Deck 16: Appendix E: Using Theory to Generate Research Hypotheses

Question 1

The precision with which a sample average approximates a population average increases as the ______ of the sample ________.

A) standard error; increases
B) normal distribution; increases
C) central tendency; increases
D) standard error; decreases

Answer 1

standard error; decreases

Question 2

The symmetrical bell-shaped figure used to represent the frequency distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics is called a

A) histogram
B) normal curve
C) percentile rank
D) scatterplot

Answer 2

normal curve

Question 3

Many frequency distributions

A) precisely coincide with the normal curve
B) approximate the normal curve
C) define the normal curve
D) verify the normal curve

Answer 3

approximate the normal curve

Question 4

Approximately 68 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from the mean.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 34
D) 68

Question 5

Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal cure fall within 2 standard deviations from the mean?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 68
D) 95

Question 6

The control group mean

A) equals its population mean
B) equals the mean of its sampling distribution
C) probably has a value within a standard error of its population mean
D) probably has a value within a standard error of the experimental group mean

Question 7

If the null hypothesis is true, the standard error of the mean serves as a rough indicator of the average amount by which a control group mean would be expected to deviate from

A) its population mean
B) the experimental group mean
C) the mean of all the participants who participated in the experiment
D) all of the above

Question 8

Given that the population standard deviation equals 40 and that the sample consists of 25 observations, the standard error of the mean equals

A) 0.80
B) 1.60
C) 8.00
D) 40.00

Question 9

According to the central limit theorem,

A) the standard deviation will always be smaller than the standard error
B) the standard deviation will always be larger than the standard error
C) the distribution of sample means will be normally distributed if your sample sizes are large enough
D) the distribution of sample means will be normally distributed if the underlying population is normally distributed

Question 10

Which of these terms is likely to be the smallest?

A) the standard deviation
B) the standard error
C) the standard error of the difference
D) the variance

Question 11

You may be able to use an independent groups t test when

A) you have three or more groups
B) your observations are dependent
C) your scores are ordinal
D) your groups' variances are not equal

Question 12

The average of the experimental group is

A) equal to the control group mean, if the null hypothesis is true
B) greater than the control group mean, if the null hypothesis is true
C) probably within one standard error of the control group mean, if the null hypothesis is true
D) greater than the control group mean, if the null hypothesis is false

Question 13

In which case, would you be most likely to find a statistically significant effect?

A) the standard error of the difference is 1
B) the standard error of the difference is 5
C) the standard error of the difference is 10
D) the standard error of the difference is 50

Question 14

In which case will your standard error tend to be smallest?

A) your standard deviation is 1
B) your standard deviation is 5
C) your standard deviation is 10
D) your standard deviation is 50

Question 15

In which case will your standard error tend to be smallest?

A) your sample size is 4
B) your sample size is 10
C) your sample size is 16
D) your sample size is 40

Question 16

If you have a normal distribution, 95% of the scores will be within ___ standard deviations of the mean.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 17

If you have a normal distribution and a standard deviation of 2, 95% of the scores will be within ___ points of the mean.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 18

If the standard deviation is 100 and the sample size is 4, the standard error will be

A) 100
B) 50
C) 25
D) can't be determined from the information provided

Question 19

Standard deviation is to standard error as

A) range is to mean
B) range is to standard deviation
C) scores are to means
D) means are to scores

Question 20

If scores in a distribution are not normally distributed, then

A) sample means will not be normally distributed
B) sample means will be normally distributed if the sample size is 30 or more
C) the sample means will be inaccurate
D) statistical significance will not be achieved

Question 21

If your sample size is small,

A) the central limit theorem comes into play
B) you should use the normal distribution
C) you should use the t distribution
D) the equal variance assumption will be violated

Question 22

If your experiment involves 100 participants, the degrees of freedom for your independent groups t test will be

A) 97
B) 98
C) 99
D) 100

Question 23

The difference between two groups is 10, the standard deviation is 4, the standard error is 2, and the standard error of the difference is 5. The t value is

A) 10
B) 5
C) 2.5
D) 2

Question 24

If the critical value in the t table is 4.0 and your t is -5.0, then

A) your groups are significantly different
B) your groups are not significantly different
C) you have strong support for the null hypothesis
D) you can't draw any conclusions

Question 25

The assumptions made in conducting the between subjects analysis of variance are the same as the assumptions made in conducting a t test except that in the between-subjects ANOVA

A) observations are assumed to be independent
B) all the groups are assumed to have the same variance
C) all scores are assumed to be either interval or ratio
D) none of the above-the t test and between subjects ANOVA share all of the above assumptions

Question 26

Which of the following is not an assumption of the between-subjects analysis of variance

A) observations are assumed to be dependent
B) all of the groups are assumed to have the same variance
C) all scores are assumed to be at least interval
D) the scores within each group are normally distributed

Question 27

The F-ratio is best expressed as:

A) MS Within - MS Between
B) MS Between - MS Within
C) MS Between/ MS Within
D) MS Within /MS Between

Question 28

If you have 9 participants and 3 groups, your df total would be

A) 9
B) 8
C) 7
D) 6

Question 29

If you have 9 participants and 3 groups, your df error would be

A) 9
B) 6
C) 3
D) 2

Question 30

If you have 9 participants and 3 groups, your df between would be

A) 9
B) 6
C) 3
D) 2

Question 31

If you have 20 participants in a matched pairs design, you will have ___ degrees of freedom.

A) 20
B) 19
C) 18
D) 9

Question 32

If you have a matched pairs design, you should analyze your data using

A) between-subjects t test
B) a within-subjects t test
C) analysis of variance
D) the Pearson r

Question 33

If you have ordinal data, you can use

A) the phi coefficient
B) the Pearson r
C) the dependent groups t test
D) analysis of variance

Question 34

If you have ordinal data, you can use

A) a Chi Square
B) the Pearson r
C) the dependent groups t test
D) analysis of variance

Question 35

Pearson rs can range from

A) 0 to 1
B) -1.00 to +1.00
C) -100 to +100
D) there is no set range

Question 36

A Pearson r is more likely to be statistically significant if

A) if the sample size is large
B) if the Pearson r is large
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 37

Factor analysis:

A) should be used in place of the Pearson r
B) should be used in place of the Chi Square
C) can be used instead of ANOVA
D) is often used to assess the validity of a test

Question 38

Factor loadings can range from:

A) 0 to 1
B) -1.00 to +1.00
C) -100 to +100
D) there is no set range

Question 39

A valid item should have a factor loading of at least

A) .2
B) .3
C) .4
D) .5

Question 40

Finding a difference between the treatment group mean and the control group mean shows that the treatment had an effect.

Question 41

A nominal scale of measurement is used when numbers represent categories.

Question 42

A within-subjects design compares one group of participants with another group.

Question 43

The independent-groups t test is used when you compare participants' scores at time one with that same participants' scores at time two.

Question 44

If there is no variance on a particular variable, you should suspect that this similarity of scores is a product of random error.

Question 45

The standard deviation is the most common estimate of variability within a population.

Question 46

The accuracy of your sample mean depends on how many scores you use to calculate that mean.

Question 47

You can use the t distribution to estimate how likely it is that two sample means are samples that have the same population mean

Question 48

To analyze data from a multiple-group experiment use multiple t tests.

Question 49

If you are comparing participants' scores at time one with the same participants' scores at time two, you could use the dependent t test.

Question 50

If you have interval data and wish to measure the extent to which two variables are related, compute a Pearson r.