Deck 16: Social Psychology

Question 1

Amelia failed a test and said it was because the questions were "tricky"; Oscar passed the same test and said it was because he studied hard. Amelia is using _____; Oscar is using _____.

A) a dispositional locus of control; a situational locus of control
B) the fundamental attribution error; the self-serving bias
C) the self-serving bias; the self-serving bias
D) external self-efficacy; internal self-efficacy

Answer 1

the self-serving bias; the self-serving bias

Question 2

The two major attribution mistakes people make are _____.

A) the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias
B) situational attributions and dispositional attributions
C) the actor bias and the observer bias
D) stereotypes and biases

Answer 2

the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias

Question 3

The study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions is called _____.

A) sociology
B) social science
C) social psychology
D) sociobehavioral psychology

Answer 3

social psychology

Question 4

We misjudge the causes of another person's behavior because we overestimate internal, personal factors and underestimate external, situational influences. This is called_____.

A) delusional thinking
B) prejudice
C) the fundamental attribution error
D) the self-serving bias

Question 5

Regarding attitudes toward birth control, belief that birth control is important reflects the ______component of attitude.

A) Affective
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Situational

Question 6

The desires to maintain self-esteem and look good to others are two motivations for the use of _____.

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the self-serving bias
C) the saliency bias
D) an internal locus of control

Question 7

According to the text, the two questions about attributions are whether a given action is about:

A) temperament; circumstances
B) dispositions; situations
C) personality; factors
D) traits; reality

Question 8

Regarding attitudes toward birth control, being fearful of unwanted pregnancy reflects the ______component of attitude.

A) Affective
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Situational

Question 9

Which of the following is most often TRUE of social behavior?

A) Most people judge others more harshly than they judge themselves.
B) Opposites attract.
C) Prejudice is the same as discrimination.
D) Punching a pillow is a good way to release tension and reduce aggression.

Question 10

When you attempt to maintain a positive self-image by taking credit for your successes and emphasizing external causes for your failures, you are engaged in _____.

A) a self-delusion
B) the self-serving bias
C) rationalization
D) reaction formation

Question 11

In contrast to other fields within psychology, social psychology emphasizes _____.

A) social interactions
B) the effects of social forces on behavior
C) society versus the individual
D) love relationships

Question 12

You and a friend are watching a ballgame. The batter misses. You believe this is because the sun is setting and probably cast a glare in his eyes. Your friend believes this is because the batter lacks talent. You made a _____ attribution and your friend made a(n) _____ attribution.

A) circumstantial; personal
B) situational; dispositional
C) realistic; biased
D) correct; incorrect

Question 13

A stranger walking in front of you trips. You assume this is because he is clumsy, rather than considering the fact that the sidewalk might be uneven. You have just committed _____.

A) a social misdemeanor
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) a social faux pas
D) a cardinal sin

Question 14

Regarding attitudes toward birth control, using birth control demonstrates the ______component of attitude.

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) situational

Question 15

The principles people follow in making judgments about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior are known as _____.

A) impression management
B) stereotaxic determination
C) attribution
D) person perception

Question 16

Compared to individualist cultures, this is less commonly seen in collectivist cultures.

A) Attributions
B) Prejudice and discrimination
C) The fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias
D) All of these options

Question 17

The tendency to focus on the most noticeable factors when explaining the cause of behavior is called the _____ bias.

A) obvious
B) just noticeable difference
C) saliency
D) pseudo-reality

Question 18

The fact that husbands and wives both report doing more than 50% of the household chores is an example of _____.

A) self-handicapping
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) the self-attribution error
D) the self-serving bias

Question 19

A learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object is known as _____.

A) a belief
B) a concept
C) a schema
D) an attitude

Question 20

One explanation for why people commit the fundamental attribution error is _____.

A) the self-serving bias
B) the saliency bias
C) the obviousness bias
D) prejudice

Question 21

This theory says that people are motivated to make attitudinal changes when they experience tension after becoming aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behaviors.

A) Bandura's social learning theory
B) Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
C) Freud's defense mechanisms theory
D) Leon's power of inconsistencies theory

Question 22

_____ is a learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group.

A) Discrimination
B) Stereotyping
C) Cognitive biasing
D) Prejudice

Question 23

With regard to Ina's attitude toward her homeland of Greece, which of the following illustrates the affective component?

A) "Greece is the best place on earth to live."
B) "I feel much happier when I am at home in Greece."
C) "I'm going back to Greece when this semester is over."
D) All of these options

Question 24

The REASON a person is being paid $1 to lie changes her or his attitude more than the person who is being paid $50 to lie is that _____.

A) $1 was insufficient justification for arguing against a cause
B) $50 was overcompensation for arguing against a cause
C) doing what the experimenter wants should be reward enough without getting money
D) simply arguing against an attitude would not cause a change in that attitude

Question 25

A set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group that is generalized to all group members is called a _____.

A) cognitive bias
B) cognitive resonance
C) negative schema
D) stereotype

Question 26

Cross-cultural research suggests that cognitive dissonance may be a result of placing a high value on _____.

A) independence and individualism
B) connection with others
C) appraisal by others
D) honesty and integrity

Question 27

Louise is so disillusioned by the actions of politicians from both political parties that she plans to vote for independent candidates in the next election. This is an example of which component of Louise's attitude about politicians?

A) Affective
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Emotional

Question 28

Negative behavior directed at members of a group is known as _____.

A) prejudice
B) stereotyping
C) discrimination
D) harassment

Question 29

Mr. Bundy believes that women make poor shoe salespersons, but hires a woman to sell his shoes anyway. Based on this information, which of the following is TRUE regarding Mr. Bundy?

A) He is prejudiced, but does not discriminate against women.
B) He discriminates, but is not prejudiced against women.
C) He is prejudiced and discriminates against women.
D) He hired his daughter because his wife made him.

Question 30

Charlton says that "handguns should be registered, and owners should be required to keep a trigger lock on them." This is an example of which component of Charlton's attitude about guns?

A) Affective
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Emotional

Question 31

This is a cognitive process in which members of an outgroup are judged as less diverse than members of an ingroup.

A) The melting-pot phenomenon
B) Homeostatic similarity
C) The birds-of-a-feather phenomenon
D) Outgroup homogeneity

Question 32

The mental shortcut explanation for the initiation and maintenance of prejudice suggests that _____.

A) defense mechanisms are responsible for prejudice
B) stereotypes allow us to make quick judgments and free mental resources for other activities
C) self-talk and automatic thoughts cause prejudicial thinking
D) the self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error cause prejudicial thoughts

Question 33

Prejudice is an attitude, and its cognitive component is called _____.

A) discrimination
B) a stereotype
C) a cognitive bias
D) a negative schema

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a prejudice?

A) All blondes are dumb.
B) All men are strong.
C) All Asians are smart.
D) All of these options

Question 35

According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following advocates of managed care services for mental health is MOST likely to change his or her attitude?

A) Jeanette, who is paid $1 for arguing against managed care
B) Homer, who is paid $50 for arguing against managed care
C) Belinda, who had to argue against managed care to save her job
D) None of these advocates are likely to change their attitudes about managed care

Question 36

In the classic dissonance experiment, which group had more attitude change?

A) The group that was paid $1
B) The group that was paid $20
C) The control group
D) There was no difference in attitude change between the two groups

Question 37

Prejudice is _____; discrimination is _____.

A) a behavior; a belief
B) unethical; illegal
C) an attitude; a behavior
D) innate; learned

Question 38

According to cognitive dissonance theory, which is easier?

A) Changing the behavior
B) Changing the attitude
C) It is equally easy to change the attitude and behavior
D) Changing the behavior and the attitude at the same time

Question 39

This is a cognitive process in which members of an ingroup are viewed more positively than members of an outgroup.

A) Reciprocity of liking
B) Positive familiarity
C) Ingroup favoritism
D) Outgroup prejudice

Question 40

Who is MOST likely to learn a prejudice against a new group of people?

A) Angela watches a movie in which members of this group are demeaned.
B) Gabriel hears his parents and friends make derogatory statements about members of this group.
C) Kema demeans a member of this group and experiences a rise in his own self-esteem.
D) All of these children are learning to be prejudiced.

Question 41

According to your text, facial and body ____ appear to be key elements in attractiveness.

A) slimness
B) congruence
C) proportions
D) symmetry

Question 42

The mere exposure effect increases liking because _____.

A) it increases proximity
B) familiar objects and people are less threatening than novel ones
C) it promotes similarity of beliefs
D) all of these options

Question 43

Romantic love has been found in _____ cultures.

A) mostly Western
B) few agricultural
C) individualistic, but not in collectivist
D) 147 out of 166

Question 44

Saying that members of another ethnic group "all look alike to me" may be an example of _____.

A) ingroup favoritism
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect
C) outgroup negativism
D) ingroup bias

Question 45

Cross-cultural research on physical attractiveness has found all EXCEPT one of the following.

A) The Chinese once practiced foot binding because small feet were considered attractive in women.
B) Most people show a preference for faces that are average as opposed to "distinct."
C) In most Eastern cultures, men prefer women with power and financial status over beauty.
D) For men, maturity and financial resources are more important than appearance in their ability to attract a mate.

Question 46

The most important factor(s) in maintaining a long-term relationship is (are) _____.

A) physical attractiveness
B) proximity
C) similarity
D) proximity and physical attractiveness

Question 47

This is (These are) the most important factor(s) in interpersonal attraction at the beginning of a relationship.

A) Physical attractiveness
B) Proximity
C) Similarity and proximity
D) Physical attractiveness and proximity

Question 48

Research on the mere exposure effects suggests that we will like a photograph of ourselves better if it is _____, and our friends will prefer our photograph if it is _____.

A) reversed; reversed
B) reversed; not reversed
C) not reversed; reversed
D) not reversed; not reversed

Question 49

Repeated exposure to a negative stimulus will _____.

A) increase attraction for that stimulus
B) decrease dislike for that stimulus
C) decrease attraction for that stimulus
D) have a variable effect, depending on the context

Question 50

In most cultures, the most important attribute in a potential husband is _____.

A) reproductive capability
B) physical attractiveness
C) economic resources and social status
D) youth and aggression

Question 51

Romantic love lasts _____.

A) forever, for a lucky few
B) for less than 6 weeks for most couples
C) for 6-30 months in many cases
D) all of these options

Question 52

Physical attractiveness is important in attraction across cultures because it _____.

A) is so rare
B) indicates good health, good genes, and high fertility
C) is our most obvious characteristic
D) all of these options

Question 53

Proximity is a key factor in attraction, which means that two people need to be _____.

A) close to each other in size, shape, and other physical features
B) matched in personality traits
C) geographically close to each other
D) all of these options

Question 54

The degree of positive feelings you have toward others is called _____.

A) affective relations
B) interpersonal attraction
C) interpersonal attitudes
D) affective connections

Question 55

The economic and political competition explanation for prejudice suggests that people_____ will be more prejudiced.

A) in the lower class
B) in the upper class
C) in the middle class
D) with little political power

Question 56

People will attack an alternate target group rather than the real source of their frustration when the source is either bigger and retaliatory, or ambiguous or unknown. This is the _____ explanation for prejudice.

A) displaced aggression
B) scapegoat
C) outgroup
D) projected frustration

Question 57

This explains why, despite an "ideal" for attractiveness, most of us find mates or partners.

A) Evolutionary psychology
B) The eye of the beholder phenomenon
C) The good-enough hypothesis
D) The matching hypothesis

Question 58

Which of the following principles of social psychology may have made it easier for American soldiers to kill Vietnamese civilians in the 1970s?

A) Outgroup homogeneity
B) Ingroup favoritism
C) Homeostatic similarity
D) Reciprocal dislike

Question 59

A sharing of common interests, values, and beliefs that contributes to long-term attraction is called _____.

A) proximal attitudes
B) similarity
C) homogeneity of liking
D) complementarity

Question 60

This is an intense feeling of attraction to another person with an erotic context with future expectations.

A) Stalking
B) Need complementarity
C) Need compatibility
D) Romantic love

Question 61

Milgram's participants thought they were participating in an experiment to study the effects of _____.

A) obedience to authority
B) arousal on memory
C) punishment on learning
D) electric shock on brain-wave activity

Question 62

The two MAJOR kinds of social influence are _____.

A) lowball and foot-in-the-door
B) persuasion and agreement
C) agreement and disagreement
D) conformity and obedience

Question 63

After the first week at his new school, Gratias had his hair cut the way others were wearing theirs and started tucking in his shirt the way other boys on campus did in order to fit in. This is an example of _____.

A) ingroup favoritism
B) an outgroup wannabe
C) normative social influence
D) gang influence

Question 64

Romantic love : companionate love :: _____.

A) short-term : long-term
B) weaker over time : stronger over time
C) knight and princess : real person
D) all of these options

Question 65

Obedience is BEST defined as following _____.

A) the lead of others
B) a direct command or order
C) group norms
D) directions

Question 66

A cultural rule of behavior that prescribes what is acceptable or unacceptable in a given situation is called a _____.

A) norm
B) motivator
C) behavioral determinant
D) meta-rule

Question 67

According to your text, a MAJOR role of romantic love may be that it _____.

A) insures sexual contact that will pass on your genetic material
B) makes life worth living
C) keeps us attracted long enough to move on to companionate love
D) decreases natural suspicion and animosity between the sexes

Question 68

What are three factors that explain why people conform?

A) Personality, genetics, and learning
B) Motivational level, level of physiological arousal, and level of interpersonal arousal
C) Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference groups
D) Introversion-extroversion, bystander bias, and ingroup-outgroup roles

Question 69

When someone lacks adequate knowledge about how to behave, they often conform to group pressure if the group provides them with direction and information. This is called _____ social influence.

A) normative
B) intellectual
C) educational
D) informational

Question 70

Amorita agrees to party with friends she admires rather than staying home to study even though she'd rather stay home to study. This is an example of _____.

A) the effect of low self-esteem on conformity
B) ingroup social influence
C) desirable social influence
D) how a reference group influences conformity

Question 71

A constructive way to keep romantic love alive longer is through _____.

A) interference by others or situations that frustrate your desires
B) maintaining the mystery by holding back some information
C) nurturing it with flirting, flattery, and celebrations
D) all of these options

Question 72

With regard to the norm for personal space, which of the following persons is MOST likely to break the U.S. norm by standing too close to an American adult?

A) A Scandinavian tourist
B) An American teenager
C) A Mediterranean guest
D) A violent prisoner

Question 73

Lincoln thought he smelled smoke for a second. He looked at others in the classroom and at the teacher. No one seemed concerned, so Lincoln continued taking his test along with his other classmates. This is MOST likely an example of _____.

A) stupidity
B) focused attention
C) informational social influence
D) a need for approval

Question 74

This is the change in behavior due to real or imagined group pressure.

A) Norm compliance
B) Obedience
C) Conformity
D) Mob rule

Question 75

Sometimes people conform because they like and admire a group, and want to be like them. This is the _____ explanation for conformity.

A) need for approval
B) reciprocity of liking
C) reference group
D) foot-in-the-door

Question 76

Compared to Milgram's original study, when did obedience INCREASE?

A) When orders were given by an ordinary person
B) When the teacher chose the shock level
C) When the teacher watched two others disobey
D) When the teacher read a list of words while another delivered the shock

Question 77

When someone has a need for approval and acceptance by a group, they often conform to the norms set by that group. This is called _____ social influence.

A) normative
B) desirable
C) ingroup
D) informational

Question 78

A constructive way to maintain companionate love is to _____.

A) be realistic about each other's faults
B) overlook each other's faults
C) point out each other's faults
D) overlook your partner's faults; point out your own

Question 79

In the classic Asch study of conformity, _____ of the subjects conformed and agreed with obviously incorrect choices made by other group members.

A) less than 10 percent
B) about one-quarter
C) more than one-third
D) more than 50 percent

Question 80

A strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship is called _____.

A) companionate love
B) intimate love
C) passionate love
D) all of these options