Deck 7: Deviance, Crime, And The Criminal Justice System

Question 1

Which of the following is a major source of crime statistics?

A) telephone surveys
B) teacher surveys
C) political surveys
D) online polls
E) victimization surveys

Answer 1

E

Question 2

A/n _____ is a negative label that devalues a person and disqualifies him/her from full social acceptance.

A) harm
B) injurious
C) stigma
D) social control
E) norm

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Victimless crimes include

A) drug use and prostitution.
B) arson and burglary.
C) child pornography and kidnapping.
D) homicide and manslaughter.
E) assault and battery.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Crime differs from deviance because crime

A) is always more serious than deviance.
B) is always less serious than deviance.
C) involves a larger share of the population.
D) violates written laws.
E) violates rules that are deemed immoral.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about crime and arrests is true?

A) There are more arrests for victimless crimes than for property crimes.
B) There are more arrests for property crimes than for violent crimes.
C) There are more arrests for violent crimes than for victimless crimes.
D) There are more arrests for violent crimes than for property crimes.
E) There are more arrests for victimless crimes than for violent crimes.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about deviance is incorrect?

A) Deviance can be a trait, belief, or behavior.
B) Deviance does not vary across societies.
C) Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas.
D) Deviance can be both formal and informal.
E) Perceptions of deviance can change over time.

Question 7

Which of the following is a shortcoming of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

A) It does not include corporate crimes, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
B) It includes victimless crimes.
C) It includes crimes not reported to the police.
D) It does not include racial bias.
E) It includes gender bias.

Question 8

_____ deviance is behavior that violates laws; _____ deviance is behavior that breaks customary practices.

A) Formal; informal
B) Informal; formal
C) Primary; secondary
D) Secondary; primary
E) Formal; secondary

Question 9

People _____________ constitute a majority of those arrested.

A) age 12-15
B) age 18 and under
C) age 40 and older
D) aged 29 and younger
E) age 30 and older

Question 10

Which of the following is most likely to be the victim of a crime?

A) an 18-year-old white woman who lives in the college dorms
B) a 24-year-old African American man who lives just outside of the industrial park downtown
C) a 32-year old white man who lives just outside of the industrial park downtown
D) a 40-year-old African American man who lives in the suburbs
E) a 70-year-old African American woman who lives by herself in the suburbs

Question 11

_____ refer(s)to the technique and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society.

A) Sanctions
B) Social control
C) Strain
D) Anomie
E) Labeling

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding deviance?

A) Deviance is not universal.
B) Deviance is universal, and the characteristics don't vary.
C) Deviance is universal, but the characteristics may vary across time.
D) Deviance is universal, but the characteristics may vary across cultures.
E) Deviance is universal, but the characteristics may vary across time, group, and societies.

Question 13

Bryan's mother taught him to be kind and honest.When faced with the opportunity for dishonesty,Bryan remembered his mother's words and was honest.Bryan's behavior illustrates

A) informal social controls.
B) formal social controls.
C) internal social controls.
D) external social controls.
E) positive social controls.

Question 14

Which one of the following about the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)is false?

A) It is based on interviews.
B) It offers a more accurate picture of crimes than the UCR.
C) It has a low response rate.
D) It gathers information on crimes that are and are not reported to the police.
E) It has a high response rate.

Question 15

The FBI's __________ includes crimes which have been reported to the police.

A) database
B) Uniform Crime Report
C) National Crime Victimization Survey
D) Standardized Arrest Report
E) United State's Police Report Data

Question 16

__________ refers to techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in a society.

A) Crime
B) Strain theory
C) Social control
D) Rational control
E) Anomie

Question 17

_____ is behavior that violates expected rules or norms.

A) Crime
B) Deviance
C) Stigma
D) Social control
E) Sanction

Question 18

As age increases,the odds of being a victim of a crime _____ and the likelihood of engaging in crime _____.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases
E) remains steady; increases

Question 19

_________ social controls come from our childhood socialization.

A) Informal
B) Formal
C) Positive
D) Negative
E) Individual

Question 20

Men are ________ likely to be the victim of a homicide,robbery,or aggravated assault than women.

A) more
B) less
C) slightly less
D) five times more
E) equally

Question 21

Harold started using drugs when he was 17.By the time Harold turned 20 he was living on the streets.According to Merton,Henry is a/n

A) conformist.
B) innovator.
C) ritualist.
D) retreatist.
E) rebel.

Question 22

Completing college,working hard,and making sacrifices are examples of Merton's

A) institutionalized goals.
B) institutionalized means.
C) cultural strain.
D) cultural means.
E) cultural goals.

Question 23

When Damion was 16,his family moved from Germany to the United States.In Germany,the legal drinking age was 16,but in the United States it is 21.Damion was confused by these differing rules and experienced

A) sanctioning.
B) anomie.
C) social control.
D) deviance.
E) strain.

Question 24

Henry's family was unable to pay their bills last month.He wanted the best for his family,but had a low-paying job.To "earn" some extra cash,be began selling fraudulent tickets at the Civic Center.According to Merton,Henry is a/n

A) conformist.
B) innovator.
C) ritualist.
D) retreatist.
E) rebel.

Question 25

Your sociology professor and college dean are examples of people who have a strong effect on your

A) informal social controls.
B) formal social controls.
C) internal social controls.
D) external social controls.
E) positive social controls.

Question 26

The majority of people respond to blocked institutionalized means through which of Merton's modes of adaptation?

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) ritualism
D) retreatism
E) rebellion

Question 27

According to Merton,Americans are taught to strive towards the "American Dream" of economic success.He called these aspirations

A) institutionalized goals.
B) institutionalized means.
C) cultural strain.
D) cultural means.
E) cultural goals.

Question 28

Crime and deviance are dysfunctional when they

A) dissolve tensions and insecurity.
B) erode trust in personal and formal relationships.
C) increase confidence in institutions.
D) create trust in personal relationships.
E) provide temporary safety valves.

Question 29

_____ refers to a situation in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent,conflicting,or confusing social norms.

A) Sanction
B) Anomie
C) Social control
D) Deviance
E) Strain

Question 30

Which one of these statements about functionalist theories on deviance and crime is false?

A) They overlook the fact that not every American sees financial success as a major goal in life.
B) They don't explain why women's crime rates are much lower than men's.
C) They ignore the role of social structure in explaining deviance and crime.
D) They don't explain crimes of passion and rage.
E) They typically focus on street crimes rather than white-collar crimes.

Question 31

Hank lives in northern Michigan and participates in a paramilitary group.They oppose the federal government and plan to replace it with their own form of government.According to Merton,Hank is a/n

A) conformist.
B) innovator.
C) ritualist.
D) retreatist.
E) rebel.

Question 32

Durkheim introduced the term anomie,but _____ elaborated on the concept to explain how social structure can create deviance.

A) Sutherland
B) Bogel
C) Merton
D) Becker
E) Lembert

Question 33

_______ believe that crime occurs when people experience blocked opportunities like the culturally approved goal of economic success.

A) Functionalists
B) Conflict theorists
C) Feminist theorists
D) Symbolic interactionists
E) Criminologists

Question 34

According to Merton,U.S society emphasizes ______ to achieve economic success.

A) institutionalized goals.
B) institutionalized means.
C) cultural strain.
D) cultural means.
E) cultural goals.

Question 35

Sanctions are

A) endorsements of certain behaviors.
B) forms of conformity that are written into law.
C) inconsistent forms of punishment.
D) rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm.
E) illegal activities conducted online.

Question 36

Heather has been teaching for 25 years at the local junior high school.She does not care about a big pay check and has stopped caring about the success of her students.Heather is just doing enough to make it to retirement.According to Merton,Heather is a/n

A) conformist.
B) innovator.
C) ritualist.
D) retreatist.
E) rebel.

Question 37

_____ ask why some deviant acts are defined as criminal while others are not.

A) Functionalists
B) Conflict theorists
C) Feminist theorists
D) Symbolic interactionists
E) Strain theorists

Question 38

As a child,Jeanne was constantly punished by her parents for not following directions and for disobeying the house rules.Jeanne experienced

A) informal social controls.
B) formal social controls.
C) external sanctions.
D) positive sanctions.
E) negative sanctions.

Question 39

Crime and deviance are functional when they

A) affirm cultural norms and values.
B) erode trust in personal and formal relationships.
C) create tension and insecurity.
D) are costly.
E) damage confidence in institutions.

Question 40

Larry completed a project at work two days earlier than he originally planned.Larry's boss congratulated him and his co-workers gave him "high fives" when they saw him.Larry was experiencing

A) informal social controls.
B) formal social controls.
C) external sanctions.
D) positive sanctions.
E) negative sanctions.

Question 41

"What you're raised with you grow to become." This statement exemplifies which symbolic interaction perspective?

A) differential association
B) labeling
C) strain
D) crime control
E) conflict

Question 42

Which of the following is not a weakness of the conflict perspectives on deviance and crime?

A) Conflict theory exaggerates the importance of capitalism.
B) Conflict theory deemphasizes the crimes committed by low-income people.
C) Conflict theory ignores the ways that deviance and crime are functional for society.
D) Conflict theory ignores the linkages between power and social class.
E) Conflict theory usually focuses on men.

Question 43

Diane,an executive at a large company,routinely embezzles client funds to help support her lifestyle.Diane is guilty of

A) cybercrime.
B) white-collar crime.
C) corporate crime.
D) organized crime.
E) industrial crime.

Question 44

The basic idea behind differential association theory is that

A) one's environment has little influence on deviance and crime.
B) most deviant and criminal behavior is spontaneous.
C) labeling is a major factor in explaining deviance.
D) primary deviance leads to secondary deviance.
E) most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.

Question 45

_____ are illegal activities committed by individuals acting solely in their own personal interest.

A) Cybercrimes
B) White-collar crimes
C) Corporate crimes
D) Organized crimes
E) Industrial crimes

Question 46

Conflict theorists are much less likely than functionalists to focus on

A) cybercrime
B) occupational crime
C) corporate crime
D) organized crime
E) street crime

Question 47

The symbolic interaction perspective suggests that people _____ deviant behavior.

A) are born with
B) develop
C) study
D) learn
E) recognize

Question 48

Mr.Davis,an accounting executive at Alpha Inc.,participated in tax fraud for several years,which saved the company millions of dollars in taxes.Mr.Davis is guilty of

A) cybercrime.
B) occupational crime.
C) corporate crime.
D) organized crime.
E) industrial crime.

Question 49

_____ are illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies.

A) Cybercrimes
B) Occupational crimes
C) Corporate crimes
D) Organized crimes
E) Industrial crimes

Question 50

According to Sutherland,people are most likely to engage in crime if they are exposed to deviant values

A) later in life.
B) infrequently.
C) over a short period of time.
D) from important people.
E) from unimportant people.

Question 51

According to conflict theorists,_____ control the law and therefore define what is and isn't deviant and criminal.

A) the richest in society
B) the oldest in society
C) the most politically active in society
D) the most powerful in society
E) the deepest pockets

Question 52

According to feminist scholars,which of the following is not a reason for most women's victimization?

A) Laws are often more sympathetic toward men than women.
B) Anomie increases women's likelihood of victimization.
C) Men have historically dominated the government and the legal system.
D) Male, not female, aggression is usually rewarded.
E) Many women have internalized the belief that their victimization is normal.

Question 53

Sociologist _____ coined the term "differential association" to refer to how people learn deviance through their different associations.

A) Edwin Lemert
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Robert Merton
D) Howard Becker
E) Herbert Mead

Question 54

Which two symbolic interaction theories are among the best known in explaining crime and deviance?

A) feminist theories and differential association
B) labeling and differential association
C) labeling and feminist theories
D) strain and labeling
E) differential association and strain

Question 55

Conflict theorists often focus on which type of crime?

A) violent crime
B) property crime
C) white collar crime
D) organized crime
E) victimless crime

Question 56

_________ are activities of individuals and organizations that supply illegal goods and services for profit.

A) Cybercrimes
B) Occupational crimes
C) Corporate crimes
D) Organized crimes
E) Industrial crimes

Question 57

Nearly 47 percent of state prisoners have a parent or close relative who has been incarcerated.Such data provide support for ____ in explaining deviance and crime.

A) functionalist theory
B) conflict theory
C) differential association theory
D) labeling theory
E) feminist theory

Question 58

According to feminist scholars,which of the following does not explain why the rates of female offenders have increased?

A) The breakdown of the family, religion, and community.
B) More aggressive policing policies.
C) Patriarchy and women's limited economic opportunities.
D) Experiencing mistreatment that begins in early childhood.
E) Women's increased participation in white-collar and cybercrime.

Question 59

_____ are illegal activities that are conducted online.

A) Cybercrimes
B) Occupational crimes
C) Corporate crimes
D) Organized crimes
E) Industrial crimes

Question 60

"Society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining someone as deviant." This statement best exemplifies which theory of deviance?

A) differential association
B) labeling
C) strain
D) crime control
E) feminist theory

Question 61

____ is the global leader in the number of inmates per capita.

A) Mexico
B) Iraq
C) Ireland
D) Japan
E) The United States

Question 62

Which of the following statements does not reflect conflict theorists' explanations of
Why many people commit white-collar crimes?

A) These behaviors are usually not criminalized.
B) There is minimal enforcement and few penalties for white-collar crime.
C) There is greater leniency in prosecuting white-collar crimes than street crimes.
D) Many people experience anomie and social strain.
E) There aren't enough resources to prosecute white-collar crimes.

Question 63

According to _____,being a deviant or a criminal depends on how others react.

A) labeling theory
B) differential association theory
C) strain theory
D) subcultural theory
E) opportunity theory

Question 64

The primary role of the police is to

A) prevent crime.
B) punish criminals.
C) enforce society's laws.
D) profile potential criminals.
E) buy doughnuts.

Question 65

The police,courts,and prison system make up the

A) criminology suite.
B) rehabilitation system.
C) community outreach system.
D) criminal justice system.
E) penal system.

Question 66

Neil's friends began to criticize him for drinking too much and pushed him out of their social circle.Neil became bitter,drank even more,and became friends with people who were heavy drinkers.According to Edwin Lemert,this situation illustrates

A) the onset of retreatism.
B) the onset of primary deviance.
C) the onset of secondary deviance.
D) the formation of a deviant subculture.
E) the onset of labeling theory.

Question 67

Which of the following crimes is not included in Part 1 of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report?

A) murder
B) rape
C) arson
D) speeding tickets
E) larceny

Question 68

_____ distinguished between primary and secondary deviance.

A) Edwin Lemert
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Robert Merton
D) Howard Becker
E) Herbert Mead

Question 69

U.S.recidivism has

A) increased since 1999.
B) decreased since 1999.
C) remained about the same since 1999.
D) decreased since 1980.
E) increased since 1980.

Question 70

The majority of people arrested in the United States are

A) white.
B) black.
C) American Indian or Asian American.
D) Latino.
E) The arrest rates are similar across all racial and ethnic groups.

Question 71

Nora is a researcher who studies the nature and causes of criminal behavior.Nora is a

A) police officer.
B) politician.
C) sociologist.
D) criminologist.
E) statistician.

Question 72

_____ deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law and can range from relatively minor offenses to serious offenses.

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Street
E) Corporate

Question 73

Which one of these statements about deviance and crime is false?

A) Social class affects crime rates.
B) Crime rates are higher in low-income areas than in wealthy suburbs.
C) Poor people are more deviant than those at the higher end of the socioeconomic ladder.
D) Poor people are the most likely to engage in intellectual property theft.
E) Most offenders are never arrested.

Question 74

_____ deviance is the deviant behavior that emerges as the result of others' responses.

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Street
E) Corporate

Question 75

Those who support a(n)_____ model believe that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear punishment.

A) crime control
B) stigma
C) social control
D) trepidation
E) intervention

Question 76

Prevention and intervention typically focus on which age group?

A) children
B) pre-teens
C) adolescents
D) young adults
E) elderly

Question 77

The criminal justice system relies on three major approaches to crime control.Which of the following is not one of these approaches?

A) avoidance
B) prevention
C) intervention
D) punishment
E) rehabilitation

Question 78

Incarceration rates are highest for __________,both women and men.

A) Caucasians
B) African Americans
C) Latinos
D) American Indians
E) Asian Americans

Question 79

According to some critics,___ doesn't explain impulsive crimes committed by people who have grown up in law-abiding families.

A) differential opportunity theory
B) differential association theory
C) conflict theory
D) functionalism
E) secondary deviance theory

Question 80

In what year did the FBI begin publishing the Uniform Crime Report?

A) 1900
B) 1930
C) 1945
D) 1960
E) 1975