Deck 8: Seeing a Three-Dimensional World

Question 1

When Tom describes the location of the pond in his back yard, he states that it is 6 meters due south from his back door. Tom is specifying the pond's location by using _____________ direction.

A) egocentric
B) allocentric
C) Eurocentric
D) Afrocentric

Answer 1

allocentric

Question 2

Egocentric distance is another name for

A) relative distance.
B) absolute distance.
C) allocentric distance.
D) interpupillary distance.

Answer 2

absolute distance.

Question 3

If you can perform a task using information finer than the smallest size of one of your eye's receptors, you are showing

A) vernier acuity.
B) stereopsis.
C) motion parallax.
D) hyperacuity.

Answer 3

hyperacuity.

Question 4

The term depth perception applies to the determination of

A) absolute distance.
B) relative distance.
C) both absolute distance and relative distance.
D) neither absolute distance nor relative distance.

Question 5

When throwing a heavy ball at a target, we tend to

A) overestimate the distance to be thrown.
B) underestimate the distance to be thrown.
C) overestimate the size of the ball.
D) underestimate the size of the ball.

Question 6

Which of the following is an oculomotor cue for visual depth?

A) perspective
B) convergence
C) occlusion
D) parallax

Question 7

Unlike visual cues, oculomotor cues are actually ___________ in nature.

A) kinesthetic
B) accommodative
C) mechanical
D) none of these

Question 8

The degree of contraction of the eye muscles provides unambiguous cues about

A) convergence.
B) accommodation.
C) relative depth.
D) absolute depth.

Question 9

Human interpupillary distance approaches adult levels at age

A) 4 years.
B) 8 years.
C) 12 years.
D) 16 years.

Question 10

Average interpupillary distance is

A) 3 mm.
B) 25 mm.
C) 65 mm.
D) 20 m.

Question 11

Depth is perceived most accurately when we use

A) both eyes.
B) the left eye.
C) the right eye.
D) none of these

Question 12

Perception of relative depth from binocular vision is called

A) convergence.
B) stereopsis.
C) retinal disparity.
D) triangulation.

Question 13

The most reliable depth cue from the eyes' viewing the world from two different perspectives is

A) convergence.
B) accommodation.
C) retinal disparity.
D) triangulation.

Question 14

Stereopsis

A) is the ability to judge relative depth binocularly.
B) can be used to detect camouflaged objects.
C) can be used to identify counterfeit currency.
D) all of these

Question 15

If an object is located closer to you than the one you are looking at, its disparity is said to be

A) crossed.
B) uncrossed.
C) parallel.
D) none of these

Question 16

If an object lies farther from you than the distance you're fixating, the retinal disparity for the object is said to be

A) crossed.
B) uncrossed.
C) pseudoscopic.
D) spurious.

Question 17

An imaginary border or plane of zero disparity, which coincides with two objects at an equivalent distance from the point of observation, has been termed a(n)

A) horopter.
B) crossed retinal disparity.
C) uncrossed retinal disparity.
D) none of these

Question 18

The imaginary plane representing locations in the visual field having zero retinal disparity is called the

A) phoroptor.
B) stereograph.
C) horopter.
D) equilocation plane.

Question 19

Regarding random-dot stereograms,

A) you can usually tell from either half alone which part of the stereogram will appear in depth when the two halves are viewed together
B) if low spatial frequencies are removed from one half and high spatial frequencies from the other half, stereopsis disappears.
C) if the same spatial frequencies are removed from both halves, stereopsis disappears.
D) all of these

Question 20

Binocular neurons in the visual cortex respond best when both eyes view

A) the same orientation.
B) the same direction of movement.
C) the same speed of movement.
D) all of these

Question 21

Which of the following statements about binocular visual neurons is NOT true?

A) They appear to perform feature matching.
B) They appear to perform disparity computation.
C) They prefer crossed disparities to uncrossed disparities.
D) Some respond to images from corresponding parts of the eyes, others to images from noncorresponding retinal areas.

Question 22

Cats that are allowed to see with only one eye at atime from birth

A) have normal acuity in each eye.
B) have their binocular neurons turned into monocular neurons.
C) are stereoblind.
D) all of these

Question 23

When information available to the two eyes can't be fused into a single stable view, a portion of one eye's view is seen at a time. This phenomenon is called

A) saccadic suppression.
B) lateral inhibition.
C) binocular rivalry.
D) stereopsis.

Question 24

If you are stereoblind,

A) it could be the result of misalignment of the two eyes.
B) you belong to a group composing less than 1 percent of the population.
C) you would probably show abundant interocular transfer on adaptation illusions.
D) all of these

Question 25

Chronic misalignment of one eye to the other is termed

A) interocular separation.
B) amblyopia.
C) strabismus.
D) retinal disparity.

Question 26

To have the best chance of attaining normal vision, a child with strabismus should

A) undergo surgical correction before 1 year of age.
B) undergo surgical correction before starting school.
C) undergo surgical correction before puberty.
D) do nothing and let nature take its course.

Question 27

Individuals unable to fixate on an object with both eyes simultaneously suffer from

A) disparity-selective cells.
B) strabismus.
C) convergence insufficiency.
D) none of these

Question 28

If Frank experiences convergence insufficiency it may cause which of the following?

A) dizziness
B) headaches
C) nausea
D) all of these

Question 29

When one object blocks the view of another, the object doing the blocking appears to be closer. This is the depth cue of

A) occlusion.
B) linear gradient.
C) depth covering.
D) monocular blocking.

Question 30

The tendency to see as more distant an object whose contours are interrupted by those of other objects is referred to as

A) transparency.
B) amodal completion.
C) occlusion.
D) none of these

Question 31

Occlusion is NOT effective as a depth cue when

A) the near object only partially obscures the far object.
B) the near object only briefly obscures the far object.
C) the near object totally obscures the far object.
D) the near object is transparent.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a static monocular depth cue?

A) occlusion
B) linear perspective
C) texture gradient
D) diplopia

Question 33

The tendency to perceive all of an object whose contours are interrupted by those of other objects is referred to as

A) transparency.
B) amodal completion.
C) occlusion.
D) none of these

Question 34

Which of the following involve(s) depth perception among partially overlapping objects?

A) neon spreading
B) transparency
C) both neon spreading and transparency
D) neither neon spreading nor transparency

Question 35

Suzanne was a typical participant in a test requiring her to state whether an object appeared the same as or different from a brief priming stimulus. Compared to when the objects were different, when the objects were identical her reaction time was

A) very slow.
B) very fast.
C) delayed.
D) none of these

Question 36

A priming stimulus depicts a square in front of a disk so that the retinal image of the disk has one quadrant removed. When the test stimulus is a pair of disks, reaction times to decide that the disks are the same are

A) enhanced by the prime.
B) delayed by the prime.
C) enhanced by the prime for brief intervals between the probe and the test.
D) delayed by the prime for brief intervals between the probe and the test.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Apparent size can determine perceived distance.
B) Perceived distance can determine perceived size.
C) both apparent size can determine perceived distance and perceived distance can determine perceived size.
D) neither apparent size can determine perceived distance nor perceived distance can determine perceived size.

Question 38

The moon illusion is that the moon appears

A) larger on the horizon than at zenith.
B) farther on the horizon than at zenith.
C) both larger on the horizon than at zenith and farther on the horizon than at zenith.
D) neither larger on the horizon than at zenith nor farther on the horizon than at zenith.

Question 39

According to the perceived-distance explanation of the moon illusion the moon appears to be farthest away when it is

A) at the zenith.
B) midway between the zenith and the horizon.
C) at the horizon.
D) either midway between the zenith and the horizon or at the horizon.

Question 40

The interdependence of perceived size and perceived distance is demonstrated by

A) the Ames room.
B) the moon illusion.
C) both the Ames room and the moon illusion.
D) neither the Ames room nor the moon illusion.

Question 41

According to DeLoache, Uttal, and Rosengren (2004) an example of a "scale error" is

A) a young child's trying to get into a toy car.
B) an adult's mistaking the size of an unfamiliar object from a photograph.
C) a person's seeing two children of the same size as very different in size in the Ames room.
D) a person's overestimating the size of the horizon moon.

Question 42

DeLoache, Uttal, and Rosengren (2004) observed that children younger than about 2 years often commit errors, such as trying to put on a doll's shoe or trying to get into a toy car. They speculated that these errors were caused by

A) immaturity of motor programs.
B) immaturity of size perception.
C) immaturity of distance perception.
D) all of these

Question 43

According to Gibson (1950), which of the following factors provides precise and unambiguous information about the distances and slants of surfaces?

A) texture gradients
B) retinal image
C) visual cues
D) shading

Question 44

The perception that lines that really are parallel are converging is referred to as

A) linear perspective.
B) aerial perspective.
C) binocular parallax.
D) convergence.

Question 45

The perception that objects at a greater distance from the point of observation are less clear, owing to the scattering of light by the atmosphere, is referred to as

A) linear perspective.
B) aerial perspective.
C) contrast perspective.
D) optical blur.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a type of perspective?

A) aerial perspective
B) linear perspective
C) height in the picture plane
D) familiar size

Question 47

Objects higher in the picture plane appear

A) larger than objects lower in the picture plane.
B) smaller than objects lower in the picture plane.
C) farther than objects lower in the picture plane.
D) nearer than objects lower in the picture plane.

Question 48

You are looking at a circle. The left half of the circle is shaded. The depicted light source is at the left. The circle represents

A) a dome.
B) a crater.
C) either a dome or a crater.
D) neither a dome nor a crater.

Question 49

The ability to perceive depth from the apparent motion of objects resulting from a change in the point of observation, such as when the head is moved, is

A) dynamic occlusion.
B) motion aftereffect.
C) motion parallax.
D) biological motion.

Question 50

In motion parallax, the speed of movement in the retinal image is

A) faster for objects close to you than for objects farther away.
B) slower for objects close to you than for objects farther away.
C) faster for objects close to your fixation point than for objects farther away.
D) slower for objects close to your fixation point than for objects farther away.

Question 51

True motion parallax occurs when

A) your body moves.
B) you move your head.
C) objects themselves move.
D) all of these

Question 52

Which of the following is(are) true about motion parallax?

A) It can generate depth information in random-dot patterns.
B) It can generate information about shape and depth in the absence of other depth cues.
C) For most humans it provides information largely redundant with stereopsis.
D) All of these are true.

Question 53

The notion that depth perception is impaired whenever there is a discrepancy between cues can be attributed to the work of

A) Bruno and Cutting.
B) James J. Gibson.
C) Bela Julesz.
D) none of these

Question 54

When portions of a face appear behind a series of occluding strips

A) the face is almost impossible to identify.
B) the face is easier to identify than when the portions appear in front of the occluding strips.
C) depth perception is not experienced.
D) the face may appear upside down.

Question 55

Which illusion involves two lines of the same length appearing to be different in length because arrows are pointed in different directions at the ends of the lines?

A) moon illusion
B) Nakayama illusion
C) Mü ller-Lyer illusion
D) Ponzo illusion

Question 56

The depth theory of visual illusions would best apply to which of the following illusions?

A) MacKay's rays
B) Hermann's grid
C) Ponzo illusion
D) phi phenomenon

Question 57

Scaling retinal image size against perceived distance results in

A) underestimating size.
B) size constancy.
C) underestimating distance.
D) binocular parallax.

Question 58

Size constancy is dependent on

A) achromatic illumination.
B) adequate depth cues.
C) both achromatic illumination and adequate depth cues.
D) neither achromatic illumination nor adequate depth cues.

Question 59

When monocular depth cues are placed in conflict, which one of the following situations is most likely to occur?

A) Depth perception fluctuates unstably over time.
B) Depth perception is degraded.
C) One cue dominates.
D) Depth perception is exaggerated.

Question 60

How is egocentric direction thought to be registered by the brain?

Question 61

What is the geometric basis for retinal disparity?

Question 62

Explain how objects at different depths can be depicted in random-dot stereograms.

Question 63

Compare the conditions that would result in binocular rivalry or in stereopsis.

Question 64

What do illusory contours (such as Kaniza figures) and amodal completion have in common?

Question 65

According to depth theory, why does the moon appear larger when on the horizon, compared to when it is high in the sky?

Question 66

What do motion parallax and stereopsis have in common?