Deck 17: Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Question 1

The Hawthorne effect was discovered in a study of the relationship between _____.

A) managers and workers
B) lighting and worker efficiency
C) Army recruits and mental ability
D) product placement and sales

Answer 1

lighting and worker efficiency

Question 2

Which of the following is (are) one of Frederick W. Taylor's principles for increasing organizational efficiency and profitability?

A) Use science to design more efficient work methods
B) Imitate strategies of successful companies
C) Build competition between managers and workers
D) Building loyalty between producers and suppliers

Answer 2

Use science to design more efficient work methods

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT a suggestion of Walter Dill Scott for market improvement?

A) Imitating the strategies of successful companies
B) Encouraging competition among companies with similar goods and services
C) Building loyalty between producers and suppliers
D) Maintaining production of general rather than specialized products

Answer 3

Maintaining production of general rather than specialized products

Question 4

_____ psychology is concerned with the development and application of scientific principles to the workplace.

A) Industrial
B) Organizational
C) Industrial/Organizational
D) Business

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describes the field of industrial/organizational psychology?

A) It is a field that does basic research on the skills (memory, perception, etc.) needed for most jobs.
B) It is an applied field of psychology concerned with the development and application of scientific principles to the workplace.
C) It is a field dedicated to helping underprivileged countries develop lucrative industries.
D) It is a field that is confined to performing applied research on labor-management issues.

Question 6

In the famous Hawthorne Works study, researchers found an increase in productivity that was due to _____.

A) increased lighting in the workplace
B) decreased lighting in the workplace
C) the novelty of being researched and worker knowledge of being observed
D) scientifically planning the timing of breaks

Question 7

The first major figure in I/O psychology was Walter Dill Scott, who proposed that psychological principles could be applied to the field of _____.

A) industry
B) advertising
C) government
D) engineering

Question 8

If you were interested in solving problems in the workplace, you might enjoy a career as a(n)_____ psychologist.

A) applied/social
B) social/environmental
C) industrial/organizational
D) clinical/counseling

Question 9

Robert Yerkes helped I/O psychology gain respectability by proposing that psychological testing be used to _____.

A) select and hire employees
B) promote managers
C) evaluate the mental abilities of Army recruits
D) all of these options

Question 10

Army Alpha refers to ______.

A) the first army battalion to be racially integrated.
B) the theory that leaders are born, not made.
C) the first test to measure the need for power developed during WWII.
D) the first group intelligence test developed during WWI.

Question 11

The _____ occurs when research participants change their behavior because they know they are being observed

A) halo error
B) observational bias
C) Hawthorne effect
D) spectator bias

Question 12

I/O Psychology was an established force in the workplace by:

A) WWI
B) the beginning of WWII
C) the end of WWII
D) 1964

Question 13

Organizational psychology deals with _____.

A) the employee within the social context of the workplace
B) leadership and power
C) worker motivation and satisfactions
D) all of these options

Question 14

Industrial psychology deals with _____.

A) personnel issues
B) job design
C) a management perspective
D) all of these options

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an area of focus for I/O psychologists?

A) Job design
B) Vacation locations and retirement options for workers
C) Recruitment, testing, training, and evaluation of workers
D) Leadership style, worker motivation, and job satisfaction

Question 16

Hugo Munsterberg applied psychology to the workplace in all EXCEPT which of the following areas?

A) Selecting workers
B) Building loyalty
C) Training procedures
D) A and c only

Question 17

According to your text, the MAJOR contribution of the Hawthorne studies was the discovery that workers' behavior was _____.

A) influenced by the physical setting
B) influenced by social factors in the workplace
C) directly related to individualized training
D) indirectly related to the manager's leadership style

Question 18

A major component of industrial psychology is to find _____.

A) "a needle in a haystack"
B) "the meaning" of work
C) Waldo
D) "the right person for the right job"

Question 19

A detailed description of the skills, knowledge, and abilities required by a particular job is called a(n) _____.

A) job analysis
B) job description
C) itemized task inventory
D) differential skills description

Question 20

Which of the following was mandated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A) Recruiting practices and training have to be fair to all job applicants.
B) Screening tests for job applicants have to be valid predictors of job performance.
C) Jobs that had been previously reserved for white males now must be open to ethnic minorities and women.
D) All of these options

Question 21

A problem with subjective evaluations is the _____, which is the tendency to rate someone either too high or too low based on one outstanding trait.

A) subjective bias
B) halo error
C) exceptional bias
D) evaluation heuristic

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT associated with job interview nervousness?

A) The "first date" syndrome
B) The "one-down" position
C) Concerns about first impressions that cannot be changed
D) The halo error

Question 23

In a "360-degree" performance measure, evaluations are included from _____.

A) supervisors
B) peers
C) subordinates
D) all of the above

Question 24

The formal procedure an organization uses to assess the job performance of employees is known as _____.

A) job analysis
B) the Hawthorne effect
C) performance evaluation
D) knowledge and skills evaluation

Question 25

Biodata refers to _____.

A) biological rhythms used to chart employee productivity
B) biological screening for potentially costly employee health problems
C) interview records collected by I/O psychologists
D) detailed biographical information

Question 26

A group's shared pattern of thought and action is known as _____.

A) the organizational culture
B) personality-job-fit theory
C) the Hawthorne effect
D) the organizational structure

Question 27

Successful job applicants are usually _____ during an interview.

A) punctual, motivated, and extroverted
B) well-dressed, humorous, and informed
C) friendly, eager, and assertive
D) formal, informed, and verbose

Question 28

Which of the following is illustrative of an organizational culture?

A) McKing's Burger Joint expects its employees to share in the promotion of its friendly dining atmosphere.
B) Sunny Manufacturers is open from 9 to 5, Monday through Friday.
C) The Department of Traffic Regulations requires its director to have a graduate degree.
D) all of these options

Question 29

Which of the following was NOT a suggestion in your text for improving your interviewing skills?

A) Learn about the history and size of the company
B) Practice role-playing an interviewer
C) Try to make friends with the interviewer
D) Demonstrate eagerness and assertiveness

Question 30

Which of the following is a subjective performance evaluation?

A) Ivan met his sales quota for the month.
B) Kevin made ten more cold-calls than were required during this evaluation cycle.
C) Beatrice's multisource measures showed customer, colleague, and management satisfaction with her performance.
D) Ozelle sorted the exact number of mail trays specified in her probationary employment agreement.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT associated with better employee performance?

A) Constructive criticism
B) Bonuses for being an employee of the company
C) Performance evaluations
D) Reinforcement closely related to job performance

Question 32

The most popular selection device when looking for a qualified job candidate is _____.

A) a job application
B) standardized psychological testing
C) an interview
D) a skills or performance test

Question 33

Personnel recruitment begins with _____.

A) advertising
B) candidate screening
C) a job analysis
D) management requirements

Question 34

If an employer used the number of cases won by a lawyer as part of his or her performance evaluation, this would be an example of _____.

A) the halo error
B) an objective measure
C) a 360-degree multisource measure
D) a subjective measure

Question 35

A supervisor gives the salesman with the most sales a "below standards" sales evaluation just because the salesman is late to work three times a week. Based on this information, this is an example of _____.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) the halo error
D) an evaluation heuristic

Question 36

Which of the following is an objective performance evaluation?

A) Ivan received a moderate rating from his supervisor.
B) Keenan obtained a top rating from his peers.
C) Beatrice sold fewer widgets than any of her peers.
D) Ozelle was voted most likely to succeed in his college yearbook.

Question 37

To decrease the problem of rater bias, a 360-degree performance measure _____.

A) uses circular reasoning
B) is conducted 360 days per year
C) uses multiple sources of performance measures
D) none of these options

Question 38

A company orientation _____.

A) is mandated by law
B) reduces employer liability for dissatisfied workers
C) teaches new employees about important attitudes and norms
D) all of these options

Question 39

A(n) _____ is a better predictor of job qualifications than a(n) _____.

A) structured interview; unstructured interview
B) unstructured interview; standardized psychological test
C) standardized psychological test; skills or performance test
D) job application; structured or unstructured interview

Question 40

Training employees:

A) helps workers gain knowledge for the job
B) helps workers gain skills for the job
C) helps reduce stress
D) all of the above

Question 41

A Theory _____ manger believes that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be prodded to perform.

A) DUD
B) X
C) BAD
D) LAZ-Y

Question 42

Recent findings suggest that the _____ dimensions of personality are associated with leadership.

A) OCEAN
B) BEACH
C) GPT
D) XYZ

Question 43

Presidential effectiveness has been linked to _____.

A) task effectiveness
B) participant leadership
C) democratic leadership
D) charisma

Question 44

The belief that leadership results from specific inherited personality traits is known as the _____ theory.

A) natural born leader
B) instinctive leadership
C) trait
D) XYZ

Question 45

A Theory _____ manager believes that employees like to work, are industrious, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.

A) ABC
B) XYZ
C) X
D) Y

Question 46

When groups meet to complete a task or reach a particular goal, they need someone to keep the group focused on the problem or question. The person that performs these functions would be considered a __________ leader.

A) task-oriented
B) relationship-oriented
C) laissez-faire
D) autocratic

Question 47

___________ managers believe employees dislike work, require close supervision, and need extrinsic motivation.

A) Theory Y
B) Theory C
C) Theory X
D) Theory Z

Question 48

A(n) _____ leader emerges during times of crisis, makes all decisions, assigns tasks, and demands full obedience.

A) Theory Z
B) participative
C) Theory Y
D) autocratic

Question 49

_____________ leadership helps to maintain group morale, satisfaction, and motivation.

A) Relationship-oriented
B) Task-oriented
C) Autocratic
D) Democratic

Question 50

Douglas McGregor is associated with which of the following theories?

A) Theory X and Theory Y
B) Theory Y and Theory Z
C) Theory XYZ
D) none of these options

Question 51

The branch of I/O psychology that focuses on the individual employee within the social context of the workplace is known as _____ psychology.

A) industrial
B) organizational
C) managerial
D) worker

Question 52

One way to decrease the problem of rater bias is to use a specially designed scale that assigns a numerical rating for _____.

A) essential behaviors rather than specific traits
B) supervisor effectiveness rather than employee production
C) specific traits rather than general ones
D) departmental objectives rather than individual objectives

Question 53

_____ leaders possess a compelling vision that transforms followers' beliefs, values, or goals.

A) Formal
B) Informal
C) Charismatic
D) Self-actualized

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major perspectives attempting to explain leadership?

A) Charismatic
B) Trait
C) Situational
D) Functional

Question 55

The major drawback to the laissez-faire approach to leadership is that some workers ______________.

A) are not motivated
B) abuse freedom
C) need heavy supervision
D) need constant direction

Question 56

A(n) _____ leader encourages group discussion and decision-making through consensus building.

A) democratic
B) Theory X
C) authoritarian
D) all of these options

Question 57

This is NOT identified as a trait associated with charismatic leaders.

A) Self-sacrifice
B) Formal communication
C) A stirring personality style
D) A stirring vision

Question 58

This is NOT one of the areas of interest in organizational psychology.

A) Leadership and power
B) Worker personality
C) Job satisfaction
D) Worker motivation

Question 59

_______________ is assessed using three perspectives: trait, situational, and functional.

A) Manipulation
B) Persuasion
C) Power
D) Leadership

Question 60

Which of the following persons was NOT charismatic?

A) Martin Luther King
B) Winston Churchill
C) Adolph Hitler
D) All of these persons were charismatic

Question 61

If you were a Theory X manager you might do which of the following with your employees?

A) Supervise employees closely
B) Provide bonuses and commissions to motivate workers
C) Assume they dislike working
D) All of these options

Question 62

A _____ leader is minimally involved in decision-making and encourages workers to make their own decisions and manage themselves.

A) democratic
B) participative
C) laissez-faire
D) all of these options

Question 63

___________ power is the ability to use punishment, or threat of it, for failure to comply with desired behavior.

A) Reward
B) Expert
C) Coercive
D) Expert.

Question 64

Studies have shown that _____ leadership increases both efficiency and job satisfaction.

A) laissez-faire
B) Theory Y
C) Theory X
D) autocratic

Question 65

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) Legitimate power: police officer
B) Expert power: president
C) Referent power: movie star
D) Reward power: bonuses

Question 66

George is the supervisor of a large software company. He believes in hiring the right people, then generally leaves them alone to do their job. His style of leadership is called _____.

A) democratic
B) autocratic
C) relationship-oriented
D)laissez-faire

Question 67

A leader who helps maintain group morale, satisfaction, and motivation is _____.

A) functional
B) democratic
C) relationship-oriented
D) participative

Question 68

The _____ approach to leadership suggests that a leader is task-oriented or relationship-oriented depending on the needs of the group.

A) flexible
B) functional
C) laissez-faire
D) task-oriented

Question 69

Managers who believe that setting specific and difficult but attainable goals leads to higher performance subscribe to the _____ theory.

A) expectancy
B) task-oriented
C) complex objectives
D) equity

Question 70

Identification with others, such as movie stars, athletes, or friends, is the basis for _____ power.

A) reward
B) referent
C) expert
D) superficial

Question 71

_____ power is based on experience.

A) Legitimate
B) Referent
C) Authoritative
D) Expert

Question 72

A leader who keeps the group focused on reaching a particular goal is _____.

A) autocratic
B) task-oriented
C) problem-focused
D) solution-oriented

Question 73

Edsel worked more overtime than any other autoworker, but received less pay than others doing the same job. According to equity theory, which of the following will result in a happy Edsel?

A) Edsel will have to change his psychological perceptions of his situation
B) Edsel's company will have to pay Edsel what it pays the other workers
C) Edsel will have to stop working overtime
D) any of these options

Question 74

When a work group is unhappy and feels out of control, the best leadership style to take would be _____.

A) laissez-faire
B) participative
C) relationship-oriented
D) task-oriented

Question 75

"Common sense" would suggest female leaders are more likely to be relationship-oriented and male leaders, task-oriented. Research suggests _____.

A) there are large, significant gender differences that support commonsense
B) within gender differences are substantially less than between gender differences
C) gender differences are less noticeable at higher levels of management
D) all of these options

Question 76

Cheyenne works at Wonderland College. Wonderland follows a strict chain of command structure. This type of structure is an example of:

A) formal leadership
B) informal leadership
C) trait leadership
D) functional leadership

Question 77

A teacher's power to grade, a supervisor's power to promote, and a parent's power to praise are all examples of _____ power.

A) coercive
B) legitimate
C) reward
D) referent

Question 78

When a parent "grounds" a teenager or a police officer gives a ticket, they are using their _____ power.

A) legitimate
B) coercive
C) referent
D) relationship

Question 79

Legitimate power is based on _____.

A) the ability to reward desired behavior
B) the ability to punish undesirable behavior
C) the credibility of a job title
D) experience and expertise

Question 80

This is NOT one of French and Raven's bases of leader power.

A) Referent
B) Autocratic
C) Legitimate
D) Reward