Deck 13: Personality

Question 1

Bessie is gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful; Obadiah is outgoing, talkative, fun-loving, and affectionate. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Bessie scores high on _____ and Obadiah scores high on _____.

A) openness; agreeableness
B) agreeableness; extroversion
C) extroversion; openness
D) eagerness; cheerfulness

Answer 1

agreeableness; extroversion

Question 2

Trait theories have been criticized for all but one of the following reasons.

A) They failed to explain why people develop their traits.
B) They did not include a large number of central traits.
C) They failed to identify which traits last and which are transient.
D) They failed to consider situational determinants of personality.

Answer 2

They did not include a large number of central traits.

Question 3

The trait theory that explains personality in terms of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism is called the _____.

A) BEACH theory
B) Five-Factor model
C) factor analysis theory
D) Cattell and Eysenck model

Answer 3

Five-Factor model

Question 4

How would you compare what women want in a mate versus what men want in a mate?

A) Only one out of the 10 characteristics listed was different on the lists
B) The first four characteristics on the lists are identical
C) Men valued "good looks" whereas women valued "ambition" and "industriousness"
D) All of the above

Question 5

According to Buss, the Five-Factor model of personality traits reflects a(n) ______ advantage to people who are high on extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness.

A) interpersonal
B) intrapersonal
C) evolutionary
D) socioeconomic

Question 6

Garner is imaginative, curious, and interested in new ideas; Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high and Brandy scores low on the personality dimension of _____ in the Five-Factor model.

A) openness
B) adaptability
C) expectations
D) agreeableness

Question 7

Cattell and Eysenck both used the statistical technique called _____ to determine a cluster of personality traits they believe are universally shared.

A) source analysis
B) trait reduction
C) statistics
D) factor analysis

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT among Eysenck's basic types of traits?

A) Optimism
B) Extraversion
C) Neuroticism
D) Psychoticism

Question 9

According to research, about what percentage of adults read their newspaper horoscopes?

A) 90%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 33%

Question 10

According to your text, the BEST definition of factor analysis is _____.

A) an objective measure of personality traits or factors
B) a statistical procedure used to determine the most basic units contained in a large array of data
C) the theory of personality that uses a variety of factors in analyzing character traits
D) a projective measure of personality traits or factors

Question 11

Research shows that the "Big 5" (five-factor model) may be a biological universal because _____.

A) there may be an evolutionary advantage to people who are more open, conscientiousness, extraverted, agreeable, and less neurotic
B) chimpanzee personalities closely resemble the "Big 5" traits
C) cross-cultural studies support the "Big 5"
D) all of these options

Question 12

Which of the following is FALSE about "pseudo" personality tests like astrological and tarot readings?

A) They usually include generalized traits that are shared by nearly everyone.
B) They usually include traits that are positive and flattering.
C) They may include traits that are neutral.
D) They usually reveal traits that are negative and socially undesirable.

Question 13

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) Allport: personality consists of a limited number of traits, arranged in a hierarchy
B) Cattell: proposed a list of 30-35 personality traits
C) Eysenck: personality consists of a relationship among three basic types of traits
D) Big Five: Bravery, Eagerness, Adaptability, Cheerfulness, Honesty

Question 14

An individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as his or her _____.

A) character
B) trait
C) temperament
D) personality

Question 15

Samsara is aloof and self-contained. She prefers to read and work on her computer rather than engage in camping or other outdoor activities. She feels emotions deeply, but rarely displays them. Her thoughts are complex and focused on philosophical questions rather than everyday practicalities. This is a description of Samsara's _____.

A) basic temperament
B) psychopathology
C) personality disorder
D) personality

Question 16

A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone is known as a(n) _____.

A) character
B) trait
C) temperament
D) personality

Question 17

Which of the following is the CORRECT list of traits in the Five-Factor model?

A) Bravery, eagerness, adaptability, cheerfulness, honesty (BEACH)
B) Strength, honesty, openness, respect, expectations (SHORE)
C) Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)
D) Worrisome, adaptable, venerable, extroverted, stable (WAVES)

Question 18

According to your text, one of the BEST definitions of personality is your _____.

A) unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
B) relatively stable characteristics that describe you
C) innate tendencies to think, act, and feel a certain way in all situations
D) innate disposition toward the world and environment

Question 19

Which of the following is a list of personality traits?

A) Hunger, arousal, sensation-seeking, achievement
B) Cheerful, honest, friendly, optimistic
C) Tall, thin, dark-skinned
D) All of these options

Question 20

Radford is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody; Quinn is calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Radford scores _____; and Quinn scores _____.

A) low on agreeableness; low on conscientiousness
B) low on adaptability; high on adaptability
C) high on neuroticism; low on neuroticism
D) high on introversion; low on eagerness

Question 21

The rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and tries to meet the needs of the other two mental structures is called the _____.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) none of these options

Question 22

According to Freud, the three mental structures that form personality are the _____.

A) unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
B) oral, anal, and phallic
C) Oedipus, Electra, and sexual/aggressive
D) id, ego, and superego

Question 23

The _____ principle asserts that the ego tries to meet the demands of the id, superego, and the realities of the environment.

A) compromising
B) pleasure
C) reality
D) morality

Question 24

__________________ is the inborn drive to realize one's potential and develop one's talents.

A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) self-actualization
D) locus of control

Question 25

The _____ is concerned with immediate gratification and the avoidance of discomfort.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) all of these options

Question 26

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the ego?

A) It channels and releases the energy of the id in reality-based ways.
B) It resides entirely within the conscious realm.
C) It attempts to satisfy the superego's need for social approval and self-esteem.
D) It operates on the reality principle.

Question 27

Harmony just learned that her brother cross dresses, and wants him to know that she cares about him. She compliments him before he leaves for school by saying, "I really like your skirt...I mean shirt." This could be an example of _____.

A) homophobia
B) a socially undesirable remark
C) a Freudian slip
D) conditional positive regard

Question 28

According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you are currently aware of, or remembering, is called your _____.

A) psyche
B) id
C) ego
D) conscious

Question 29

A major premise underlying psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality is that _____.

A) conscious thoughts and feelings overcome unconscious motives
B) unconscious forces have an enormous impact on our behavior, such as feelings, thoughts and actions
C) unconscious forces are responsible for negative behaviors, whereas conscious forces are responsible for positive ones
D) unconscious motives direct all behavior, positive or negative

Question 30

When a child learns the rules and values of parents and society and incorporates them into his own psyche, that child has developed his _____.

A) subconscience
B) spiritual consciousness
C) ethical ego
D) superego

Question 31

According to Freud, the subconscious thoughts and information that you can easily bring to awareness is called your _____.

A) unconscious
B) psyche
C) conscious
D) preconscious

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a "Freudian slip"?

A) Mrs. Freud's pink negligee.
B) A husband says, "This is my mother...I mean my wife, Sylvia."
C) A word that describes Freud's theory
D) Someone comments that it is raining outside when there are no clouds.

Question 33

The thoughts and motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness are found in what Freud calls the _____.

A) conscious
B) psychosexual stage
C) unconscious
D) ego

Question 34

In the iceberg analogy of Freud's levels of consciousness, the "tip" is the .

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) conscious
D) psyche

Question 35

The _____ principle asserts that the only motivation for behavior is the immediate gratification of needs.

A) sensation-seeking
B) pleasure
C) reality
D) unconscious

Question 36

The _____ operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. The _____ operates on the reality principle, and the _____ contains the conscience and ego-ideal, which provide moral guidance for the ego.

A) psyche; ego; id
B) id; ego; superego
C) conscious; preconscious; unconscious
D) oral stage; anal stage; phallic stage

Question 37

At the end of a very busy week, Sumita is enjoying a jazz concert with her husband, and plans to eat dinner afterwards. Which of the following statements is MOST likely to be true regarding her levels of consciousness?

A) She is subconsciously aware of the music.
B) A hungry feeling is tucked away in her unconscious.
C) Anger at her first math teacher is in her subconscious mind.
D) With a little prompting, her fatigue could come up from her preconscious.

Question 38

The id's attempts at immediate gratification of needs and avoidance of discomfort are controlled by the _____.

A) ego
B) superego
C) ego and superego
D) parents and other authority figures

Question 39

Compared to _____ theories that describe personality, _____ theories attempt to explain personality.

A) behavior; trait
B) psychoanalytic; humanistic
C) humanistic; behavior
D) trait; psychoanalytic

Question 40

When someone violates parental and societal rules, they experience guilt. This is the role of the _____, which operates on the _____ principle.

A) id; pleasure
B) ego; reality
C) superego; morality
D) unconscious; punishment

Question 41

Defense mechanisms are strategies employed by the ___________ to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict.

A) superego
B) id
C) ego
D) preconscious

Question 42

Dr. X is sexually attracted to her newest client. Rather than having sex with him, she makes passionate love to her husband that night. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A) displacement
B) denial
C) sublimation
D) regression

Question 43

Used excessively, defense mechanisms can be dangerous because they _____.

A) hide true feelings
B) become ineffective
C) distort reality
D) become fixated

Question 44

The five developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified for personality development to proceed normally are known as _____.

A) Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
B) Piaget's cognitive stages of development
C) Kohlberg's moral stages of development
D) Freud's psychosexual stages of development

Question 45

To prevent the _____ associated with the ego's failure to satisfy both the id and superego, people develop and use _____.

A) unconscious guilt; archetypes
B) fixation; an ego-ideal
C) regression; preconscious cognitions
D) anxiety; defense mechanisms

Question 46

Every time Nikolai gets into a big argument with his wife, he runs to his mother's home for comfort and approval. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A) sublimation
B) regression
C) displacement
D) projection

Question 47

According to Freud, most girls _____.

A) blame their mothers for their lack of a penis
B) feel a special attachment for their fathers
C) have a lower level of moral development, never overcome penis envy, nor give up their rivalry with their mothers
D) all of these options

Question 48

The first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness, is called _____.

A) regression
B) oppression
C) repression
D) denial

Question 49

Psychologists believe that defense mechanisms _____.

A) can be healthy when not used excessively
B) are unhealthy and should be eliminated through therapy
C) are a sign of emotional damage that cannot be corrected in therapy
D) are used excessively by most people in modern society

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the erogenous zones in Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) Mouth
B) Anus
C) Genitals
D) Breasts

Question 51

Nelson learns in his Human Sexuality class that it is not uncommon for young adolescents to have sexual attractions or fantasies for persons of the same sex. Nelson vehemently protests that he has never had even the slightest physical attraction or thoughts about the same sex. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A) denial
B) projection
C) reaction formation
D) intellectualization

Question 52

Pedro was just diagnosed with testicular cancer. Rather than deal with his feelings about this, he searches the Internet for information, academically discusses the disorder with his family and friends, and endlessly debates the pros and cons of treatment with his doctor. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A) intellectualization
B) rationalization
C) sublimation
D) denial

Question 53

Clement is a gullible, dependent, and passive adult. Freud might say Clement was _____ during _____ stage of development.

A) frustrated; the anal
B) overindulged; the phallic
C) overindulged; the oral
D) frustrated; every

Question 54

The result of the ego's failure to satisfy both id and superego is _____.

A) unconscious guilt
B) anxiety
C) fixation
D) regression

Question 55

Victor's religious beliefs prohibit sexual expression until after marriage. He takes up painting nudes to deal with his sexual impulses. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A) repression
B) projection
C) displacement
D) sublimation

Question 56

""'m going to take this candy because I want it NOW!" said the _____. "But, stealing is wrong," said the _____. "Let's ask mom if she'll advance our allowance so we can buy it today," said the _____.

A) superego; id; ego
B) ego; id; superego
C) id; ego; superego
D) id; superego; ego

Question 57

You would rather have fun with your new dating partner than study for your math exam. You know you will do poorly on the exam if you don't study, but tell yourself that having fun will help you relax for the exam. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A) intellectualization
B) rationalization
C) sublimation
D) reaction formation

Question 58

Norm is sexually attracted to Lilith, a married woman. Instead of acknowledging this attraction, Norm develops an intense dislike for Lilith. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A) reaction formation
B) regression
C) repression
D) denial

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's erogenous zones?

A) mouth
B) anus
C) genitals
D) arms

Question 60

Gabrielle didn't study for this exam and really wants to cheat. This is entirely unacceptable to her superego, which won't let her do this. However, Gabrielle thinks she sees nearly everyone else in the class cheating during the exam. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A) sublimation
B) reaction formation
C) displacement
D) projection

Question 61

Which of the following erogenous zones is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) Genital stage: genitals
B) Phallic stage: genitals
C) Latency: no primary erogenous zone
D) Oral: breasts

Question 62

Besides sexual and aggressive forces, Jung believed the unconscious contained _____.

A) basic anxiety
B) a will-to-power
C) a striving for superiority
D) positive and spiritual motives

Question 63

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) Oral conflict: language development
B) Anal conflict: toilet training
C) Phallic conflict: Oedipus complex or penis envy
D) Latency conflict: identification with the same-sex parent

Question 64

According to Jung, our collective unconscious consists of _____.

A) inherited archetypes
B) one's cultural architecture
C) the "archaeology of the soul"
D) all of these options

Question 65

Adler believed the primary motivation in life is to overcome _____.

A) feelings of inferiority
B) feelings of superiority
C) basic anxiety
D) collective unconscious fears of the anima and animus

Question 66

Zhu would much rather spend all day hanging with the guys than spend five minutes talking to a girl. In fact, he has very little interest in sexual matters. Freud would MOST likely suggest that Zhu is _____.

A) in the latency stage of development
B) showing signs of latent homosexuality
C) likely to develop a neurotic outlook on women
D) repressing his gender confusion

Question 67

A positive outcome of a child's "will-to-power" is manifested by _____, whereas a negative outcome is characterized by _____.

A) mastery and control; striving for superiority
B) striving for perfection; an inferiority complex
C) striving for superiority; learned helplessness
D) an internal locus of control; an external locus of control

Question 68

According to Freud, each stage of development is characterized by a conflict between the id and the _____. If these conflicts are unresolved, Freud believed a person would become _____.

A) ego; psychotic
B) superego; immoral
C) social demands; fixated
D) ego and superego; regressed

Question 69

Conan constantly wants to be near his mother, receiving her affectionate touching and kissing. He wants nothing to do with his father, and actively stands between his parents to keep them from hugging each other. According to Freudian theory, it is likely that Conan is _____.

A) developing a neurosis
B) developing homosexual tendencies
C) in the middle of the Oedipus complex
D) being overindulged by his mother and underindulged by his father

Question 70

According to Freud, regression to a prior stage of development may be related to _____.

A) stress
B) an overgratification of needs at that stage
C) a frustration of needs at that stage
D) all of these options

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT associated with Adler's individual psychology?

A) will to power
B) inferiority
C) social interest
D) self-efficacy

Question 72

According to Freud, sexual relationships based on lust rather than emotional attachment and a desire for commitment are indicators that an individual _____.

A) is in the phallic stage of development
B) has failed to master the genital stage of development
C) is fixated at the oral stage of development
D) none of these options

Question 73

Gisele is in the process of developing successful relationships with her same-sex peers and refining her female gender role. She is also working on her intellectual skills. According to Freud, Gisele is in the _____ stage of development.

A) industry vs. inferiority
B) concrete operational
C) latency
D) conventional

Question 74

According to Freud, if an individual's needs were _____ during a particular stage of development, that person would remain stuck at that stage.

A) overindulged
B) not met
C) overindulged or not met
D) none of these options

Question 75

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A) Oral → anal → phallic → latency → genital
B) Oral → phallic → anal → latency → genital
C) Oral → latency → anal → genital → phallic
D) Oral → anal → genital → latency → phallic

Question 76

According to Adler, feelings of helplessness and incompetence during childhood result in _____.

A) mistrust
B) basic anxiety
C) an inferiority complex
D) learned helplessness

Question 77

Fixation at this psychosexual stage of development would, according to Freud, lead to either a very neat person or one who is messy and disorderly.

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Genital

Question 78

According to Freud, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, children develop _____, which is a desire for the opposite-sex parent along with hostility toward the same-sex parent.

A) homosexual tendencies
B) an Oedipus or Electra complex
C) retentive-expulsive fantasies
D) womb or penis envy

Question 79

An unsuccessful resolution of the toilet training conflict may result in an adult who is _____.

A) highly controlled, but messy and disorderly
B) compulsively neat, but rebellious and destructive
C) unable to control his bowels or bladder
D) anal-retentive or anal-expulsive

Question 80

Three of the most influential neo-Freudians were _____.

A) Plato, Aristotle, and Descartes
B) Dr. Laura, Dr. Phil, and Dr. Ruth
C) Pluto, Mickey, and Minnie
D) Adler, Jung, and Horney