Deck 10: Life Span Development II

Question 1

Adults who take "petty" office supplies from the workplace, and believe that this is not "as bad" as stealing office furniture, are demonstrating the _____ stage of moral development.

A) punishment and obedience
B) instrumental-exchange
C) social-contract
D) law and order

Answer 1

instrumental-exchange

Question 2

According to Kohlberg, an officer in the military is LEAST likely to obey orders to rape and pillage in a vanquished town if he has achieved the _____ orientation of moral reasoning.

A) good person
B) law and order
C) justice and caring
D) universal ethics

Answer 2

universal ethics

Question 3

If you follow the traffic laws and rules because you believe they are legitimate and good for public welfare, you are demonstrating the _____ stage of moral development.

A) punishment and obedience
B) law and order
C) social contract
D) instrumental-exchange

Answer 3

social contract

Question 4

Five-year-old Tyler believes "bad things are what you get punished for." Tyler is at Kohlberg's _____ level of morality.

A) concrete
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) punishment oriented

Question 5

Kohlberg's second level of moral development, in which moral judgments are based on compliance with the rules and values of society, is called the:

A) postconventional
B) conventional
C) preconventional
D) universal ethics orientation

Question 6

The ability to empathize with others and distinguish between right and wrong is called _____.

A) ethics
B) morality
C) prosocial behavior
D) sympathy

Question 7

To study moral development, Kohlberg _____.

A) observed moral behavior in natural settings
B) collected longitudinal data by observing changes in moral reasoning of subjects as they aged
C) used archival data from newspapers regarding moral behavior
D) collected cross-sectional data by asking subjects of various ages to respond to stories that depicted moral dilemmas

Question 8

Officers in World War II, the Vietnam War, and the war in Bosnia have explained some of their behavior with the reasoning: "I was just following orders." This is an example of which stage of moral development?

A) punishment-obedience
B) social-contract
C) military-contract
D) law and order

Question 9

Once an individual has accepted and internalized the rules and values of society, that person has advanced to the _____ level of moral development.

A) instrumental-exchange
B) social-contract
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Question 10

Someone who burns his country's flag just because the law says he can is reasoning at the _____ stage of moral development; whereas someone who burns his country's flag because he believes that his country has lost its legitimacy is reasoning at the _____ stage.

A) punishment and obedience; law and order
B) universal ethics; universal ethics
C) law and order; social contract
D) law and order; instrumental-exchange

Question 11

An infant's inborn disposition is known as _____.

A) personality
B) reflexes
C) temperament
D) traits

Question 12

This is a person's innate behavioral style and characteristic emotional response.

A) Character
B) Personality
C) Behavioral style
D) Temperament

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE of the postconventional level of moral development?

A) Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values.
B) Moral reasoning is based on compliance with the rules and values of society.
C) Empathy for others is important, but social approval is still a primary concern.
D) Adherence to one's individual values and beliefs is more important than the consequences of one's choices for others.

Question 14

Gilligan's major criticism of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is that they _____.

A) did not include the morality of the preverbal child, nor the very old
B) emphasized male values over female values
C) are too difficult for the average person to understand
D) predict behavior for women, but not for men

Question 15

Which is NOT a major criticism of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Some studies have found situational factors to be more important than the moral stages.
B) Cultural differences in morality have been noted.
C) There is a possible gender bias favoring men.
D) There is a possible age bias favoring the young.

Question 16

Calvin would like to wear baggy, torn jeans and a nose ring, but he is concerned that others will disapprove. Calvin is at Kohlberg's _____ level of morality.

A) conformity
B) approval seeking
C) conventional
D) preconventional

Question 17

The police department announces the location where they will be enforcing the speed limit. This announcement is MOST likely to affect the behavior of people at the _____ level of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) postconventional
C) conventional
D) social contract

Question 18

Kohlberg believed his stages of moral development to be _____.

A) universal and invariant
B) culturally bound, but invariant within a culture
C) universal, but variable within each culture
D) culturally bound and variable

Question 19

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?

A) Preconventional level: fear of punishment
B) Conventional level: other-centered
C) Postconventional: personal standards for right and wrong
D) All of these options are correctly matched

Question 20

During the preconventional level of moral development _____.

A) moral judgment is self-centered
B) right = what feels rewarding and doesn't get punished
C) rewards and punishment help dictate behavior
D) all of these options

Question 21

During the _____ stage of psychosocial development, individuals decide whether the world is good and satisfying, or painful and unrewarding. During the _____ stage, individuals develop a sense of competency or insecurity.

A) initiative vs. guilt; autonomy vs. doubt and shame
B) industry vs. inferiority; ego integrity vs. despair
C) ego integrity vs. despair; intimacy vs. isolation
D) trust vs. mistrust; industry vs. inferiority

Question 22

According to Erikson, humans progress through eight stages of psychosocial development. Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of the "successful" completion of the first four stages?

A) Trust → autonomy → industry → identity
B) Autonomy → initiative → industry → identity
C) Trust → autonomy → initiative → industry
D) Identity → autonomy → industry → initiative

Question 23

According to Erikson's theory, the dominant crisis of adolescence concerns _____.

A) resolving sexual conflicts
B) establishing an identity
C) deciding on life goals
D) making a place for oneself in adult society

Question 24

Rebecca finds it difficult to establish close bonds with others. As a result, she avoids anything other than superficial relationships. According to Erikson, it is likely that Rebecca had difficulty with the developmental challenge of _____.

A) intimacy vs. isolation
B) ego integrity vs. despair
C) trust vs. autonomy
D) initiative vs. industry

Question 25

Chelsea is a toddler who has authoritarian parents. Her parents do not allow her to make any decisions on her own. As a result, Chelsea may have difficulty resolving the _____ developmental stage.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) trust versus mistrust
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 26

What are the criticisms that have been lodged against Erikson's psychosocial stages?

A) They appear to be more valid for males than females
B) The stages are difficult to test scientifically
C) The labels are not necessarily appropriate cross-culturally
D) Both B and C

Question 27

What is the crisis of young adults as defined in Erikson's psychosocial stages?

A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Intimacy versus isolation
C) Industry versus inferiority
D) Ego integrity versus despair

Question 28

Every time her mother tells her to do something, Sue-Lee says, "No!" even if she really wants to do it. It is MOST likely that Sue-Lee's assertion of independence is characteristic of the _____ stage of development.

A) identity
B) autonomy
C) initiative
D) industry

Question 29

Resolution of the critical conflict of young adulthood will, according to Erikson, leads to a sense of _____.

A) wholeness
B) direction
C) maturity
D) intimacy

Question 30

According to Erickson, generativity in middle adulthood involves _____.

A) creativity in one's work and leisure activities
B) taking time out to appreciate the beauties of nature
C) concern with one's own well-being and the well-being of family members
D) expanding one's concern beyond the immediate family group to the next generation

Question 31

Which of the following children is working on the challenge of initiative vs. guilt in Erikson's psychosocial model of development?

A) Two-year-old Hun just used the potty-chair properly for the first time.
B) Ali, at age 10, worked hard and is very proud of her first "B" in math.
C) Five-year-old Brian tried to climb the tree in the backyard and fell down three times.
D) Sixteen-year-old Sushma got up the nerve to ask a boy in her class to the Sadie Hawkins dance.

Question 32

Serena is one-month old and is not living up to her name. She is easily frustrated, tense, and reacts more than most infants when her schedule is upset. Thomas and Chess would categorize her as _____.

A) an easy baby
B) a difficult baby
C) an irritable child
D) a slow-to-warm-up baby

Question 33

Erikson's identity crisis refers to _____.

A) parents telling their adolescents to be someone they aren't
B) peers convincing adolescents to behave against parental morals
C) the inner conflict related to serious soul-searching
D) amnesia about one's identity in a time of crisis

Question 34

Thomas and Chess's concept of _____ says that parents should work with, not try to change, their child's temperament.

A) trial and error
B) permissive parenting
C) justice and caring
D) goodness of fit

Question 35

The belief that adult personality reflects how an individual has met or resolved the challenges and crises that occur in eight stages of development is the definition of _____.

A) Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
B) Freud's psychosexual stages of development
C) Thomas and Chess's theory of temperament development
D) Kohlberg's model of moral development

Question 36

Jules spent his adolescence just trying to avoid the abuse at home. As a result, he never had the inclination to identify his basic beliefs. He finds himself adrift in the adult world, still engaging in delinquent behavior and making only superficial contact with others. It appears that the outcome of Jules' adolescent crisis was _____.

A) role confusion
B) despair
C) stagnation
D) mistrust

Question 37

Which of the following is one of Thomas and Chess's temperament styles?

A) An easy child who is happy, relaxed, agreeable, adjusts readily
B) A difficult child who is moody, easily frustrated, tense, over-reactive
C) A child who is slow-to-warm-up, shy and withdrawn
D) All of the above

Question 38

In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the establishment of a sense of self and a role in society is dependent upon successfully resolving which of the following challenges?

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) ego integrity vs. despair
C) identity vs. role confusion
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 39

Robert is an adolescent who is sullen and withdrawn. He doesn't seem to know where he fits in society. As a result, Robert may have difficulty resolving the _____ developmental stage.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) identity versus role confusion
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 40

Which of the following is TRUE regarding basic temperament?

A) It tends to be consistent throughout early childhood and into adulthood.
B) It tends to change as children approach adolescence.
C) It tends to change as adolescents approach adulthood.
D) Changes are the result of maturation, rather than environment.

Question 41

What is the most common treatment for ADHD?

A) Valium
B) Risperdal
C) Lithium
D) Ritalin

Question 42

Which of the following is true of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

A) about 5% of children have it
B) it is twice as prevalent in boys
C) the age of onset is usually before 12 years
D) all of the above

Question 43

According to the DSM-5, what is the name of the category that previously included Autism, Asperger's Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorders?

A) Oppositional Defiance Disorder
B) ADHD
C) Autism Spectrum Disorder
D) None of the above

Question 44

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, what is the developmental disorder characterized behavioral or cognitive issues with inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity?

A) Autism Spectrum Disorder
B) Conduct Disorder
C) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
D) Poverty

Question 45

Which of the following developmental disorders involves problems with social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests?

A) ADHD
B) Conduct disorder
C) Autism Spectrum Disorder
D) Tourette's Syndrome

Question 46

According to research, after a divorce, children may _____.

A) do better without tension and fighting in the home
B) have a poor self-concept
C) experience more social, psychological, and academic difficulties
D) all of these options

Question 47

This was NOT among the list of traits and factors in long-term happy marriages described in your textbook.

A) Establishing a "love map"
B) Sharing power and a respect for opposing points of view
C) Opposite interests to decrease boredom
D) Conflict management

Question 48

Factors that can increase the risk status of children include all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) chronic poverty
B) parental divorce
C) experiencing family violence
D) being an only child

Question 49

Critical factors in the adjustment of children after parental divorce include, but are not limited to, _____.

A) resources and support systems available
B) involvement with noncustodial parent
C) individual child attributes
D) all of the above

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a task of a healthy divorce?

A) Develop new social ties
B) Reestablish self-esteem
C) Let go
D) Redefine parental roles

Question 51

It is simply a myth that Autism Spectrum Disorder is caused by the ___________.

A) amount of sugar intake
B) chemicals in floor cleaners
C) preservatives in vaccines
D) preservatives in milk

Question 52

With which other disorders is ADHD usually comorbid?

A) Anxiety and depression
B) Sexual dysfunctions and anorexia nervosa
C) Schizophrenia and amnesia
D) Alzheimer's and delirium

Question 53

_____ has/have consistently been found to be a key factor in successful marriages.

A) Realistic expectations
B) The ability to fight for equity
C) Satisfying sexual activity
D) Emotional stability

Question 54

Emily is looking back at the last few decades of her life. She feels deep regret at the opportunities she passed up, knowing she does not have enough time left to start over. Emily is likely to be in Erikson's _____ stage of development.

A) ego integrity vs. despair
B) intimacy vs. isolation
C) industry vs. remorse
D) generativity vs. stagnation

Question 55

A 30-year-old mother of three is engaged in deep soul-searching regarding who she is and what she wants to do with the rest of her life. A 12-year-old boy is absolutely certain that he was born to be a plumber. Both of these individuals exemplify the _____.

A) specificity of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
B) limitations of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
C) advantages of Freud's psychosexual stages of development over Erikson's psychosocial stages
D) comparability between Freud's and Erikson's stages of development

Question 56

Which of the following families is at risk for family violence?

A) The Smiths, who live in an upscale neighborhood
B) The Jones, who live in lower-income housing
C) The Johnsons, who attend church and pray together
D) Not enough information has been provided for a risk-analysis

Question 57

Forty-year-old Carl is very proud that he has the fastest car on the road and the finest house on the block, but feels lonely and isolated when he goes home to his family. Carl is likely to be in Erikson's _____ stage of development.

A) ego integrity vs. despair
B) generativity vs. stagnation
C) intimacy vs. desolation
D) identity vs. role confusion

Question 58

The major detrimental difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures is _____.

A) the order of stages of moral development
B) the order of stages of psychosocial development
C) the resolution of the initiative vs. guilt stage of psychosocial development
D) which needs and goals are emphasized

Question 59

According to Erikson, humans progress through eight stages of psychosocial development. Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of the "successful" completion of the second four stages?

A) Identity → intimacy → generativity → ego integrity
B) Ego integrity → trust → intimacy → generativity
C) Initiative → intimacy → generativity → ego integrity
D) Identity → autonomy → intimacy → generativity

Question 60

One of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential is _____.

A) impulsivity
B) lack of ego integrity
C) the frustration-aggression factor
D) ego diffusion

Question 61

The _____ theory of aging suggests that adjustment to retirement is fostered by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society.

A) disengagement
B) withdrawal
C) activity
D) death-preparation

Question 62

Which of the following is TRUE about a child's understanding of death?

A) Preschoolers understand that death is permanent.
B) Preschoolers understand that death is universal.
C) Children understand that death is nonfunctional by the age of seven.
D) All of these options are true

Question 63

Deliberately choosing to reduce the number of social contacts in favor of familiar people who provide meaningful interactions is an example of _____ theory of aging.

A) socioemotional selectivity
B) disengagement
C) activity adjustment
D) age-related divestiture

Question 64

Which of the following is associated with resilience in children?

A) A high IQ and a charismatic character
B) Regulation of attention, emotion, and behavior
C) Positive reinforcement in early childhood
D) Effective parenting

Question 65

Lionel recently lost his wife and is experiencing guilt, anger, and resentment. Occasionally, he has vivid dreams that she is still alive, and sometimes even sees her waiting for him on the front porch swing when he comes home from work. It is MOST likely that Lionel is in the _____ stage of grieving.

A) numbness
B) disorganization and despair
C) yearning
D) bargaining

Question 66

The _____ theory of aging suggests that successful adjustment is fostered by a full and active commitment to life.

A) activity
B) commitment
C) engagement
D) life-affirming

Question 67

After retirement, Effie continued her gardening, volunteered for an agency that mentors young businesswomen, and traveled to new locations every summer. Effie exemplifies the _____ theory of aging.

A) extrovert
B) engagement
C) activity
D) healthy

Question 68

Which of the following statements about grief is INACCURATE?

A) Grief is characterized by feelings of desolation and loneliness, as well as painful memories.
B) Grief is associated with loss, disaster, or misfortune.
C) People who display no emotion will take longer to recover than people who exhibit intense initial grief.
D) The pain associated with grief may motivate a search for a missing loved one.

Question 69

Grieving people generally begin with the _____ stage and end with the _____ stage.

A) numbness; bargaining
B) grief; anger
C) yearning; acceptance
D) numbness; resolution

Question 70

Frederico's doctor has recently told him that he has a terminal illness. Frederico is now very terse with and critical of the doctor. He frequently remarks that life is unfair. According to Kubler-Ross, Frederico is MOST likely to be in the _____ stage of coping with his impending death.

A) Denial
B) Anger
C) Bargaining
D) Depression

Question 71

Which of the following concepts is considered inevitable, permanent, universal, and nonfunctional?

A) Marriage
B) Taxes
C) Your grade on this test
D) Death

Question 72

After retirement, Helga took up residence in her rocking chair, knitting and watching television. She did this while screening calls from busybody neighbors and family who wanted to distract her from enjoying her well-earned leisure pursuits. Helga exemplifies the _____ theory of aging.

A) activity
B) meditative
C) disengagement
D) unhealthy

Question 73

A child who can adapt effectively in the face of threats is demonstrating _____.

A) rapid recovery
B) resiliency
C) flexibility
D) adaptability

Question 74

Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?

A) "Oh God, not me!"
B) "Dammit, why me?"
C) "Thank God, it's you!"
D) "Please, God, I'll never swear again if you'll spare my life now."

Question 75

Which of the following suggestions is NOT recommended by psychologists when dealing with grief?

A) allow yourself time to grieve
B) plan at least one useful activity per day
C) let others comfort you
D) seek out a therapist immediately

Question 76

Morrell recently lost his father and is listless, apathetic, and submissive. Life has no meaning any more. It is MOST likely that Morrell is in the _____ stage of grieving.

A) numbness
B) yearning
C) disorganization and despair
D) none of these options

Question 77

Ms. Giovanni's test results suggest that she is dying of ovarian cancer. She tells her family that the lab must have mixed up her results with someone else's. According to Kubler-Ross, Ms. Giovanni is MOST likely to be in the _____ stage of coping with the suggestion that she is dying.

A) Denial
B) Anger
C) Bargaining
D) Depression

Question 78

Which of the following is the correct sequence for Kubler-Ross's stage theory of dying?

A) Denial → anger → bargaining → depression → acceptance
B) Anger → denial → depression → bargaining → acceptance
C) Denial → bargaining → anger → depression → acceptance
D) Bargaining → denial → depression → anger → acceptance

Question 79

The study of death and dying is known as _____.

A) gerontology
B) ageism
C) mortality
D) thanatology

Question 80

Some critics of Kubler-Ross's theory of dying claim _____.

A) she failed to talk to real patients
B) she ignored the role of emotions in the dying process
C) that completion of all five stages takes longer than many people have left to live
D) her theory might lead to a stereotype of those who are grieving or dying