This new technology is called __________.

A) virtual dreaming
B) electric dreams
C) electrically induced dreaming
D) dream synthesis

Question 53

Fuji is taking part in a study in which Japanese researchers are developing a device to record dreams. When viewing the visual images of Fuji's brain activity during dreaming, researchers will most likely see __________.

A) entire dream sequences
B) simple, vague images from the brain
C) short-lived, detailed images from the brain
D) nothing yet-this is a new science

Question 54

Entering a hypnotic state requires __________.

A) a state of deep relaxation, suggestibility, and unconscious brain activity
B) focused attention, cognitive relaxation, and suggestibility
C) a state of deep relaxation, focused attention, and suggestibility
D) cognitive relaxation, muscle relaxation, and a decrease in inhibitions

Question 55

The effectiveness of presenting a hypnotized person with a series of recordings about portion control and healthy eating, in order to help with weight loss, would depend on the person's being __________.

A) highly motivated
B) asleep
C) cognitively dissociated
D) highly suggestible

Question 56

A hypnotist will talk in a calm, deep voice, keep the lights low, and eliminate background noise to help people enter __________.

A) a state of deep relaxation
B) a state of focused attention
C) a state of high suggestibility
D) a state of compliance

Question 57

When distractions from the outside world are present, a hypnotist will instruct a person to listen to the hypnotist's voice to aid in creating __________.

A) a state of deep relaxation
B) a state of focused attention
C) a state of high suggestibility
D) a state of cognitive awareness

Question 58

Hypnosis has been used in __________ as a tool to change unwanted behavior, improve confidence, and improve self-esteem.

A) cognitive behavioral therapy
B) psychotherapy
C) athletic training programs
D) cognitive training

Question 59

A practical application of __________ meditation is helping people cope with physical and psychological challenges.

A) expansive
B) mantra-based
C) mindfulness
D) concentrative

Question 60

EEG patterns have been found during __________ that differentiate it physiologically from other forms of relaxation, indicating a unique state of consciousness.

A) cognitive unconsciousness
B) the meditative state
C) mindfulness training
D) concentrative focus

Question 61

In contrast to natural ways to alter awareness, __________ may also be used to create changes artificially in the mind and body.

A) chemicals
B) hypnosis
C) meditation
D) mantras

Question 62

Drugs can change consciousness by mimicking naturally occurring __________ in the body, or by __________ the ability of neurons to receive messages from neighboring neurons.

A) neurotransmitters; enhancing
B) brain waves; blocking
C) neurotransmitters; blocking
D) reactions; enhancing

Question 63

The most widely used and abused psychoactive drug is __________, which can result in participation in high-risk behaviors.

A) cocaine
B) alcohol
C) heroin
D) marijuana

Question 64

Debbie is in Mexico and decides to try some "magic" mushrooms that her friends tell her will result in an altered sense of time and an inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy. Debbie later finds out that these hallucinations are a function of the __________ contained in the mushrooms.

A) psilocybin
B) peyote
C) MDMA
D) PCP

Question 65

Researchers have found that one out of every four college students has reported drinking a combination of alcohol and energy drink. The unforeseen consequences of this can include __________.

A) heart problems and ringing in the ears
B) poor decision-making and ringing in the ears
C) decreased cognitive performance and fatigue
D) heart problems and decreased cognitive performance

Question 66

The abuse of psychoactive drugs can have __________ costs, including causing damage to family relationships and harm to other people.

A) familial
B) environmental
C) relational
D) social

Question 67

Criminal behavior and the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases are just a couple of examples of the __________ of drugs and alcohol.

A) social crisis
B) environmental costs
C) family crisis
D) financial costs

Question 68

Eugene Aserinsky (1952) noticed rolling eye movements when he was studying sleep, and he assumed that this was associated with dreaming. This is an example of the application of psychological research in __________.

A) explaining dream analysis
B) explaining unconscious motivations
C) explaining new behaviors
D) explaining developmental differences in dreaming

Question 69

Aserinsky and Kleitman (1953) studied sleeping infants. To test the theory that __________, adults were later tested.

A) eye movements occur during dreaming
B) adults have different sleep patterns than infants
C) adults have eye movements in different directions than infants
D) infants dream longer than adults

Question 70

Identify and describe the four key principles of consciousness discussed in the text. Then identify which principle you think is most important and explain why.

Question 71

Compare and contrast the concepts of priming and subliminal perception. Describe the relationship between these two phenomena.

Question 72

Identify the different stages of sleep and describe the cyclical pattern of sleep through the night. Give an example of something that can change your sleep architecture and describe how it will change the normal sleep pattern.

Question 73

Explain the three major theories identified in your text of why people sleep, and describe research evidence supportive of each theory.

Question 74

Ellen wants to become a commercial airline pilot, but she suffers from a sleep disorder. Describe the symptoms of the following types of sleep disorders that Ellen may have: insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. Explain how each sleep disorder would affect her ability to be a pilot and why it would or would not prevent her from becoming one.

Question 75

Define the terms parasomnia and dyssomnia. List the sleep disorders in each category and describe how dyssomnias differ from parasomnias in terms of symptoms, treatments, and the success of treatments for these types of disorders.

Question 76

Identify the three primary theories of dreaming noted in your textbook. Describe the evolution of each theory from the time it was proposed to current research that supports the theory.

Question 77

You are a famous hypnotist, and you have been asked to describe to a group of students the process of hypnosis and the major considerations of each feature of the induction process. Write out your presentation and be sure to include information about susceptibility.

Question 78

Explain the differences between concentrative meditation and mindfulness meditation in terms of how attention is directed, and explain what problems or outcomes each type of meditation addresses.

Question 79

Differentiate between stimulants, depressants, opiates, and hallucinogens, and give at least two examples of each. Among the drugs that you listed, identify the one you think is the most dangerous in terms of physical harm, drug dependence, and social harm, and explain why.