Deck 15: Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

A) Rate of metabolism
B) Ion regulation
C) Blood glucose levels
D) Muscle contraction

Answer 1

Muscle contraction

Question 2

Which of the following is/are regulatory functions of the endocrine system?

A) Tissue maturation
B) Water balance
C) Heart rate and blood pressure
D) Reproductive functions
E) All of the choices are regulatory functions

Answer 2

All of the choices are regulatory functions

Question 3

Which endocrine gland is NOT found in the cranial cavity?

A) Pineal gland
B) Thyroid gland
C) Hypothalamus
D) Pituitary gland

Answer 3

Thyroid gland

Question 4

Which endocrine gland in NOT found in the neck or chest?

A) Pineal gland
B) Parathyroid glands
C) Thymus
D) Thyroid gland

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of the endocrine system?

A) The glands are ductless
B) Produce chemical signals called hormones
C) There are 12 major endocrine glands in a male
D) Hormones influence tissues some distance from the gland that produces them

Question 6

Hormones act as amplitude-modulated signals, which means that the strength of the signal depends on

A) The frequency of the action potential
B) The concentration of the chemical
C) How long the chemical is released
D) None of the choices is correct

Question 7

A hormone is traditionally described as a ligand that

A) Is produced in varying amounts by collections of cells
B) Enters interstitial fluid and/or blood and transported some distance
C) Acts on specific tissues called target tissues
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 8

The secretion of hormones is mainly controlled by

A) Negative-feedback mechanisms
B) Positive-feedback mechanisms
C) Neural-feedback mechanisms

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a method of regulating hormone secretion?

A) Nervous system
B) Blood levels of chemicals
C) Enzymes
D) Other hormones

Question 10

Which method of secretion control is being employed when high blood calcium levels cause the secretion of calcitonin?

A) Nervous system
B) Blood levels of chemicals
C) Enzymes
D) Other hormones

Question 11

Which method of secretion control is being employed when adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones?

A) Nervous system
B) Blood levels of chemicals
C) Enzymes
D) Other hormones

Question 12

What type of hormone will generally be bound to binding proteins?

A) Lipid-soluble
B) Water-soluble
C) Protein
D) Epinephrine

Question 13

The tendency for each type of hormone to one type of receptor and not to others is called

A) Agonism
B) Antagonism
C) Specificity
D) Complementarity

Question 14

A drug that binds to a hormone receptor and activates it is called a/an

A) Complement
B) Agonist
C) Antagonist
D) Binding protein

Question 15

Hormone receptors on the plasma membrane are called

A) Extracellular receptors
B) Intracellular receptors
C) Membrane-bound receptors
D) Integral receptors

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a hormone type that binds to a membrane-bound receptor?

A) Steroids
B) Proteins
C) Epinephrine
D) Water-soluble

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a hormone that binds to an intracellular receptor?

A) Thyroid hormone
B) Cortisol
C) Progesterone
D) Glycoproteins

Question 18

What is the correct sequence of events when a hormone binds to its membrane-bound receptor?
G protein binds to the altered receptor
G protein separates from the receptor
GTP replaces GDP on the $\alpha$ subunit
The $\alpha$ subunit separates from the $\beta$ and $\gamma$ subunits
The receptor is altered

A) 1,2,3,4,5
B) 5,1,3,2,4
C) 2,4,3,5,1
D) 5,4,3,2,1

Question 19

After the $\alpha$ subunit of the G protein separates from the other subunits, it can

A) Combine with ion channels to open or close them
B) Change the activity of enzymes inside the cell
C) Activate specific genes and make mRNA
D) Choices A and B are both correct

Question 20

Which unit of the G protein, when activated, will cause changes to occur inside the cell?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Delta
D) Gamma

Question 21

Which of the following are NOT intracellular mediators that are activated by the $\alpha$ subunit of a G protein?

A) Calcium ions
B) CAMP
C) DAG
D) MRNA

Question 22

What must be bound to the $\alpha$ subunit of a G protein to activate it?

A) Guanine diphosphate
B) Guanine triphosphate
C) Calmodulin
D) Adenosine triphosphate

Question 23

What is the role of protein kinases in hormone action?

A) Inhibit synthesis of intracellular mediators
B) Remove phosphates from other enzymes
C) Attach phosphates to other enzymes
D) Open calcium channels

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an example of a hormone directly activating an existing enzyme?

A) Insulin
B) Growth hormone
C) Prolactin
D) Thyroxine

Question 25

Place the steps involved with intracellular hormone receptors in order. mRNA passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Lipid-soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane
MRNA directs protein synthesis at the ribosomes
Hormone binds to its receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA
DNA produces mRNA

A) 2,4,6,1,3,5
B) 2,4,5,6,1,3
C) 4,2,6,1,3,5
D) 5,1,3,6,2,4

Question 26

What structure regulates the activity of the pituitary gland?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Pons
C) Cerebrum
D) Thalamus

Question 27

What structure physically connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A) Intermediate mass of thalamus
B) Brain stem
C) Infundibulum
D) Mammillary bodies

Question 28

What is carried by neurons of the hypothalamohypophysial tract?

A) Hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland
B) Neurotransmitters to the posterior pituitary gland
C) Hypothalamic hormones to the posterior pituitary gland
D) Releasing hormones to the posterior pituitary gland

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT true about antidiuretic hormone?

A) Prevents the release of large volumes of urine
B) Binds to membrane-bound receptors
C) Target is the urinary bladder
D) Also called vasopressin because it can constrict blood vessels

Question 30

Which of the following is(are) the function(s) of oxytocin?

A) Causes contraction of uterine muscles
B) Initiates the production of milk
C) Causes the let-down of milk
D) Both A and B are correct
E) Both A and C are correct

Question 31

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A) Growth hormone
B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) Oxytocin
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 32

Which anterior pituitary hormone is NOT involved with the reproductive system?

A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone
C) Prolactin
D) Luteinizing hormone

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a function of growth hormone?

A) Stimulates the growth of tissues and bones
B) Increases the movement of amino acids into cells for protein synthesis
C) Increases lipolysis
D) Decreases the formation of glucose in the liver

Question 34

An abnormal increase in height due to an excess of growth hormone during the growing years is

A) Pituitary dwarfism
B) Acromegaly
C) Pituitary gigantism
D) Achondroplasia

Question 35

An increase of GH in adults that causes bone growth in the face and hands is

A) Pituitary dwarfism
B) Acromegaly
C) Pituitary gigantism
D) Achondroplasia

Question 36

An abnormally small person with normal body proportions is a result of

A) Thyroid hormone deficiency during growth years
B) Growth hormone deficiency as an adult
C) Thyroid hormone deficiency as an adult
D) Growth hormone deficiency during growth years

Question 37

What is the function of somatomedins?

A) Stimulating the growth of cartilage, bone and muscle
B) Increases the production of glucose in the liver
C) Decreases protein synthesis in muscles
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 38

A thyroid follicle contains

A) Calcitonin
B) Gamma globulin
C) Thyroglobulin
D) Calcium

Question 39

What is produced by parafollicular cells?

A) Calcitonin
B) Iodine
C) Thyroglobulin
D) Calcium

Question 40

Ninety percent of thyroid gland secretion is

A) Calcitonin
B) Thyroxine
C) Triiodothyronine
D) Tetraiodothyronine

Question 41

What element is needed to synthesize thyroid hormones?

A) Calcium
B) Sodium
C) Chlorine
D) Iodine

Question 42

What substance stimulates the production and release of thyroid hormone?

A) Growth hormone
B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) Insulin
D) Calcium

Question 43

What amino acid binds to iodine in the thyroglobulin molecule?

A) Proline
B) Phenylalanine
C) Tyrosine
D) Lysine

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormone?

A) Increase metabolism
B) Increase normal growth and development
C) Decrease the number and activity of mitochondria
D) Increase body temperature

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT true about regulation of thyroid hormone?

A) Stress will increase TRH secretion
B) Both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary regulate secretion
C) Regulation is through negative-feedback mechanisms
D) Decrease in TSH will decrease thyroid hormone production

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT true of hypothyroidism?

A) Can be caused by low TSH or low iodine
B) Metabolic rate increases
C) Increased body weight, constipation and drowsiness
D) Myxedema or face swelling can occur

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT true of hyperthyroidism?

A) May result in a goiter and exophthalmos
B) May be caused by an autoimmune disease
C) May cause decreased muscle tone and hypoactivity
D) A thyroid storm may occur with a sudden release of thyroid hormone

Question 48

As blood calcium levels increase,

A) Parathyroid hormone is released
B) Calcitonin is released
C) Vitamin D is released
D) Calcitonin released is inhibited

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a role related to parathyroid hormone function?

A) Increases action of osteoclasts in bone to release calcium into the blood
B) Increases the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys to reduce calcium loss in urine
C) Increases the formation a active vitamin C to increase calcium absorption in the intestines
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 50

Which of the following may be a result of hyperparathyroidism?

A) Fatigue and muscle weakness
B) Kidney stones
C) Soft bones
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the adrenal cortex?

A) Zona medullary
B) Zona fasciculata
C) Zona glomerulosa
D) Zona reticularis

Question 52

What hormone is released from the adrenal medulla?

A) Aldosterone
B) Cortisol
C) Epinephrine
D) Androgens

Question 53

The effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine include all of the following except

A) Increased breakdown of glycogen into glucose
B) Increased heart rate and blood pressure
C) Increased metabolic rate
D) Vasodilation of visceral blood vessels and vasoconstriction of heart and skeletal muscle blood vessels

Question 54

The release of adrenal medulla hormones occurs in response to

A) Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
C) Stimulation from sympathetic neurons
D) Stimulation from parasympathetic neurons

Question 55

Aldosterone

A) Is released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
B) Increases Na⁺ reabsorption and therefore, water reabsorption in the kidneys
C) Increases K⁺ and H⁺ excretion into the urine
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 56

The release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is controlled by

A) Releasing hormones from the thalamus
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
C) Stimulation from sympathetic neurons
D) Stimulation from parasympathetic neurons

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic function of cortisol?

A) Increases the production of glucose from fats
B) Increases blood glucose levels
C) Decreases inflammation
D) Increases the production of glucose from proteins such as skeletal muscle

Question 58

Which disease results from hyposecretion of both aldosterone and cortisol?

A) Addison disease
B) Graves disease
C) Cushing syndrome
D) Myxedema

Question 59

All of the following are symptoms of Addison disease except

A) Hyponatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Decreased urine production
D) Acidosis

Question 60

Which disease results from hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones?

A) Addison disease
B) Graves disease
C) Cushing syndrome
D) Myxedema

Question 61

A tell-tail sign of Cushing syndrome is

A) Fat accumulation in the face, neck and trunk
B) Exophthalmos
C) Goiter
D) Increased skin pigmentation

Question 62

All of the following are symptoms of aldosteronism except

A) Alkalosis
B) Low blood pressure
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypokalemia

Question 63

Androgens are produced in the adrenal cortex by the

A) Zona medullary
B) Zona fasciculata
C) Zona glomerulosa
D) Zona reticularis

Question 64

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is made up of

A) The pancreatic islets
B) Acini
C) Alpha cells
D) Beta cells

Question 65

What is the action of insulin on blood glucose levels?

A) Increases blood glucose levels
B) Decreases blood glucose levels
C) Has no effect on blood glucose levels

Question 66

What are the target tissues of insulin?

A) Skeletal muscles
B) Liver
C) Adipose tissue
D) Satiety center of the hypothalamus
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 67

All of the following are actions that result in an increase in blood insulin levels except

A) Increased secretion of hormones associated with digestion
B) Increased blood glucose levels
C) Increased epinephrine levels
D) Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the acini of the pancreas

Question 68

All of the following are actions that result in a decrease in blood insulin levels except

A) Increased sympathetic stimulation of the pancreas during exercise
B) Increased levels of gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin
C) Increased epinephrine levels
D) Decreased blood glucose

Question 69

All of the following cause a decrease in blood glucose levels except

A) The liver converting fatty acids into ketones
B) Adipose tissue uses glucose to make triglycerides
C) The liver and skeletal muscles store glucose as glycogen
D) Increased tissue uptake of glucose

Question 70

Glucagon causes the liver to

A) Convert glucose into glycogen
B) Convert glycogen into glucose
C) Convert glycogen into ketones
D) Convert glucose into amino acids

Question 71

Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from

A) Insulin resistance
B) Pregnancy
C) Viral infection
D) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
E) Both viral infection and autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Question 72

Which of the following symptoms of diabetes mellitus is NOT matched correctly?

A) Hyperglycemia - high blood glucose
B) Polyuria - increased urine volume
C) Polydipsia - increased glucose in the urine
D) Polyphagia - increased hunger

Question 73

Diabetic ketoacidosis includes all of the following except

A) Very acidic blood pH
B) Excess ketone bodies in the blood
C) High blood glucose levels
D) Low glucagon and epinephrine levels

Question 74

Long-term affects of diabetes mellitus include

A) Retinal damage leading to blindness
B) Kidney damage leading to kidney failure
C) Nervous system impairments
D) Increased atherosclerosis leading to heart disease
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 75

During exercise, what hormones ensure that the brain and skeletal muscles have enough energy?

A) Epinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone
B) Insulin, thyroid hormone, cortisol, epinephrine
C) Growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, testosterone
D) Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol

Question 76

Right after a meal, what hormone(s) decrease in levels?

A) Insulin
B) Epinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone
C) Insulin, thyroid hormone, cortisol, epinephrine
D) None of the choices is correct

Question 77

What is the major hormone secreted by the testes?

A) Gonadotropic hormone
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone

Question 78

Progesterone and estrogen are produced by the

A) Uterus
B) Ovaries
C) Vagina
D) Breasts

Question 79

What gland produces melatonin?

A) Anterior pituitary gland
B) Hypothalamus
C) Pineal body
D) Skin glands

Question 80

Which of the following are NOT possible effects of melatonin?

A) Onset of puberty
B) Sleep-wake cycles
C) Development of reproductive structures
D) Darkening of the skin