Deck 7: Color Perception

Question 1

Which task merely requires an observer to pick out an object from its background?

A) isoluminance
B) detection
C) identification
D) discrimination

Answer 1

detection

Question 2

Color interferes with memory for a scene

A) when the colors are inappropriate.
B) by placing a greater load on memory.
C) both when the colors are inappropriate and by placing a greater load on memory.
D) neither when the colors are inappropriate nor by placing a greater load on memory/

Answer 2

when the colors are inappropriate.

Question 3

Infants apparently have the capacity to categorize or separate

A) red and green only.
B) blue and orange only.
C) blue and yellow only.
D) blue, green, yellow, and red.

Answer 3

blue, green, yellow, and red.

Question 4

If colors are presented side by side, people can reliably distinguish

A) about a dozen different colors.
B) about 40 to 50 colors.
C) about 100 to 200 colors.
D) more than 1,000 different colors.

Question 5

If colors are presented one at a time, several seconds apart, people can reliably distinguish

A) about a dozen different colors.
B) about 40 to 50 colors.
C) about 100 to 200 colors.
D) more than 1,000 different colors.

Question 6

If Maria, who has normal color vision, was exposed to a light of about 580 nanometers, she would probably classify the light as

A) red.
B) blue.
C) yellow.
D) green.

Question 7

Depth or paleness of a color refers to its

A) amplitude.
B) brightness.
C) hue.
D) saturation.

Question 8

A photograph taken with indoor lighting from an ordinary light bulb can have a yellowish tint because

A) indoor light contains more energy at shorter wavelengths.
B) indoor light contains more energy at longer wavelengths.
C) indoor light is less intense.
D) none of these; indoor light makes no difference

Question 9

Any two spectral lights that appear white when added together are termed

A) chromatic.
B) complementary.
C) primary.
D) additive.

Question 10

Manuel is a monochromat but usually is able to distinguish between a blue flag and a yellow one because the two colors differ in

A) lightness.
B) wavelength.
C) emotional tone.
D) timbre.

Question 11

Which of the following is/are (a) nonspectral color(s)?

A) blue
B) orange
C) purple
D) all of these

Question 12

If one combines two colors on Newton's color circle and the result is a color, such as purple, that is not on the circle, the derived color is referred to as a(n) _______________ color.

A) nonspectral
B) pure
C) complementary
D) none of these

Question 13

On the circumference of a sophisticated color circle, _________________ colors lie directly across from each other.

A) complementary
B) nonspectral
C) unsaturated
D) metameric

Question 14

Which of the following is a completely desaturated color?

A) brown
B) red
C) amber
D) white

Question 15

Which type of lighting contains proportionally most short-wavelength light?

A) late afternoon sunlight
B) midday sunlight
C) morning sunlight
D) light from a conventional light bulb

Question 16

An object's color may remain the same despite variations in the composition of light falling on that object. This phenomenon is referred to as

A) color contrast.
B) color constancy.
C) additive color mixture.
D) none of these

Question 17

Color constancy depends on

A) having the illumination cover a small area of the visual scene.
B) adaptation.
C) viewing a scene under broad-band illumination.
D) both adaptation and viewing a scene under broad-band illumination.

Question 18

Color induction refers to

A) color appearance being influenced by preceding color stimulation.
B) color appearance being influenced by other colors elsewhere in the visual field.
C) both color appearance being influenced by preceding color stimulation and color appearance being influenced by other colors elsewhere in the visual field.
D) neither color appearance being influenced by preceding color stimulation nor color appearance being influenced by other colors elsewhere in the visual field.

Question 19

A receptor's response can be summarized by a single number that specifies the amount of light absorbed. This is called

A) the neutral point.
B) the monochromatic unit.
C) the univariance principle.
D) none of these

Question 20

An eye whose receptors contained only one type of photopigment would be able to discriminate
_________ different colors.

A) no
B) one
C) two
D) three

Question 21

A person who sees everything in shades of gray is a

A) monochromat.
B) presbyope.
C) mesope.
D) polychromat.

Question 22

If Jose has only two photopigment types in his eyes, he can extract:

A) only some of the usable wavelength information from light.
B) no usable wavelength information from light.
C) all of the usable wavelength information from light.
D) none of these

Question 23

If a person has a neutral point such that a single wavelength is confused with sunlight, that person is

A) color blind.
B) a dichromat.
C) a hypermetrope.
D) a chromatotype.

Question 24

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision, the human eye contains __________ types of cone pigments.

A) 6
B) 5
C) 4
D) 3

Question 25

Which of the following nonmammalian classes include(s) species with tetrachromic vision?

A) birds
B) reptiles
C) fish
D) all of these

Question 26

In the center of the eye the short-wavelength (S) cones are

A) absent.
B) present in greater numbers than are other cone types.
C) equal in number to other cone types.
D) more common than M cones.

Question 27

Acuity is likely to be worst when measured using ___________ targets.

A) blue
B) yellow
C) red
D) green

Question 28

Which of the following suggest(s) color opponency?

A) color contrast
B) color afterimages
C) both color contrast and color afterimages
D) neither color contrast nor color afterimages

Question 29

It is now understood that signals from the cones of the eye are processed by

A) three chromatic systems.
B) one chromatic system and two achromatic systems.
C) one achromatic system and two chromatic systems.
D) two chromatic and two achromatic systems.

Question 30

The blue-yellow visual channel is apparently the result of opponency of the S cone signals with the

A) medium-wavelength (M) cone signals.
B) long-wavelength (L) cone signals.
C) sum of the M and L cone signals.
D) yellow cone signals.

Question 31

A highly saturated hue is present when a strong chromatic response is accompanied by a

A) strong achromatic response.
B) weak achromatic response.
C) strong chromatic response in the S-(M+L) channel.
D) none of these

Question 32

According to the work of DeValois and DeValois (1975), which of the following is/are true?

A) Opponent cells can show both an ON and an OFF response.
B) Opponent cells show only an ON or OFF response.
C) Nonopponent cells show both an ON and an OFF response.
D) all of these

Question 33

In the LGN, the achromatic channel is subserved by the ___________ cells, the red-green channel by the
__________ cells, and the blue-yellow channel by the ___________ cells.

A) S;M;L
B) S;M;P
C) P;K;M
D) M;P;K

Question 34

The receptive fields of LGN cells respond to

A) wavelength.
B) color.
C) contrasts between wavelengths.
D) contrasts between colors.

Question 35

Because of _________________, a lemon continues to look yellow despite markedly differing lighting.

A) color contrast
B) memory color
C) color afterimages
D) all of these

Question 36

Color ___________ is when different wavelengths yield the same color; color ___________ is when the same wavelengths yield different colors.

A) adaptation; induction
B) induction; constancy
C) constancy; contrast
D) contrast; adaptation

Question 37

The approximate percentage of cells in V1 responsive to color is

A) 20%.
B) 30%.
C) 40%.
D) 50%.

Question 38

The approximate percentage of cells in V4 responsive to color is

A) 50%.
B) 65%.
C) 80%.
D) 95%.

Question 39

Color is processed in the

A) temporal pathway.
B) occipital pathway.
C) parietal pathway.
D) frontal pathway.

Question 40

Color deficiency can be

A) congenital.
B) acquired.
C) both congenital and acquired
D) neither congenital nor acquired

Question 41

Visual color deficiency is least common in

A) Caucasian males.
B) Caucasian females.
C) Asiatic males.
D) American Indian males.

Question 42

The most common form of congenital color vision deficiency is termed ___________________ and is evidenced by confusions of ____________________.

A) monochromacy; short and long wavelengths
B) dichromacy; short and middle wavelengths
C) anamolous monochromacy; all wavelengths
D) dichromacy; middle and long wavelengths

Question 43

Genetic mistakes most typically eliminate

A) S cones.
B) rods.
C) M or L cones.
D) all cones.

Question 44

It is possible that the mother of a male anomalous trichromat might have

A) superior color vision.
B) inferior color vision.
C) an extra Y chromosome.
D) night blindness.

Question 45

Which symptom of glaucoma would likely appear first?

A) a measurable increase in pressure within the eye
B) changes in color vision
C) changes in the structure of the eye that are seen with an ophthalmoscope
D) pain in the eyes

Question 46

Lesions of the human ventral pathway result in deficits in

A) color naming.
B) color discrimination.
C) color complementarity.
D) color constancy.

Question 47

Monkeys reared with narrow-band illumination that changed unpredictably among blue, green, yellow, and red had

A) normal cones.
B) normal color constancy.
C) both normal cones and normal color constancy.
D) neither normal cones nor normal color constancy.

Question 48

Peter wears a red filter over one eye and keeps the other eye closed, for an hour. When he closes the eye with the filter and looks at the world with the previously closed eye, he sees that everything has a blue-green tint. According to Neitz and associates (2002), this shows

A) interocular transfer of an afterimage.
B) color induction.
C) a change in chromatic aberration in each eye.
D) recalibration of white in the brain.

Question 49

Color-grapheme synesthesia is

A) tasting shapes.
B) seeing colors when hearing musical notes.
C) seeing colors when seeing alphabetic letters.
D) all of these

Question 50

The best evidence for the perceptual reality of color-grapheme synesthesia is that

A) a synesthete reports that the synesthetic colors add to ink colors.
B) a synesthete reacts more slowly in naming an ink color when the synesthetic color is different from the . color of the ink than a nonsynesthete does.
C) a synesthete identifies a shape when the elements and background are different synesthetic colors faster than a nonsynesthete does.
D) a synesthete insists on color compatibility of the names of spouses.

Question 51

Brain imaging studies of people experiencing synesthetic colors have shown

A) suppression of V1.
B) activation of V1.
C) suppression of V4.
D) activation of V4.

Question 52

What added information does color provide that is not present with black-and-white vision?

Question 53

Describe the essentials of Newton's prism experiment.

Question 54

How does light from the sun differ from light emitted by an incandescent light bulb? Why don't the colors of objects look dramatically different when those objects are viewed under these two different light sources?

Question 55

What is the principle evidence for trichromacy in human vision?

Question 56

What is the evidence for opponency in color vision?

Question 57

How does cortical color blindness differ from congenital color blindness that is due to cone deficiencies?

Question 58

Define synesthesia. What does it have to do with color perception? Describe research aimed at establishing the perceptual reality of synesthesia.